318
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The Potential Physiological Role of γ-Tocopherol in Human Health: A Qualitative Review

&
Pages 808-825 | Received 11 Mar 2019, Accepted 31 Jul 2019, Published online: 22 Aug 2019

References

  • Institute of Medicine Panel on Dietary A, Related C: In: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E: Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved; 2000.
  • Jiang Q: Natural forms of vitamin E and metabolites-regulation of cancer cell death and underlying mechanisms. IUBMB Life 71, 495–506, 2019.
  • Mathur P, Ding Z, Saldeen T, and Mehta JL: Tocopherols in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol 38, 570–576, 2015. doi: 10.1002/clc.22422
  • Nomura AM, Ziegler RG, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH, and Craft NE: Serum micronutrients and upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6, 407–412, 1997.
  • Liang D, Lin J, Grossman HB, Ma J, Wei B, et al. Plasma vitamins E and A and risk of bladder cancer: a case-control analysis. Cancer Causes Control 19, 981–992, 2008. doi: 10.1007/s10552-008-9165-2
  • Hung RJ, Zhang ZF, Rao JY, Pantuck A, Reuter VE, et al. Protective effects of plasma carotenoids on the risk of bladder cancer. J Urol 176, 1192–1197, 2006. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.030
  • Nomura AM, Lee J, Stemmermann GN, and Franke AA: Serum vitamins and the subsequent risk of bladder cancer. J Urol 170, 1146–1150, 2003. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000086040.24795.ad
  • Bakker MF, Peeters PH, Klaasen VM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Jansen EH, et al. Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, tocopherols, and retinol and the risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 103, 454–464, 2016. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.101659
  • Kim MK, Ahn SH, Son BH, and Sung MK: Plasma antioxidant concentration, not superoxide dismutase polymorphism, is associated with breast cancer risk in Korean women. Nutr Res 30, 705–713, 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.09.012
  • Epplein M, Shvetsov YB, Wilkens LR, Franke AA, Cooney RV, et al. Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 11, R49, 2009. doi: 10.1186/bcr2338
  • Wang C, Baumgartner RN, Yang D, Slattery ML, Murtaugh MA, et al. No evidence of association between breast cancer risk and dietary carotenoids, retinols, vitamin C and tocopherols in Southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 114, 137–145, 2009. doi: 10.1007/s10549-008-9979-3
  • Kabat GC, Kim M, Adams-Campbell LL, Caan BJ, Chlebowski RT, et al. Longitudinal study of serum carotenoid, retinol, and tocopherol concentrations in relation to breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 90, 162–169, 2009. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27568
  • Tamimi RM, Hankinson SE, Campos H, Spiegelman D, Zhang S, et al. Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 161, 153–160, 2005. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi030
  • Sato C, Kaneko S, Sato A, Virgona N, Namiki K, et al. Combination effect of delta-tocotrienol and gamma-tocopherol on prostate cancer cell growth. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 63, 349–354, 2017. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.63.349
  • London SJ, Stein EA, Henderson IC, Stampfer MJ, Wood WC, et al. Carotenoids, retinol, and vitamin E and risk of proliferative benign breast disease and breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 3, 503–512, 1992.
  • Zhang YY, Lu L, Abliz G, and Mijit F: Serum carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol concentrations and risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 16, 2981–2986, 2015.
  • Cho H, Kim MK, Lee JK, Son SK, Lee KB, et al. Relationship of serum antioxidant micronutrients and sociodemographic factors to cervical neoplasia: a case-control study. Clin Chem Lab Med 47, 1005–1012, 2009. doi: 10.1515/cclm.2009.221
  • Palan PR, Mikhail MS, Shaban DW, and Romney SL: Plasma concentrations of coenzyme Q10 and tocopherols in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 12, 321–326, 2003. doi: 10.1097/01.cej.0000082608.47188.62
  • Batieha AM, Armenian HK, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Spate VE, et al. Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of cervical cancer in a population-based nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2, 335–339, 1993.
  • Leenders M, Leufkens AM, Siersema PD, van Duijnhoven FJ, Vrieling A, et al. Plasma and dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C and E and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 135, 2930–2939, 2014. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28938
  • Kabat GC, Kim MY, Sarto GE, Shikany JM, and Rohan TE: Repeated measurements of serum carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol levels in relation to colorectal cancer risk in the Women’s Health Initiative. Eur J Clin Nutr 66, 549–554, 2012. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.207
  • Malila N, Virtamo J, Virtanen M, Pietinen P, Albanes D, et al. Dietary and serum alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, and risk for colorectal cancer in male smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr 56, 615–621, 2002. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601366
  • Jeong NH, Song ES, Lee JM, Lee KB, Kim MK, et al. Preoperative levels of plasma micronutrients are related to endometrial cancer risk. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 88, 434–439, 2009. doi: 10.1080/00016340902767187
  • Taylor PR, Qiao YL, Abnet CC, Dawsey SM, Yang CS, et al. Prospective study of serum vitamin E levels and esophageal and gastric cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 95, 1414–1416, 2003. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djg044
  • Persson C, Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, et al. Plasma levels of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan: a nested case-control study. Carcinogenesis 29, 1042–1048, 2008. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgn072
  • Jenab M, Riboli E, Ferrari P, Friesen M, Sabate J, et al. Plasma and dietary carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol levels and the risk of gastric adenocarcinomas in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Br J Cancer 95, 406, 2006.
  • Yuan JM, Ross RK, Gao YT, Qu YH, Chu XD, et al. Prediagnostic levels of serum micronutrients in relation to risk of gastric cancer in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13, 1772–1780, 2004.
  • Mahabir S, Schendel K, Dong YQ, Barrera SL, Spitz MR, et al. Dietary alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols in lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer 123, 1173–1180, 2008. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23649
  • Goodman GE, Schaffer S, Omenn GS, Chen C, and King I: The association between lung and prostate cancer risk, and serum micronutrients: results and lessons learned from β-carotene and retinol efficacy trial. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 12, 518–526, 2003.
  • Morimoto Y, Ollberding NJ, Cooney RV, Wilkens LR, Franke AA, et al. Prediagnostic serum tocopherol levels and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 22, 2075–2083, 2013. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0522
  • Zheng W, Blot WJ, Diamond EL, Norkus EP, Spate V, et al. Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res 53, 795–798, 1993.
  • Jeong NH, Song ES, Lee JM, Lee KB, Kim MK, et al. Plasma carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol levels and the risk of ovarian cancer. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 88, 457–462, 2009. doi: 10.1080/00016340902807215
  • Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Hoffman SC, et al. Prospective study of serum micronutrients and ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88, 32–37, 1996. doi: 10.1093/jnci/88.1.32
  • Jeurnink SM, Ros MM, Leenders M, van Duijnhoven FJ, Siersema PD, et al. Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, retinol and tocopherols levels and pancreatic cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: a nested case-control study: plasma micronutrients and pancreatic cancer risk. Int J Cancer 136, E665–E676, 2015. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29175
  • Graff RE, Judson G, Ahearn TU, Fiorentino M, Loda M, et al. Circulating antioxidant levels and risk of prostate Cancer by TMPRSS2:ERG. Prostate 77, 647–653, 2017. doi: 10.1002/pros.23312
  • Albanes D, Till C, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Mondul AM, et al. Plasma tocopherols and risk of prostate cancer in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7, 886–895, 2014. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0058
  • Cui R, Liu ZQ, and Xu Q: Blood alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol levels and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One 9, e93044, 2014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093044
  • Weinstein SJ, Peters U, Ahn J, Friesen MD, Riboli E, et al. Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol concentrations and prostate cancer risk in the PLCO Screening Trial: a nested case-control study. PLoS One 7, e40204, 2012. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040204
  • Gill JK, Franke AA, Steven Morris J, Cooney RV, Wilkens LR, et al. Association of selenium, tocopherols, carotenoids, retinol, and 15-isoprostane F(2t) in serum or urine with prostate cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Causes Control 20, 1161–1171, 2009. doi: 10.1007/s10552-009-9304-4
  • Wright ME, Weinstein SJ, Lawson KA, Albanes D, Subar AF, et al. Supplemental and dietary vitamin E intakes and risk of prostate cancer in a large prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16, 1128–1135, 2007. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-1071
  • Key TJ, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, et al. Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Am J Clin Nutr 86, 672–681, 2007. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.3.672
  • Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Pietinen P, King I, Tan C, et al. Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 97, 396–399, 2005. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dji045
  • Huang H-Y, Alberg AJ, Norkus EP, Hoffman SC, Comstock GW, et al. Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate Cancer. Am J Epidemiol 157, 335–344, 2003. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf210
  • Helzlsouer KJ, Huang H-Y, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, et al. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92, 2018–2023, 2000.
  • Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, Willett W, Sacks FM, et al. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res 59, 1225–1230, 1999.
  • Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Lee J, and Craft NE: Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6, 487–491, 1997.
  • Murtaugh MA, Ma KN, Benson J, Curtin K, Caan B, et al. Antioxidants, carotenoids, and risk of rectal cancer. Am J Epidemiol 159, 32–41, 2004. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh013
  • Bock CH, Ruterbusch JJ, Holowatyj AN, Steck SE, Dyke AL, et al. Renal cell carcinoma risk associated with lower intake of micronutrients. Cancer Med 7, 4087–4097, 2018. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1639
  • Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Kwape L, Kok FJ, and Kromhout D: Both alpha- and beta-carotene, but not tocopherols and vitamin C, are inversely related to 15-year cardiovascular mortality in Dutch elderly men. J Nutr 138, 344–350, 2008. doi: 10.1093/jn/138.2.344
  • Murr C, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Schroecksnadel K, Maritschnegg M, Mangge H, et al. Inverse association between serum concentrations of neopterin and antioxidants in patients with and without angiographic coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 202, 543–549, 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.047
  • Cavalca V, Veglia F, Squellerio I, Marenzi G, Minardi F, et al. Glutathione, vitamin E and oxidative stress in coronary artery disease: relevance of age and gender. Eur J Clin Invest 39, 267–272, 2009. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02094.x
  • Nojiri S, Daida H, Mokuno H, Iwama Y, Mae K, et al. Association of serum antioxidant capacity with coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Jpn Heart J 42, 677–690, 2001.
  • Kontush A: Lipophilic antioxidants in blood plasma as markers of atherosclerosis: the role of α-carotene and γ-tocopherol. Atherosclerosis 144, 117–122, 1999. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00044-1
  • Ohrvall M, Sundlof G, and Vessby B: Gamma, but not alpha, tocopherol levels in serum are reduced in coronary heart disease patients. J Intern Med 239, 111–117, 1996.
  • Kristenson M, Zieden B, Kucinskiene Z, Elinder LS, Bergdahl B, et al. Antioxidant state and mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian and Swedish men: concomitant cross sectional study of men aged 50. Br Med J 314, 629–633, 1997. doi: 10.1136/bmj.314.7081.629
  • Nagao M, Moriyama Y, Yamagishi K, Iso H, Tamakoshi A, et al. Relation of serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels to cardiovascular disease-related mortality among Japanese men and women. J Epidemiol 22, 402–410, 2012. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20120002
  • Chang CY, Chen JY, Ke D, and Hu ML: Plasma levels of lipophilic antioxidant vitamins in acute ischemic stroke patients: correlation to inflammation markers and neurological deficits. Nutrition 21, 987–993, 2005. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.02.010
  • Hak AE, Ma J, Powell CB, Campos H, Gaziano JM, et al. Prospective study of plasma carotenoids and tocopherols in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke 35, 1584–1588, 2004. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000132197.67350.bd
  • Naidoo N, van Dam RM, Koh WP, Chen C, Lee YP, et al. Plasma vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 are not associated with a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction in Singapore Chinese adults. J Nutr 142, 1046–1052, 2012. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.155341
  • Hak AE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, et al. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians. Circulation 108, 802–807, 2003. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000084546.82738.89
  • El-Sohemy A, Baylin A, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A, and Campos H: Dietary and adipose tissue gamma-tocopherol and risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 13, 216–223, 2002. doi: 10.1097/00001648-200203000-00018
  • Sundelof J, Kilander L, Helmersson J, Larsson A, Ronnemaa E, et al. Systemic tocopherols and F2-isoprostanes and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: a prospective population-based study. J Alzheimers Dis 18, 71–78, 2009. doi: 10.3233/jad-2009-1125
  • Mullan K, Williams MA, Cardwell CR, McGuinness B, Passmore P, et al. Serum concentrations of vitamin E and carotenoids are altered in Alzheimer’s disease: a case-control study. Alzheimers Dement (NY) 3, 432–439, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.06.006
  • Mangialasche F, Solomon A, Kareholt I, Hooshmand B, Cecchetti R, et al. Serum levels of vitamin E forms and risk of cognitive impairment in a Finnish cohort of older adults. Exp Gerontol 48, 1428–1435, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.09.006
  • Mangialasche F, Kivipelto M, Mecocci P, Rizzuto D, Palmer K, et al. High plasma levels of vitamin E forms and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk in advanced age. J Alzheimers Dis 20, 1029–1037, 2010. doi: 10.3233/jad-2010-091450
  • Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS, et al. Relation of the tocopherol forms to incident Alzheimer disease and to cognitive change. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 508–514, 2005.
  • Morris MC, Schneider JA, Li H, Tangney CC, Nag S, et al. Brain tocopherols related to Alzheimer disease neuropathology in humans. Alzheimers Dement 11, 32–39, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.015
  • Kim SH, Park YM, Choi BY, Kim MK, Roh S, et al. Associations of serum levels of vitamins A, C, and E with the risk of cognitive impairment among elderly Koreans. Nutr Res Pract 12, 160–165, 2018. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.2.160
  • Ravaglia G, Forti P, Lucicesare A, Pisacane N, Rietti E, et al. Plasma tocopherols and risk of cognitive impairment in an elderly Italian cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 87, 1306–1313, 2008. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1306
  • Schmidt R, Hayn M, Reinhart B, Roob G, Schmidt H, et al. Plasma antioxidants and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults: results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 46, 1407–1410, 1998.
  • Kim JH, Hwang J, Shim E, Chung EJ, Jang SH, et al. Association of serum carotenoid, retinol, and tocopherol concentrations with the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Nutr Res Pract 11, 114–120, 2017. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.2.114
  • Waniek S, di Giuseppe R, Plachta-Danielzik S, Ratjen I, Jacobs G, et al. Association of vitamin E levels with metabolic syndrome, and MRI-derived body fat volumes and liver fat content. Nutrients 9, 1143, 2017.: doi: 10.3390/nu910
  • Kabat GC, Heo M, Ochs-Balcom HM, LeBoff MS, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, et al. Longitudinal association of measures of adiposity with serum antioxidant concentrations in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr 70, 47–53, 2016. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.74
  • Chai W, Maskarinec G, Franke AA, Monroe KR, Park SY, et al. Association of serum gamma-tocopherol levels with mortality: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019. doi: 10.1038/s41430-019-0460-7
  • Waniek S, di Giuseppe R, Esatbeyoglu T, Ratjen I, Enderle J, et al. Association of circulating vitamin E (alpha- and gamma-Tocopherol) levels with gallstone disease. Nutrients 10, 133, 2018.: doi: 10.3390/nu10020133
  • Xu H, Xiong Z, Arnlov J, Qureshi AR, Cederholm T, et al. Circulating alpha-tocopherol and insulin sensitivity among older men with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 26, 177–182, 2016. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2015.11.005
  • Hanson C, Lyden E, Furtado J, Campos H, Sparrow D, et al. Serum tocopherol levels and vitamin E intake are associated with lung function in the normative aging study. Clin Nutr 35, 169–174, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.01.020
  • Marchese ME, Kumar R, Colangelo LA, Avila PC, Jacobs DR, Jr, et al. The vitamin E isoforms alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol have opposite associations with spirometric parameters: the CARDIA study. Respir Res 15, 31, 2014. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-31
  • Michikawa T, Ishida S, Nishiwaki Y, Kikuchi Y, Tsuboi T, et al. Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration among older Japanese. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 18, 1–7, 2009.
  • Seki T, Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi J, Kanoh T, Ishiguro N, et al. Association of serum carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: possible risk factors in rural Japanese inhabitants. J Orthop Sci 15, 477–484, 2010. doi: 10.1007/s00776-010-1491-z
  • Nomura SJO, Robien K, and Zota AR: Serum folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin A, gamma-tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol, and carotenoids do not modify associations between cadmium exposure and leukocyte telomere length in the general US adult population. J Nutr 147, 538–548, 2017. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.243162
  • Tucker LA: Alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and telomere length in 5768 US men and women: a NHANES study. Nutrients 9, 601, 2017. doi: 10.3390/nu9060601
  • Sen A, Marsche G, Freudenberger P, Schallert M, Toeglhofer AM, et al. Association between higher plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin C concentrations and longer telomere length: results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 62, 222–229, 2014. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12644
  • Montonen J, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, and Reunanen A: Dietary antioxidant intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27, 362–366, 2004.
  • Patel CJ, Bhattacharya J, and Butte AJ: An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 5, e10746, 2010. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010746
  • Cooney RV, Custer LJ, Okinaka L, and Franke AA: Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. Nutr Cancer 39, 66–71, 2001. doi: 10.1207/S15327914nc391_9
  • Bieri JG, and Evarts RP: Tocopherols and fatty acids in American diets. The recommended allowance for vitamin E. J Am Diet Assoc 62, 147–151, 1973.
  • Graf E: Vitamin E: A comprehensive treatise (basic and clinical nutrition). In: Pharmazie in Unserer Zeit, Vol. 1, L. J. Machlin (eds). New York: Marcel Dekker, 1980, pp. 158–158. doi: 10.1002/pauz.19800090513
  • Traber MG: Vitamin E. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 9th ed. Washington, DC: ILSI Press, 2006, pp. 211–219.
  • Wechter WJ, Kantoci D, Murray ED, Jr, D'Amico DC, Jung ME, et al. A new endogenous natriuretic factor: LLU-alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 6002–6007, 1996.
  • Chai W, Novotny R, Maskarinec G, Le Marchand L, Franke AA, et al. Serum coenzyme Q(1)(0), alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and C-reactive protein levels and body mass index in adolescent and premenopausal females. J Am Coll Nutr 33, 192–197, 2014. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2013.862490
  • Dietrich M, Block G, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Traber MG, et al. Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke decrease some plasma antioxidants and increase gamma-tocopherol in vivo after adjustment for dietary antioxidant intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 77, 160–166, 2003.
  • Ritchie S, Ahiahonu P, Jayasinghe DA, Heath D, Liu J, et al. Deficiency of carboxylated vitamin E metabolites in the serum of colon cancer patients. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 49, 1302–1303, 2008.
  • Chai W, Bostick RM, Ahearn TU, Franke AA, Custer LJ, et al. Effects of vitamin D3 and calcium supplementation on serum levels of tocopherols, retinol, and specific vitamin D metabolites. Nutr Cancer 64, 57–64, 2012. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2012.630552
  • Cooney RV, Franke AA, Wilkens LR, Gill J, and Kolonel LN: Elevated plasma gamma-tocopherol and decreased alpha-tocopherol in men are associated with inflammatory markers and decreased plasma 25-OH vitamin D. Nutr Cancer 60, 21–29, 2008. doi: 10.1080/01635580802404162
  • Morimoto Y, Beckford F, Cooney RV, Franke AA, and Maskarinec G: Adherence to cancer prevention recommendations and antioxidant and inflammatory status in premenopausal women. Br J Nutr 114, 134–143, 2015. doi: 10.1017/s0007114515001658
  • Waniek S, di Giuseppe R, Esatbeyoglu T, Plachta-Danielzik S, Ratjen I, et al. Vitamin E (alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) levels in the community: distribution, clinical and biochemical correlates, and association with dietary patterns. Nutrients 10, 3, 2017.: doi: 10.3390/nu10010003
  • Huang HY, and Appel LJ: Supplementation of diets with alpha-tocopherol reduces serum concentrations of gamma- and delta-tocopherol in humans. J Nutr 133, 3137–3140, 2003. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.10.3137
  • Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging 13, 757–772, 2018. doi: 10.2147/cia.s158513
  • Burton G, and Ingold K: Autoxidation of biological molecules. 1. Antioxidant activity of vitamin E and related chain-breaking phenolic antioxidants in vitro. J Am Chem Soc 103, 6472–6477, 1981.
  • Cooney RV, Franke AA, Harwood PJ, Hatch-Pigott V, Custer LJ, et al. Gamma-tocopherol detoxification of nitrogen dioxide: superiority to alpha-tocopherol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 1771–1775, 1993. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.5.1771
  • Christen S, Woodall AA, Shigenaga MK, Southwell-Keely PT, Duncan MW, et al. γ-Tocopherol traps mutagenic electrophiles such as NOx and complements α-tocopherol: physiological implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 3217–3222, 1997.
  • Marletta MA, Yoon PS, Iyengar R, Leaf CD, and Wishnok JS: Macrophage oxidation of L-arginine to nitrite and nitrate: nitric oxide is an intermediate. Biochemistry 27, 8706–8711, 1988.
  • Moller MN, Li Q, Lancaster JR, Jr, and Denicola A: Acceleration of nitric oxide autoxidation and nitrosation by membranes. IUBMB Life 59, 243–248, 2007. doi: 10.1080/15216540701311147
  • Cooney RV, Harwood PJ, Franke AA, Narala K, Sundstrom AK, et al. Products of gamma-tocopherol reaction with NO2 and their formation in rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells. Free Radic Biol Med 19, 259–269, 1995.
  • Tanaka Y, and Cooney R: Chemical and biological properties of tocopherols and their relation to cancer incidence and progression. In: The Encyclopedia of Vitamin E, Preedy VR, Watson RR (eds.) Oxon, UK: CAB International, 2007, pp. 853–863.
  • Sjoholm A, Berggren PO, and Cooney RV: Gamma-tocopherol partially protects insulin-secreting cells against functional inhibition by nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277, 334–340, 2000. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3650
  • Bittrich H, Matzig AK, Kraker I, and Appel KE: NO2-induced DNA single strand breaks are inhibited by antioxidative vitamins in V79 cells. Chem Biol Interact 86, 199–211, 1993.
  • Jiang Q, Lykkesfeldt J, Shigenaga MK, Shigeno ET, Christen S, et al. Gamma-tocopherol supplementation inhibits protein nitration and ascorbate oxidation in rats with inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 33, 1534–1542, 2002. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01091-2
  • Aumueller N, Boushey CJ, Franke AA, Cooney RV, Monroe KR, et al. Diet quality measured by four a priori-defined diet quality indices is associated with lipid-soluble micronutrients in the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC). Eur J Clin Nutr 73, 703–713, 2018.
  • Arulselvan P, Fard MT, Tan WS, Gothai S, Fakurazi S, et al. Role of antioxidants and natural products in inflammation. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016, 5276130, 2016. doi: 10.15/2016/5276130
  • Abdulla KA, Um CY, Gross MD, and Bostick RM: Circulating gamma-tocopherol concentrations are inversely associated with antioxidant exposures and directly associated with systemic oxidative stress and inflammation in adults. J Nutr 148, 1453–1461, 2018. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy132
  • Saboori S, Shab-Bidar S, Speakman JR, Yousefi Rad E, and Djafarian K: Effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum C-reactive protein level: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 69, 867–873, 2015. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.296
  • Jiang Q, Elson-Schwab I, Courtemanche C, and Ames BN: Gamma-tocopherol and its major metabolite, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages and epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 11494–11499, 2000. doi: 10.1073/pnas.200357097
  • Cook-Mills J, Gebretsadik T, Abdala-Valencia H, Green J, Larkin EK, et al. Interaction of vitamin E isoforms on asthma and allergic airway disease. Thorax 71, 954–956, 2016. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208494
  • Burbank AJ, Duran CG, Pan Y, Burns P, Jones S, et al. Gamma tocopherol-enriched supplement reduces sputum eosinophilia and endotoxin-induced sputum neutrophilia in volunteers with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 141, 1231–1238.e1, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.029
  • Hernandez ML, Burbank A, Alexis NE, Duran CG, Bennett WD, et al. Vitamin E (gamma tocopherol) reduces acute airway neutrophilia in mild asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195,A4686, 2017.
  • Duran CG, and Hernandez ML: Gamma tocopherol inhibits ozone-induced inflammatory gene expression in airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 139, AB262, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.845
  • Cooney RV, Dai Q, Gao Y-T, Chow W-H, Franke AA, et al. Low plasma coenzyme q10 levels and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20, 1124–1130, 2011. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-1261
  • Cooney RV, Chai W, Franke AA, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, et al. C-reactive protein, lipid-soluble micronutrients, and survival in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 22, 1278–1288, 2013. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0199
  • Das Gupta S, and Suh N: Tocopherols in cancer: An update. Mol Nutr Food Res 60, 1354–1363, 2016. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500847
  • Campbell SE, Musich PR, Whaley SG, Stimmel JB, Leesnitzer LM, et al. Gamma tocopherol upregulates the expression of 15-S-HETE and induces growth arrest through a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer- Int J 61, 649–662, 2009. doi: 10.1080/01635580902825654
  • Torricelli P, Caraglia M, Abbruzzese A, and Beninati S: Gamma-tocopherol inhibits human prostate cancer cell proliferation by up-regulation of transglutaminase 2 and down-regulation of cyclins. Amino Acids 44, 45–51, 2013. doi: 10.1007/s00726-012-1278-y
  • Jiang Q, Wong J, Fyrst H, Saba JD, and Ames BN: Ames BN: gamma-tocopherol or combinations of vitamin E forms induce cell death in human prostate cancer cells by interrupting sphingolipid synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 17825–17830, 2004. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0408340102
  • Lee SA, Campbell S, Whaley S, Hlalah O, and Yang HS: Gamma-tocotrienol, gamma-tocopherol, and alpha-tocotrienol are superior to alpha-tocopherol for inducing growth arrest in the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. J Nutr 134, 3546S–3546S, 2004.
  • Campbell SE, Stone WL, Lee S, Whaley S, Yang H, et al. Comparative effects of RRR-alpha- and RRR-gamma-tocopherol on proliferation and apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 6, 13, 2006. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-13
  • Das Gupta S, Sae-Tan S, Wahler J, So JY, Bak MJ, et al. Dietary gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture inhibits estrogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis by modulating estrogen metabolism, antioxidant response, and PPARgamma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 8, 807–816, 2015. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0154
  • Stone WL, Krishnan K, Campbell SE, and Palau VE: The role of antioxidants and pro-oxidants in colon cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 6, 55–66, 2014. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i3.55
  • Bak MJ, Das Gupta S, Wahler J, Lee HJ, Li X, et al. Inhibitory effects of gamma- and delta-tocopherols on estrogen-stimulated breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Prev Res 10, 188–197, 2017. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0223
  • Chen JX, Liu A, Lee MJ, Wang H, Yu S, et al. Delta- and gamma-tocopherols inhibit phIP/DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis by protection against early cellular and DNA damages. Mol Carcinog 56, 172–183, 2017. doi: 10.1002/mc.22481
  • Rizvi S, Raza ST, Ahmed F, Ahmad A, Abbas S, et al. The role of vitamin e in human health and some diseases. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 14, e157–65, 2014.
  • Wagner KH, Kamal-Eldin A, and Elmadfa I: Gamma-tocopherol – An underestimated vitamin? Ann Nutr Metab 48, 169–188, 2004. doi: 10.1159/000079555
  • Vatassery GT, Johnson GJ, and Krezowski AM: Changes in vitamin E concentrations in human plasma and platelets with age. J Am Coll Nutr 2, 369–375, 1983.
  • Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Kontto J, Männistö S, Utriainen M, et al. Effects of α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18‐Year postintervention follow‐up of the alpha‐tocopherol, beta‐carotene cancer prevention study. Int J Cancer 135, 178–185, 2014.
  • Woodson K, Tangrea JA, Barrett MJ, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, et al. Serum-tocopherol and subsequent risk of lung cancer among male smokers. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 91, 1738–1743, 1999. doi: 10.1093/jnci/91.20.1738
  • Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin E. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. https://odsodnihgov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/#en11 2018
  • Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). J Am Med Assoc 301, 39–51, 2009.
  • Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). J Am Med Assoc 306, 1549–1556, 2011.
  • Pei R, Mah E, Leonard SW, Traber MG, and Bruno RS: Alpha-tocopherol supplementation reduces 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol accumulation by decreasing gamma-tocopherol in young adult smokers. Free Radic Res 49, 1114–1121, 2015. doi: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1040788
  • Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 293, 1338–1347, 2005. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.11.1338
  • Marchioli R, Levantesi G, Macchia A, Marfisi RM, Nicolosi GL, et al. Vitamin E increases the risk of developing heart failure after myocardial infarction: Results from the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 7, 347–350, 2006. doi: 10.2459/01.jcm.0000223257.09062.17
  • Devaraj S, and Jialal I: Failure of vitamin E in clinical trials: is gamma-tocopherol the answer? Nutr Rev 63, 290–293, 2005. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00143.x
  • Jin GZ, Horinouchi R, Sagawa T, Orimo N, Kubo H, et al. Coenzyme Q10-binding/transfer protein Saposin B also binds gamma-tocopherol. J Clin Biochem Nutr 43, 95–100, 2008. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.2008052
  • Jafari M, Mousavi SM, Asgharzadeh A, and Yazdani N: Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of heart failure: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Indian Heart J 70, S111–S117, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.031
  • Hamalainen N, Nwaru BI, Erlund I, Takkinen HM, Ahonen S, et al. Serum carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations and risk of asthma in childhood: a nested case-control study. Clin Exp Allergy 47, 401–409, 2017. doi: 10.1111/cea.12904
  • Birmingham NP, Jackson-Humbles D, Harkema JR, Peden DB, and Wagner JG: Endotoxin-induced exacerbation of airway inflammation in allergic mice is attenuated by gamma-tocopherol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179,A2240, 2009.
  • Jiang Q, Christen S, Shigenaga MK, and Ames BN: Gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Am J Clin Nutr 74, 714–722, 2001.
  • Cooney RV, and Wagner JCA: Elevated levels of circulating gamma-tocopherol as a surrogate marker of mortality risk in populations of adult men stratified by health index score. FASEB J 31, 2017.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.