Cancer Chemopreventive Activities of Silibinin on Colorectal Cancer through Regulation of E-Cadherin/β-Catenin Pathway

References

• Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 2017;66(4):683–91. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA A Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7–34. doi:10.3322/caac.21551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin D, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Bray F. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer. 2019;144(8):1941–53. doi:10.1002/ijc.31937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Amerongen M, van der Stok E, Fütterer J, Jenniskens S, Moelker A, Grünhagen D, Verhoef C, de Wilt J. Short term and long term results of patients with colorectal liver metastases undergoing surgery with or without radiofrequency ablation. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016;42(4):523–30. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2016.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani SA, Guo W, Liao M-J, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou AY, Brooks M, Reinhard F, Zhang CC, Shipitsin M, et al. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell. 2008;133(4):704–15., doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floor S, Van Staveren W, Larsimont D, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. Cancer cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tumor-propagating-cancer stem cells: distinct, overlapping or same populations. Oncogene. 2011;30(46):4609–21. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radisky DC, LaBarge MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the stem cell phenotype. Cell Stem Cell. 2008;2(6):511–2. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao H, Xu E, Liu H, Wan L, Lai M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer metastasis: A system review. Pathol Res Pract. 2015;211(8):557–69. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2015.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marie-Egyptienne DT, Lohse I, Hill RP. Cancer stem cells, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and radioresistance: potential role of hypoxia. Cancer Lett. 2013;341(1):63–72. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricci-Vitiani L, Lombardi DG, Pilozzi E, Biffoni M, Todaro M, Peschle C, De Maria R. Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells. Nature. 2007;445(7123):111–5. doi:10.1038/nature05384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todaro M, Francipane MG, Medema JP, Stassi G. Colon cancer stem cells: promise of targeted therapy. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(6):2151–62. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeuner A, Todaro M, Stassi G, De Maria R. Colorectal cancer stem cells: from the crypt to the clinic. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;15(6):692–705. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta A, Cancelas JA. Cancer stem cells: a stride towards cancer cure? J Cell Physiol. 2010;225(1):7–14. doi:10.1002/jcp.22213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozovska Z, Gabrisova V, Kucerova L. Colon cancer: cancer stem cells markers, drug resistance and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother. 2014;68(8):911–6. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedeld HM, Skotheim RI, Lothe RA, Lind GE. The recently suggested intestinal cancer stem cell marker DCLK1 is an epigenetic biomarker for colorectal cancer. Epigenetics. 2014;9(3):346–50. doi:10.4161/epi.27582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014;15(3):178–96. doi:10.1038/nrm3758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar FH, Li Y, Wang Z, Kong D. Pancreatic cancer stem cells and EMT in drug resistance and metastasis. Minerva Chir. 2009;64(5):489–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlobec I, Lugli A. Invasive front of colorectal cancer: dynamic interface of pro-/anti-tumor factors. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(47):5898–906. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.5898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollier BG, Evans K, Mani SA. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells: a coalition against cancer therapies. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009;14(1):29–43. doi:10.1007/s10911-009-9110-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng Q, Wu W, Pei T, Li L, Tang X, Sun H. Novel markers for circulating tumor stem cells in colorectal carcinoma. Am J Transl Res. 2016;8(10):4233–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr CJ. Cancer cell cycles. Science. 1996;274(5293):1672–7. doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100(1):57–70. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81683-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporn MB. Approaches to prevention of epithelial cancer during the preneoplastic period. Cancer Res. 1976;36(7 PT 2):2699–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajamanickam S, Agarwal R. Natural products and colon cancer: current status and future prospects. Drug Dev Res. 2008;69(7):460–71. doi:10.1002/ddr.20276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Half E, Arber N. Colon cancer: preventive agents and the present status of chemoprevention. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10(2):211–9. doi:10.1517/14656560802560153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Deep G, Chittezhath M, Kaur M, Dwyer-Nield LD, Malkinson AM, Agarwal R. Effect of silibinin on the growth and progression of primary lung tumors in mice. J Nat Cancer Inst. 2006;98(12):846–55. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Tyagi AK, Chan DC, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Dietary feeding of silibinin inhibits advance human prostate carcinoma growth in athymic nude mice and increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels. Cancer Res. 2002;62(11):3063–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RP, Gu M, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits colorectal cancer growth by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2008;68(6):2043–50. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 22− ΔΔCT method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402–8. doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munakata KOJI, Uemura M, Takemasa I, Ozaki M, Konno M, Nishimura J, Hata T, Mizushima T, Haraguchi N, Noura S, et al. SCGB2A1 is a novel prognostic marker for colorectal cancer associated with chemoresistance and radioresistance. Int J Oncol. 2014;44(5):1521–8. doi:10.3892/ijo.2014.2316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byun HJ, Darvin P, Kang DY, Sp N, Joung YH, Park JH, Kim SJ, Yang YM. Silibinin downregulates MMP2 expression via Jak2/STAT3 pathway and inhibits the migration and invasive potential in MDA-MB-231 cells. Oncol Rep. 2017;37(6):3270–8. doi:10.3892/or.2017.5588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjbarnejad T, Saidijam M, Tafakh MS, Pourjafar M, Talebzadeh F, Najafi R. Garcinol exhibits anti-proliferative activities by targeting microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in human colon cancer cells. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2017;36(7):692–700. doi:10.1177/0960327116660865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermani FK, Amini R, Saidijam M, Pourjafar M, Saki S, Najafi R. Zerumbone inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells properties by inhibiting the β-catenin pathway through miR-200c. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(12):9538–47. doi:10.1002/jcp.26874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjbarnejad T, Saidijam M, Moradkhani S, Najafi R. Methanolic extract of Boswellia serrata exhibits anti-cancer activities by targeting microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in human colon cancer cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2017;131:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauntz H. 2012. Cellular and molecular targets of silibinin, a natural flavonoid, in colorectal cancer prevention and therapy.Human health and pathology. Université de Strasbourg; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Wellington K, Jarvis B. Silymarin: a review of its clinical properties in the management of hepatic disorders. BioDrugs. 2001;15(7):465–89. doi:10.2165/00063030-200115070-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi AK, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Chan DC, Agarwal R. Silibinin strongly synergizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to doxorubicin-induced growth Inhibition, G2-M arrest, and apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8(11):3512–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal C, Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Tyagi AK, Tecklenburg M, Sclafani RA, Agarwal R. Silibinin upregulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Oncogene. 2003;22(51):8271–82. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodapasand E, Jafarzadeh N, Farrokhi F, Kamalidehghan B, Houshmand M. Is BAX/BCL-2 ratio considered as a prognostic marker with age and tumor location in colorectal cancer? Iranian Biomed J. 2015;19(2):69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang P, Dai L, Wu Z, Wang L, Cao M, Jiang J. Silibinin induces G1 arrest, apoptosis and JNK/SAPK upregulation in SW1990 human pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Lett. 2018;15(6):9868–76. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.8541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayram D, Çetin E, Kara M, Özgöçmen M, Candan I. The apoptotic effects of silibinin on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2017;36(6):573–86. doi:10.1177/0960327116658105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi A, Agarwal C, Harrison G, Glode LM, Agarwal R. Silibinin causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells by regulating CDKI-CDK-cyclin cascade, and caspase 3 and PARP cleavages. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25(9):1711–20. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgh180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si L, Fu J, Liu W, Hayashi T, Nie Y, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Silibinin inhibits migration and invasion of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells through induction of mitochondrial fusion. Mol Cell Biochem. 2020;463(1-2):189–201. doi:10.1007/s11010-019-03640-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Kim SH, Hur SM, Lee S-K, Kim WW, Kim JS, Kim J-H, Choe J-H, Nam SJ, Lee JE, et al. Silibinin prevents TPA-induced MMP-9 expression by down-regulation of COX-2 in human breast cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(2):252–7. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb AH, Gao BT, Goldsmith ZK, Irvine AS, Saleh N, Lee RP, Lendermon JB, Bheemreddy R, Zhang Q, Brennan RC, et al. Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreases cellular migration, and angiogenesis in in vitro models of retinoblastoma. BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):434. doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3418-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu S, Haase G, Ben-Ze'ev A. Wnt signaling in cancer stem cells and colon cancer metastasis. F1000Res. 2016;5:699. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7579.1
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Raina K, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin strongly inhibits the growth kinetics of colon cancer stem cell-enriched spheroids by modulating interleukin 4/6-mediated survival signals. Oncotarget. 2014;5(13):4972–89. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2068
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou Y, Xia L, Wang H, Oyang L, Su M, Liu Q, Lin J, Tan S, Tian Y, Liao Q, et al. Cancer stem cells in progression of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9(70):33403–15. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.23607
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu X, Fan D. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells: functional and mechanistic links. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(10):1279–91. doi:10.2174/1381612821666141211115611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidenfeld K, Barkan D. EMT and stemness in tumor dormancy and outgrowth: Are they intertwined processes? Front Oncol. 2018;8:381. doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Zeng J, Li L, Fan J, Zhang D, Xue Y, Zhu G, Yang L, Wang X, He D. Silibinin reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in metastatic prostate cancer cells by targeting transcription factors. Oncol Rep. 2010;23(6):1545–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan S, Lv Q, Zhao Y, Liu C, Sun Y, Xi K, Xiao J, Li C. Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for epithelial to mesenchymal transition in CXCL12 over expressed breast cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Path. 2015;8(10):12357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian X, Liu Z, Niu B, Zhang J, Tan TK, Lee SR, Zhao Y, Harris DC, Zheng G. E-cadherin/β-catenin complex and the epithelial barrier. BioMed Res Int . 2011;2011:1–6. doi:10.1155/2011/567305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Ning Z, Zeng J, Fan J, Zhou J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Chen Y, Gao Y, Wang B, et al. Silibinin inhibits β-catenin/ZEB1 signaling and suppresses bladder cancer metastasis via dual-blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness. Cell Signal. 2013;25(12):2625–33. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar