References
- World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the pharmacological and radiotherapeutic management of cancer pain in adults and adolescents. 2018 June. Available at: https://www.who.int/ncds/management/palliative-care/cancer-pain-guidelines/en/. doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446222126.n9.
- Gulland A. Global cancer prevalence is growing at “alarming pace,” says WHO. BMJ. 2014;348:g1338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1338
- Khan T, Gurav P. PhytoNanotechnology: Enhancing delivery of plant based anti-cancer drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2018;8:1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.01002
- Liu J, Zhang L, Ren Y, Gao Y, Kang L, Qiao Q. Anticancer and immunoregulatory activity of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;69:1–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.014
- Jia X, Zhang C, Qiu J, Wang L, Bao J, Wang K, Zhang Y, Chen M, Wan J, Su H, et al. Purification, structural characterization and anticancer activity of the novel polysaccharides from Rhynchosia minima root. Carbohydr Polym. 2015;132:67–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.059.
- Yang J, Li X, Xue Y, Wang N, Liu W. Anti-hepatoma activity and mechanism of corn silk polysaccharides in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;64:276–280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.11.033
- Subramaniam S, Selvaduray KR, Radhakrishnan AK. Bioactive compounds: natural defense against cancer? Biomolecules. 2019;9(12):758. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9120758
- Shen H, Tang G, Zeng G, Yang Y, Cai X, Li D, Liu H, Zhou N. Purification and characterization of an antitumor polysaccharide from Portulaca oleracea L. Carbohydr Polym. 2013;93(2):395–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.107
- Ullah S, Khalil AA, Shaukat F, Song Y. Sources, extraction and biomedical properties of polysaccharides. Foods. 2019:1–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7073456
- Ruocco N, Costantini S, Guariniello S, Costantini M. Polysaccharides from the marine environment with pharmacological, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical potential. Molecules. 2016;21(5):551–516. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050551
- Cao W, Li XQ, Wang X, Li T, Chen X, Liu SB, Mei QB. Characterizations and anti-tumor activities of three acidic polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Int J Biol Macromol. 2010;46(1):115–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.11.005
- Xie G, Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Immunomodulatory activity of acidic polysaccharides isolated from Tanacetum vulgare L. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007;7(13):1639–1650. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2007.08.013
- Zong A, Cao H, Wang F. Anticancer polysaccharides from natural resources: a review of recent research. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;90(4):1395–1410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.026
- Reddy K, Mohan GK, Satla S, Gaikwad S. Natural polysaccharides: versatile excipients for controlled drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2011;6(6):275–286.
- Posocco B, Dreussi E, De Santa J, Toffoli G, Abrami M, Musiani F, Grassi M, Farra R, Tonon F, Grassi G, et al. Polysaccharides for the delivery of antitumor drugs. Materials. 2015;8(5):2569–2615. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8052569
- Fedorov SN, Ermakova SP, Zvyagintseva TN, Stonik VA. Anticancer and cancer preventive properties of marine polysaccharides: some results and prospects. Mar Drugs. 2013;11(12):4876–4901. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/md11124876
- Chen T, Li B, Li Y, Zhao C, Shen J, Zhang H. Catalytic synthesis and antitumor activities of sulfated polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;83(2):554–560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.024
- Li S, Xiong Q, Lai X, Li X, Wan M, Zhang J, Yan Y, Cao M, Lu L, Guan J, et al. Molecular modification of polysaccharides and resulting bioactivities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2016;15(2):237–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12161
- Dhar N, Akhlaghi SP, Tam KC. Biodegradable and biocompatible polyampholyte microgels derived from chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose and modified methyl cellulose. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;87(1):101–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.022
- Santa HSD, Romāo PRT, Peres A, Sovrani V, Oliveira FR, Monteiro MC. Dietary polysaccharides and immune modulation. Polysaccharides. 2015:1991-2016 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_6
- Li Q, Niu Y, Xing P, Wang C. Bioactive polysaccharides from natural resources including Chinese medicinal herbs on tissue repair. Chin Med. 2018;13(1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0166-0
- Tanna B, Mishra A. Nutraceutical potential of seaweed polysaccharides: structure, bioactivity, safety, and toxicity. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2019;18(3):817–831. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12441
- Lemieszek M, Rzeski W. Anticancer properties of polysaccharides isolated from fungi of the Basidiomycetes class. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2012;16(4):285–289. doi:https://doi.org/10.5114/wo.2012.30055
- Karnjanapratum S, You SG. Molecular characteristics of sulfated polysaccharides from Monostroma nitidum and their in vitro anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Int J Biol Macromol. 2011;48(2):311–318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.12.002
- Ayeka PA. Potential of mushroom compounds as immunomodulators in cancer immunotherapy: a review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:7271509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7271509
- Synytsya A, Míčková K, Jablonský I, Sluková M, Čopíková J. Mushrooms of genus Pleurotus as a source of dietary fibres and glucans for food supplements. Czech J Food Sci. 2008;26(6):441–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.17221/1361-CJFS
- Jin M, Zhao K, Huang Q, Xu C, Shang P. Isolation, structure and bioactivities of the polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels: a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;89(3):713–722. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.049
- Cao W, Li XQ, Wang X, Fan HT, Zhang XN, Hou Y, Liu SB, Mei QB. A novel polysaccharide, isolated from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels induces the apoptosis of cervical cancer HeLa cells through an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(8–9):598–605. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2009.12.014
- Zhang F, Shi JJ, Thakur K, Hu F, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. Anti-cancerous potential of polysaccharide fractions extracted from peony seed dreg on various human cancer cell lines via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:102–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00102
- Yende S, Harle U, Chaugule B. Therapeutic potential and health benefits of Sargassum species. Pharmacogn Rev. 2014;8(15):1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.125514
- Biddle A, Mackenzie IC. Cancer stem cells and EMT in carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2012;31(1–2):285–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-012-9345-0
- Song FQ, Liu Y, Kong XS, Chang W, Song G. Progress on understanding the anticancer mechanisms of medicinal mushroom: Inonotus obliquus. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(3):1571–1578. doi:https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.3.1571
- Sanjeewa KKA, Lee JS, Kim WS, Jeon YJ. The potential of brown-algae polysaccharides for the development of anticancer agents: an update on anticancer effects reported for fucoidan and laminaran. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;177:451–459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.005
- Almuedo-Castillo M, Crespo X, Seebeck F, Bartscherer K, Salò E, Adell T. JNK controls the onset of mitosis in planarian stem cells and triggers apoptotic cell death required for regeneration and remodeling. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(6):e1004400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004400
- Wong RSY. Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2011;30(1):87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-30-87
- Wu GS, Lu JJ, Guo JJ, Li YB, Tan W, Dang YY, Zhong ZF, Xu ZT, Chen XP, Wang YT. Ganoderic acid DM, a natural triterpenoid, induces DNA damage, G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Fitoterapia. 2012;83(2):408–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2011.12.004
- Pistritto G, Trisciuoglio D, Ceci C, Garufi A, D'Orazi G. Apoptosis as anticancer mechanism: function and dysfunction of its modulators and targeted therapeutic strategies. Aging (Albany, NY). 2016;8(4):603–619. doi:https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100934
- Zhang M, Cui SW, Cheung PCK, Wang Q. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumor activity. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2007;18(1):4–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2006.07.013
- Kwon MJ, Nam TJ. A polysaccharide of the marine alga Capsosiphon fulvescens induces apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells via an IGF-IR-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Biol Int. 2007;31(8):768–775. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.01.010
- Alekseyenko TV, Zhanayeva SY, Venediktova AA, Zvyagintseva TN, Kuznetsova TA, Besednova NN, Korolenko TA. Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the Okhotsk sea Fucus evanescens brown alga. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2007;143(6):730–732. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-007-0226-4
- Fan Y, Wang W, Song W, Chen H, Teng A, Liu A. Partial characterization and anti-tumor activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;88(4):1313–1318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.014
- Chen X, Nie W, Yu G, Li Y, Hu Y, Lu J, Jin L. Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(3–4):695–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.015
- Gamal-Eldeen AM, Ahmed EF, Abo-Zeid MA. In vitro cancer chemopreventive properties of polysaccharide extract from the brown alga, Sargassum latifolium. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47(6):1378–1384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.016
- Suresh V, Senthilkumar N, Thangam R, Rajkumar M, Anbazhagan C, Rengasamy R, Gunasekaran P, Kannan S, Palani P. Separation, purification and preliminary characterization of sulfated polysaccharides from Sargassum plagiophyllum and its in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activity. Process Biochem. 2013;48(2):364–373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2012.12.014
- Boo HJ, Hyun JH, Kim SC, Kang JI, Kim MK, Kim SY, Cho H, Yoo ES, Kang HK. Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida induces apoptosis in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Phytother Res. 2011;25(7):1082–1086. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3489
- Zhang CX, Huang KX. Mechanism of apoptosis induced by a polysaccharide, from the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (MAP) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006;210(3):236–245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2005.04.019
- Chen W, Zhao Z, Li Y. Simultaneous increase of mycelial biomass and intracellular polysaccharide from Fomes fomentarius and its biological function of gastric cancer intervention. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;85(2):369–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.035
- Cheng KC, Huang HC, Chen JH, Hsu JW, Cheng HC, Ou CH, Yang WB, Chen ST, Wong CH, Juan HF. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in human monocytic leukemia cells: from gene expression to network construction. BMC Genomics. 2007;8:411–417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8-411
- Bae JS, Jang KH, Jin HK. Effects of natural polysaccharides on the growth and peritoneal carcinomatosis of human gastric adenocarcinoma in a nude mouse model. Cancer Lett. 2006;235(1):60–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.002
- Chen L, Pan J, Li X, Zhou Y, Meng Q, Wang Q. Endo-polysaccharide of Phellinus igniarius exhibited anti-tumor effect through enhancement of cell mediated immunity. Int Immunopharmacol. 2011;11(2):255–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.033
- Gan D, Ma L, Jiang C, Xu R, Zeng X. Production, preliminary characterization and antitumor activity in vitro of polysaccharides from the mycelium of Pholiota dinghuensis Bi. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;84(3):997–1003. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.058
- Lavi I, Friesem D, Geresh S, Hadar Y, Schwartz B. An aqueous polysaccharide extract from the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus induces anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on HT-29 colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2006;244(1):61–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2005.12.007
- Zhang M, Cheung PCK, Chiu LCM, Wong EYL, Ooi VEC. Cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells by carboxymethylated β-glucan from the mushroom sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium. Carbohydr Polym. 2006;66(4):455–462. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.031
- Liang M, Li S, Shen B, Cai J, Li C, Wang Z, Li X, Gao J, Huang H, Zhang X, et al. Anti-hepatocarcinoma effects of Aconitum coreanum polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;88(3):973–976. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.050
- Cao W, Li XQ, Liu L, Yang TH, Li C, Fan HT, Jia M, Lu ZG, Mei QB. Structure of an anti-tumor polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Carbohydr Polym. 2006;66(2):149–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.034
- Zeng J, Dai P, Ren L, Song B, Chen X, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang T, Zhu W. Apoptosis-induced anti-tumor effect of Curcuma kwangsiensis polysaccharides against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Carbohydr Polym. 2012;89(4):1067–1072. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.064
- Chen X, Cao D, Zhou L, Jin H, Dong Q, Yao J, Ding K. Structure of a polysaccharide from Gastrodia elata Bl., and oligosaccharides prepared thereof with anti-pancreatic cancer cell growth activities. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;86(3):1300–1305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.029
- Hu J, Jia X, Fang X, Li P, He C, Chen M. Ultrasonic extraction, antioxidant and anticancer activities of novel polysaccharides from Chuanxiong rhizome. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;85:277–284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.046
- Chen R, Meng F, Liu Z, Chen R, Zhang M. Antitumor activities of different fractions of polysaccharide purified from Ornithogalum caudatum Ait. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;80(3):845–851. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.12.042
- Ryu D-S, Baek G-O, Kim E-Y, Kim K-H, Lee D-S. Effects of polysaccharides derived from Orostachys japonicus on induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in human colon cancer cells. BMB Rep. 2010;43(11):750–755. doi:https://doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.11.750
- Campos-Vega R, Guevara-Gonzalez RG, Guevara-Olvera BL, Dave Oomah B, Loarca-Piña G. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) polysaccharides modulate gene expression in human colon cancer cells (HT-29). Food Res Int. 2010;43(4):1057–1064. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.01.017
- Feng L, Jia XB, Shi F, Chen Y. Identification of two polysaccharides from Prunella vulgaris L. and evaluation on their anti-lung adenocarcinoma activity. Molecules. 2010;15(8):5093–5103. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15085093
- Ding X, Zhu F, Gao S. Purification, antitumour and immunomodulatory activity of water-extractable and alkali-extractable polysaccharides from Solanum nigrum L. Food Chem. 2012;131(2):677–684. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.060
- Li J, Li Q, Feng T, Zhang T, Li K, Zhao R, Han Z, Gao D. Antitumor activity of crude polysaccharides isolated from Solanum nigrum Linne on U14 cervical carcinoma bearing mice. Phytother Res. 2007;21(9):832–840. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2163
- Hung CF, Hsu BY, Chang SC, Chen BH. Antiproliferation of melanoma cells by polysaccharide isolated from Zizyphus jujuba. Nutrition. 2012;28(1):98–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.05.009
- Xu H. Polysaccharide, a potential anti-cancer drug with high efficacy and safety. Treat JOR. 2016;1(2):1–2.
- Meng X, Liang H, Luo L. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on the structural characteristics, antitumor mechanisms and immunomodulating activities. Carbohydr Res. 2016;424:30–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2016.02.008
- Cao QZ, Lin ZB. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide inhibits the growth of vascular endothelial cell and the induction of VEGF in human lung cancer cell. Life Sci. 2006;78(13):1457–1463. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.017
- Ren L, Perera C, Hemar Y. Antitumor activity of mushroom polysaccharides: a review. Food Funct. 2012;3(11):1118–1130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fo10279j
- Chen X, Xu X, Zhang L, Zeng F. Chain conformation and anti-tumor activities of phosphorylated (1→3)-β-d-glucan from Poria cocos. Carbohydr Polym. 2009;78(3):581–587. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.05.019
- Schepetkin IA, Xie G, Kirpotina LN, Klein RA, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Opuntia polyacantha. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008;8(10):1455–1466. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2008.06.003
- Jiao L, Li X, Li T, Jiang P, Zhang L, Wu M, Zhang L. Characterization and anti-tumor activity of alkali-extracted polysaccharide from Enteromorpha intestinalis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009;9(3):324–329. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2008.12.010
- Na YS, Kim WJ, Kim SM, Park JK, Lee SM, Kim SO, Synytsya A, Park YI. Purification, characterization and immunostimulating activity of water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Capsosiphon fulvescens. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010;10(3):364–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2009.12.011
- Cho ML, Yang C, Kim SM, You SG. Molecular characterization and biological activities of watersoluble sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2010;19(2):525–533. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-010-0073-3
- Yuki M, Akihisa M, Toshihiko T, Tadao O, Koichi I, Hiroaki N. Characterization and antitumor effect of a novel polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(21):10143–10149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9021338
- Duncan CJG, Pugh N, Pasco DS, Ross SA. Isolation of a galactomannan that enhances macrophage activation from the edible fungus Morchella esculenta. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(20):5683–5685. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020267c
- Han SB, Lee CW, Kang JS, Yoon YD, Lee KH, Lee K, Park SK, Kim HM. Acidic polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus inhibits melanoma cell metastasis by blocking cell adhesion and invasion. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(4):697–702. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2005.10.003
- Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS. Characterization of aloeride, a new high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Aloe vera with potent immunostimulatory activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(2):1030–1034. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf001036d
- Schepetkin IA, Faulkner CL, Nelson-Overton LK, Wiley JA, Quinn MT. Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Juniperus scopolorum. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5(13–14):1783–1799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2005.05.009
- Kim HS, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han S-B. Stimulatory effect of β-glucans on immune cells. Immune Netw. 2011;11(4):191–195. doi:https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2011.11.4.191
- Hazama S, Watanabe S, Ohashi M, Yagi M, Suzuki M, Matsuda K, Yamamoto T, Suga Y, Suga T, Nakazawa S, et al. Efficacy of orally administered superfine dispersed lentinan (β-1,3-glucan) for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(7):2611–2617.
- Yin M, Zhang Y, Li H. Advances in research on immunoregulation of macrophages by plant polysaccharides. Front Immunol. 2019;10(FEB):1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00145
- Cheng XQ, Li H, Yue XL, Xie JY, Zhang YY, Di HY, Chen DF. Macrophage immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharides from the roots of Bupleurum smithii var. parvifolium. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;130(2):363–368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.019
- van Horssen R, Ten Hagen TLM, Eggermont AMM. TNF-alpha in cancer treatment: molecular insights, antitumor effects, and clinical utility. Oncologist. 2006;11(4):397–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.11-4-397
- Serasanambati M, Chilakapati SR. Function of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in human diseases-a review. SIJBS. 2016;2(4):368. doi:https://doi.org/10.22205/sijbs/2016/v2/i4/103443