References
- Kumar SR, Loveleena D, Godwin S. Medicinal property of Murraya koenigii – a review. Int Res J Biol Sci. 2013;2:80–3.
- Nigam SS, Purohit RM. Chemical examination of the essential oil derived from the leaves of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng. Indian curry leaf. Perfum Ess Oil Rec. 1961;11:152–5.
- Iyer D, Devi U. Phyto-pharmacology of Murraya koenigii (L.). Pharmacogn Rev. 2008;2:180–4.
- Dey SC. Growing shrubs and climbers. New Delhi (India): Streling Paperbacks; 2001.
- Saini SC, Reddy GB. A review on curry leaves (Murraya koenigii): versatile multi-potential medicinal plant. Am J Phytomed Clin Ther. 2015;3:363–8.
- Samanta SK, Kandimalla R, Gogoi B, Dutta KN, Choudhury P, Deb PK, Devi R, Pal BC, Talukdar NC. Phytochemical portfolio and anticancer activity of Murraya koenigii and its primary active component, mahanine. Pharmacol Res. 2018;129:227–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.024
- Nayak A, Mandal S, Banerji A, Banerji J. Review on chemistry and pharmacology of Murraya koenigii Spreng (Rutaceae). J Chem Pharm Res. 2010;2:286–99.
- Balakrishnan R, Vijayraja D, Jo SH, Ganesan P, Su-Kim I, Choi DK. Medicinal profile, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Murraya koenigii and its primary bioactive compounds. Antioxidants. 2020;9:101. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020101
- Hijaz F, Al-Rimawi F, Manthey JA, Killiny N. Phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacities in Citrus species with different degree of tolerance to Huanglongbing. Plant Signal Behav. 2020;15(5):1752447. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2020.1752447
- Bhattacharya K, Samanta SK, Tripathi R, Mallick A, Chandra S, Pal BC, Shaha C, Mandal C. Apoptotic effects of mahanine on human leukemic cells are mediated through crosstalk between Apo-1/Fas signaling and the Bid protein and via mitochondrial pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010;79(3):361–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.007
- Sheikh KD, Banerjee PP, Jagadeesh S, Grindrod SC, Zhang L, Paige M, Brown ML. Fluorescent epigenetic small molecule induces expression of the tumor suppressor ras-association domain family 1A and inhibits human prostate xenograft. J Med Chem. 2010;53(6):2376–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jm9011615
- Das R, Bhattacharya K, Samanta SK, Pal BC, Mandal C. Improved chemosensitivity in cervical cancer to cisplatin: synergistic activity of mahanine through STAT3 inhibition. Cancer Lett. 2014;351(1):81–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.005
- Samanta SK, Dutta D, Roy S, Bhattacharya K, Sarkar S, Dasgupta AK, Pal BC, Mandal C, Mandal C. Mahanine, a DNA minor groove binding agent exerts cellular cytotoxicity with involvement of C-7-OH and -NH functional groups. J Med Chem. 2013;56(14):5709–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jm400290q
- Bhattacharya K. Signal networking and T regulatory cells in cancer: role of mahanine as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Calcutta University, 2014. (Thesis).
- Bandaranayake WM. Modern phytomedicine. Turning medicinal plants into drugs. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH; 2006. p. 25–57.
- Anquez-Traxler C. The legal and regulatory framework of herbal medicinal products in the European Union: a focus on the traditional herbal medicines category. Drug Information J. 2011;45(1):15–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009286151104500102
- Joos S, Glassen K, Musselmann B. Herbal medicine in primary healthcare in Germany: the Patient's perspective. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:294638. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/294638
- World Health Organization (WHO). National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines. Report of WHO global survey, Geneva; 2005.
- Meena S, Kumar SR, Dwivedi V, Singh AK, Chanotiya CS, Akhtar MQ, Kumar K, Shasany AK, Nagegowda DA. Transcriptomic insight into terpenoid and carbazole alkaloid biosynthesis, and functional characterization of two terpene synthases in curry tree (Murraya koenigii). Sci Rep. 2017;7:44126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44126
- Hollstein M, Alexandrov LB, Wild CP, Ardin M, Zavadil J. Base changes in tumour DNA have the power to reveal the causes and evolution of cancer. Oncogene. 2017;36(2):158–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.192
- Waris G, Ahsan H. Reactive oxygen species: role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions. J Carcinog. 2006;5:14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3163-5-14
- Demaria M, O’Leary MN, Chang J, Shao L, Liu S, Alimirah F, Koenig K, Le C, Mitin N, Deal AM, et al. Cellular senescence promotes adverse effects of chemotherapy and cancer relapse. Cancer Discov. 2017;7(2):165–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0241
- Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal R. Phytochemicals as cell cycle modulators a less toxic approach in halting human cancers. Cell Cycle. 2002;1(3):155–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.1.3.117
- Lee KW, Bode AM, Dong Z. Molecular targets of phytochemicals for cancer prevention. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(3):211–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3017
- Murugesan P, Venkatajalapathi T. Phytochemicals in cancer treatment: a review. J Drug Delivery Ther. 2020;10(3):293–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3.4075
- Noolu B, Ajumeera R, Chauhan A, Nagalla B, Manchala R, Ismail A. Murraya koenigii leaf extract inhibits proteasome activity and induces cell death in breast cancer cells. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2013;13:7.
- Ismail A, Noolu B, Gogulothu R, Perugu S, Rajanna A, Babu SK. Cytotoxicity and proteasome inhibition by alkaloid extract from Murraya koenigii leaves in breast cancer cells-molecular docking studies. J Med Food. 2016;19(12):1155–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2016.3767
- Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A, Devarajan T. Evaluation of bioactive compounds, pharmaceutical quality, and anticancer activity of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii L.). Evid-Based Compl Alt Med. 2014;2014:1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/873803
- Yeap SK, Abu N, Mohamad NE, Beh BK, Ho WY, Ebrahimi S, Yusof HM, Ky H, Tan SW, Alitheen NB. Chemopreventive and immunomodulatory effects of Murraya koenigii aqueous extract on 4T1 breast cancer cell-challenged mice. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2015;15:1–10.
- Aisyah S, Handharyani E, Bermawie N, Setiyono A. Potency of Murraya koenigii leaves as anti-cancer mammary in 7, 12 dimethylbenz (α) anthracene (DMBA) induced-Sprague Dawley rats. E3S Web Conf. 2020;151:01058. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015101058
- Ahmadipour F, Noordin MI, Syam Mohan AA, Paydar M, Looi CY, Keong YS, Siyamak EN, Fani S, Firoozi M, Yong CL, et al. Koenimbin, a natural dietary compound of Murraya koenigii (L) Spreng: inhibition of MCF7 breast cancer cells and targeting of derived MCF7 breast cancer stem cells (CD44+/CD24−/low): an in vitro study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:1193–208.
- Das M, Kandimalla R, Gogoi B, Dutta KN, Choudhury P, Devi R, Dutta PP, Talukdar NC, Samanta SK. Mahanine, A dietary phytochemical, represses mammary tumor burden in rat and inhibits subtype regardless breast cancer progression through suppressing self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells. Pharmacol Res. 2019;146:104330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104330
- Vijapur LS, Hiremath JN, Bonageri NN, Desai AR. Murraya koenigii: biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their cytotoxic effects against MDA-MB-231, human breast cancer cell lines. World J Pharm Med Res. 2019;5:206–11.
- Patel OP, Arun A, Singh PK, Saini D, Karade SS, Chourasia MK, Konwar R, Yadav PP. Pyranocarbazole derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents triggering tubulin polymerization stabilization induced activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis and downregulation of Akt/mTOR in breast cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem. 2019;167:226–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.003
- Khan BA, Abraham A, Leelamma S. Murraya koenigii and Brassica juncea – alterations on lipid profile in 1–2 dimethyl hydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis. Invest New Drug. 1996;14:365–9.
- Noolu B, Ismail A. Anti-proliferative and proteasome inhibitory activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extract in human cancer cell lines. Phytomedicine. 2015;2:1–9.
- Muthumani P, Venkatraman S, Ramseshu K, Meera R, Devi P, Kameswari B, Eswarapriya B. Pharmacological studies of anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities of Murraya koenigii (Linn) Spreng in experimental animals. J Pharm Sci Res. 2009;1:137–41.
- Roshni K, Younis M, Ilakkiyapavai D, Basavaraju P, Puthamohan VM. Anticancer activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Murraya koenigii leaf extract against HT-29 colon cancer cell line. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2018;10(04):72–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5956.1000521
- Das R, Bhattacharya K, Sarkar S, Samanta SK, Pal BC, Mandal C. Mahanine synergistically enhances cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil through ROS-mediated activation of PTEN and p53/p73 in colon carcinoma. Apoptosis. 2014;19(1):149–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-013-0907-6
- Iman V, Mohan S, Abdelwahab SI, Karimian H, Nordin N, Fadaeinasab M, Noordin MI, Noor SM. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of girinimbine isolated from Murraya koenigii. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:103–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S115135
- Arun A, Patel OP, Saini D, Yadav PP, Konwar R. Anti-colon cancer activity of Murraya koenigii leaves is due to constituent murrayazoline and O-methylmurrayamine A induced mTOR/AKT downregulation and mitochondrial apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;93:510–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.065
- Patterson J, Verghese M. Anticancer and toxic effects of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) extracts. J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;10(2):49–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/jpt.2015.49.59
- Syam S, Abdul AB, Sukari M, Mohan S, Abdelwahab SI, Wah TS. The growth suppressing effects of girinimbine on HepG2 involve induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Molecules. 2011;16(8):7155–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087155
- Mohan S, Abdelwahab SI, Cheah SC, Sukari MA, Syam S, Shamsuddin N, Rais Mustafa M. Apoptosis effect of girinimbine isolated from Murraya koenigii on lung cancer cells in vitro. Evid-Based Complem Altern Med. 2013;2013:1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/689865
- Kamaraj C, Balasubramani G, Siva C, Raja M, Balasubramanian V, Raja RK, Tamilselvan S, Benelli G, Perumal P. Ag nanoparticles synthesized using β-caryophyllene isolated from Murraya koenigii: antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum 3D7) and anticancer activity (A549 and HeLa cell lines). J Clust Sci. 2017;28(3):1667–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-017-1180-6
- Zhang J, Gao Y, Ma C, Wang Y. Murrayanine induces cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and inhibition of phosphorylated p38 expression in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:2002–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.913873
- Bhattacharya SS, Mandal C, Albiez RS, Samanta SK, Mandal C. Mahanine drives pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells into endoplasmic reticular stress-mediated apoptosis through modulating sialylation process and Ca 2+-signaling. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1–2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22143-w
- Pei C, He Q, Liang S, Gong X. Mahanimbine exerts anticancer effects on human pancreatic cancer cells by triggering cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and modulation of AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling pathways. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:6975–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.911013
- Amna U, Halimatussakdiah H, Wahyuningsih P, Saidi N, Nasution R, Astryna SY. Phytochemical screening and in vitro cytotoxic activity of hexane extract of Temurui (Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng) leaves against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;523:012018. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/523/1/012018
- Satyavarapu EM, Sinha PK, Mandal C. Influence of geographical and seasonal variations on carbazole alkaloids distribution in Murraya koenigii: deciding factor of its in vitro and in vivo efficacies against cancer cells. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:7821913. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7821913
- Xin Q, Muer A. Girinimbine inhibits the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells in vitro via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:5480–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.910137
- Yu L, Sun Y, Su J, Li X. Bismahanine exerts anticancer effects on human cervical cancer cells by inhibition of growth, migration and invasion via suppression of NF-kB signalling pathway. J BUON. 2020;25(1):93–8.
- Jagadeesh S, Sinha S, Pal BC, Bhattacharya S, Banerjee PP. Mahanine reverses an epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A in human prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;362(1):212–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.005
- Agarwal S, Amin KS, Jagadeesh S, Baishay G, Rao PG, Barua NC, Bhattacharya S, Banerjee PP. Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer. 2013;12(1):99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-12-99
- Kamalidehghan B, Ghafouri-Fard S, Motevaseli E, Ahmadipour F. Inhibition of human prostate cancer (PC-3) cells and targeting of PC-3-derived prostate cancer stem cells with koenimbin, a natural dietary compound from Murraya koenigii (L) Spreng. DDDT. 2018;12:1119–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S156826
- Dasgupta T, Rao AR, Yadava PK. Chemomodulatory action of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) extract on hepatic and extrahepatic xenobiotic metabolising enzymes, antioxidant levels, lipid peroxidation, skin and forestomach papillomagenesis. Nutr Res. 2003;23(10):1427–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(03)00136-2
- Nakamura S, Nakashima S, Oda Y, Yokota N, Fujimoto K, Matsumoto T, Ohta T, Ogawa K, Maeda S, Nishida S, et al. Alkaloids from Sri Lankan curry-leaf (Murraya koenigii) display melanogenesis inhibitory activity: structures of karapinchamines A and B. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013;21(5):1043–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.012
- Utaipan T, Athipornchai A, Suksamrarn A, Jirachotikoon C, Yuan X, Lertcanawanichakul M, Chunglok W. Carbazole alkaloids from Murraya koenigii trigger apoptosis and autophagic flux inhibition in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Nat Med. 2017;71(1):158–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-016-1045-6
- Sarvnarinder K, Shilpa D, Shilpa S, Aniqa A. Chemopreventive activity of hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE) against chemically induced skin carcinogenesis in mice. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2020;1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000660
- Bhattacharya K, Bag AK, Tripathi R, Samanta SK, Pal BC, Shaha C, Mandal C. Mahanine, a novel mitochondrial complex-III inhibitor induces G0/G1 arrest through redox alteration-mediated DNA damage response and regresses glioblastoma multiforme. Am J Cancer Res. 2014;4(6):629–47.
- Chen M, Yin X, Lu C, Chen X, Ba H, Cai J, Sun J. Mahanine induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell migration, invasion and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in glioma cells and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Chem Biol Interact. 2019;299:1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.009
- Roy MK, Thalang VN, Trakoontivakorn G, Nakahara K. Mechanism of mahanine-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells (HL-60). Biochem Pharmacol. 2004;67(1):41–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2003.07.021
- Ito C, Itoigawa M, Nakao K, Murata T, Tsuboi M, Kaneda N, Furukawa H. Induction of apoptosis by carbazole alkaloids isolated from Murraya koenigii. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(5):359–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2005.03.010
- Nagappan T, Ramasamy P, Wahid ME, Segaran TC, Vairappan CS. Biological activity of carbazole alkaloids and essential oil of Murraya koenigii against antibiotic resistant microbes and cancer cell lines. Molecules. 2011;16(11):9651–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16119651
- Kok YY, Mooi LY, Ahmad K, Sukari MA, Mat N, Rahmani M, Ali AM. Anti-tumour promoting activity and antioxidant properties of girinimbine isolated from the stem bark of Murraya koenigii S. Molecules. 2012;17(4):4651–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17044651
- Iman V, Karimian H, Mohan S, Hobani YH, Noordin MI, Mustafa MR, Noor SM. In vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activity of girinimbine isolated from Murraya koenigii. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:1281–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S71557
- Sengupta G, Hazra A, Kundu A, Ghosh A. Comparison of Murraya koenigii–and Tribulus terrestris–based oral formulation versus tamsulosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men aged> 50 years: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomized controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2011;33(12):1943–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.11.005
- Panghal M, Kaushal V, Yadav JP. In vitro antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants against clinical isolates of oral cancer cases. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2011;10(1):21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-10-21