362
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Individual Differences in Chemosensory Perception Amongst Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Narrative Review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 1927-1941 | Received 15 Apr 2021, Accepted 16 Oct 2021, Published online: 01 Feb 2022

References

  • Cutsem EV, Arends J. The causes and consequences of cancer-associated malnutrition. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2005;9:S51–S63. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2005.09.007
  • Walsh D, Szafranski M, Aktas A, Kadakia KC. Malnutrition in cancer care: Time to address the elephant in the room. J Oncol Pract. 2019;15(7):357–9. doi:10.1200/JOP.19.00165
  • Rosa-Caldwell ME, Fix DK, Washington TA, Greene NP. Muscle alterations in the development and progression of cancer-induced muscle atrophy: A review. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2020;128(1):25–41. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00622.2019
  • Dewys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT, Band PR, Bennett JM, Bertino JR, Cohen MH, Douglass HO, Engstrom PF, Ezdinli EZ, et al. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Am J Med. 1980;69(4):491–7. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(05)80001-3
  • Andreyev HJN, Norman AR, Oates J, Cunningham D, Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies? Eur. J. Cancer. 1998;34(4):503–9. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(97)10090-9.
  • Ross PJ, Ashley S, Norton A, Priest K, Waters JS, Eisen T, Smith IE, O’Brien MER. Do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancers? Br J Cancer. 2004;90(10):1905–11. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601781
  • Jagoe R, Goodship TH, Gibson G. The influence of nutritional status on complications after operations for lung cancer. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001;71(3):936–43. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02006-3.
  • Wheelwright S, Darlington A-S, Hopkinson JB, Fitzsimmons D, White A, Johnson CD. A systematic review of health-related quality of life instruments in patients with cancer cachexia. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(9):2625–36. doi:10.1007/s00520-013-1881-9
  • Wickham RS, Rehwaldt M, Kefer C, Shott S, Abbas K, Glynn-Tucker E, Potter C, Blendowski C. Taste changes experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1999;26(4):697–706.
  • von Haehling S, Anker SD. Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: Facts and numbers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1(1):1–5. doi:10.1007/s13539-010-0002-6
  • Hong JH, Omur-Ozbek P, Stanek BT, Dietrich AM, Duncan SE, Lee YW, Lesser G. Taste and odor abnormalities in cancer patients. J Support Oncol. 2009;7(2):58–65.
  • Van Sebille YZA, Stansborough R, Wardill HR, Bateman E, Gibson RJ, Keefe DM. Management of mucositis during chemotherapy: From pathophysiology to pragmatic therapeutics. Curr Oncol Rep. 2015;17(11):50 doi:10.1007/s11912-015-0474-9
  • Molassiotis A, Stricker CT, Eaby B, Velders L, Coventry PA. Understanding the concept of chemotherapy-related nausea: The patient experience. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008;17(5):444–53. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2007.00872.x
  • Larkin PJ, Sykes NP, Centeno C, Ellershaw JE, Elsner F, Eugene B, Gootjes JRG, Nabal M, Noguera A, Ripamonti C, European Consensus Group on Constipation in Palliative Care, et al. The management of constipation in palliative care: Clinical practice recommendations. Palliat Med. 2008;22(7):796–807. doi:10.1177/0269216308096908
  • Gamper EM, Zabernigg A, Wintner LM, Giesinger JM, Oberguggenberger A, Kemmler G, Sperner-Unterweger B, Holzner B. Coming to your senses: Detecting taste and smell alterations in chemotherapy patients. A systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012;44(6):880–95. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.11.011
  • Drareni K, Bensafi M, Giboreau A, Dougkas A. Chemotherapy-induced taste and smell changes influence food perception in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2021;29(4):2125–32. doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05717-1
  • Drareni K, Dougkas A, Giboreau A, Laville M, Souquet PJ, Bensafi M. Relationship between food behavior and taste and smell alterations in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A structured review. Semin Oncol. 2019;46(2):160–72. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.05.002
  • Sánchez-Lara K, Sosa-Sánchez R, Green-Renner D, Rodríguez C, Laviano A, Motola-Kuba D, Arrieta O. Influence of taste disorders on dietary behaviors in cancer patients under chemotherapy. Nutr J. 2010;9(15):15. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-15.
  • Zabernigg A, Gamper E-M, Giesinger JM, Rumpold G, Kemmler G, Gattringer K, Sperner-Unterweger B, Holzner B. Taste alterations in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: A neglected side effect? Oncologist. 2010;15(8):913–20. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0333
  • Brisbois TD, Kock IH, Watanabe SM, Baracos VE, Wismer WV. Characterization of chemosensory alterations in advanced cancer reveals specific chemosensory phenotypes impacting dietary intake and quality of life. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011;41(4):673–83. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.06.022
  • McGreevy J, Orrevall Y, Belqaid K, Wismer W, Tishelman C, Bernhardson B-M. Characteristics of taste and smell alterations reported by patients after starting treatment for lung cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(10):2635–44. doi:10.1007/s00520-014-2215-2
  • Turcott JG, Juárez-Hernández E, Torre-Vallejo M, Sánchez-Lara K, Luvian-Morales J, Arrieta O. Value: Changes in the detection and recognition thresholds of three basic tastes in lung cancer patients receiving cisplatin and paclitaxel and its association with nutritional and quality of life parameters. Nutr Cancer. 2016;68(2):241–9. doi:10.1080/01635581.2016.1144075
  • Rozin P. “Taste-smell confusions” and the duality of the olfactory sense. Percept Psychophys. 1982;31(4):397–401. doi:10.3758/BF03202667
  • Wilson KA. Individuating the senses of ‘smell’: Orthonasal versus retronasal olfaction. Synthese. 2021. doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02976-7
  • Ni R, Michalski MH, Brown E, Doan N, Zinter J, Ouellette NT, Shepherd GM. Optimal directional volatile transport in retronasal olfaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(47):14700–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.1511495112
  • Spence C. Gastrophysics. The new science of eating. London, UK: Penguin Books; 2017.
  • Trivedi B. Hardwired for taste: Research into human taste receptors extends beyond the tongue to some unexpected places. Nature. 2012;486:S7.
  • Spence C. Just how much of what we taste derives from the sense of smell? Flavour. 2015;4(1):30. doi:10.1186/s13411-015-0040-2
  • Viana F. Chemosensory properties of the trigeminal system. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2011;2(1):38–50. doi:10.1021/cn100102c
  • Berteretche MV, Dalix AM, d’Ornano AMC, Bellisle F, Khayat D, Faurion A. Decreased taste sensitivity in cancer patients under chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(8):571–6. doi:10.1007/s00520-004-0589-2
  • Amézaga J, Alfaro B, Ríos Y, Larraioz A, Ugartemendia G, Urruticoechea A, Tueros I. Assessing taste and smell alterations in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy according to treatment. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(12):4077–86. doi:10.1007/s00520-018-4277-z
  • Boltong A, Aranda S, Keast R, Wynne R, Francis PA, Chirgwin J, Gough K. A prospective cohort study of the effects of adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy on taste function, food liking, appetite and associated nutritional outcomes. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e103512. 31 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103512
  • Steinbach S, Hummel T, Böhner C, Berktold S, Hundt W, Kriner M, Heinrich P, Sommer H, Hanusch C, Prechtl A, et al. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of taste and smell changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer or gynecologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(11):1899–905. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.2690
  • Carson JA, Gormican A. Taste acuity and food attitudes of selected patients with cancer. J Am Diet Assoc. 1977;70(4):361–5.
  • Epstein JB, Silva SMAE, Epstein GL, Leal JHS, Barasch A, Smutzer G. Taste disorders following cancer treatment: Report of a case series. Support Care Cancer. 2019;27(12):4587–95. doi:10.1007/s00520-019-04758-5
  • Hutton JL, Baracos VE, Wismer WV. Chemosensory dysfunction is a primary factor in the evolution of declining nutritional status and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;33(2):156–65. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.07.017
  • Rehwaldt M, Wickham R, Purl S, Tariman J, Blendowski C, Shott S, Lappe M. Self-care strategies to cope with taste changes after chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2009;36(2):E47–E56. doi:10.1188/09.onf.e47-e56
  • IJpma I, Timmermans ER, Renken RJ, Ter Horst GJ, Reyners AKL. Metallic taste in cancer patients treated with systemic therapy: A questionnaire-based study. Nutr Cancer. 2017;69(1):140–5. doi:10.1080/01635581.2017.1250922
  • Jensen SB, Mouridsen HT, Bergmann OJ, Reibel J, Brünner N, Nauntofte B. Oral mucosal lesions, microbial changes, and taste disturbances induced by adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106(2):217–26. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.04.003
  • IJpma I, Renken RJ, Gietema JA, Slart RHJA, Mensink MGJ, Lefrandt JD, Ter Horst GJ, Reyners AKL. Changes in taste and smell function, dietary intake, food preference, and body composition in testicular cancer patients treated with cistaplin-based chemotherapy. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(6):1642–8. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.10.013
  • Epstein JB, Phillips N, Parry J, Epstein MS, Nevill T, Stevenson-Moore P. Quality of life, taste, olfactory and oral function following high-dose chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30(11):785–92. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703716
  • de Vries YC, Winkels RM, van den Berg MMGA, de Graaf C, Kelfkens CS, de Kruif JTCM, Göker E, Grosfeld S, Sommeijer DW, van Laarhoven HWM, et al. Altered food preferences and chemosensory perception during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: A longitudinal comparision with healthy controls. Food Qual Prefer. 2018;63:135–43. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.09.003
  • IJpma I, Renken RJ, Gietema JA, Slart RHJA, Mensink MGJ, Lefrandt JD, Ter Horst GJ, Reyners AKL. Taste and smell function in testicular cancer survivors treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy in relation to dietary intake, food preference, and body composition. Appetite. 2016;105:392–9. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.010
  • Vries YC, Boesveldt S, Kampman E, Graaf C, Winkels RM, Laarhoven HWM. Low reported taste function is associated with low preference for high protein products in advanced oesophagogastric cancer patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(1):472–5. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.12.001
  • Boltong A, Keast R. Chemosensory science in the context of cancer treatment: Implications for patient care. Chem Percept. 2015;8(3):117–25. doi:10.1007/s12078-015-9180-0
  • Mukherjee N, Delay ER. Cyclophosphamide-induced disruption of umami taste functions and taste epithelium. Neuroscience. 2011;192:732–45. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.006
  • Mukherjee N, Pal Choudhuri S, Delay RJ, Delay ER. Cellular mechanisms of cyclophosphamide-induced taste loss in mice. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0185473. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185473.
  • Comeau TB, Epstein JB, Migas C. Taste and smell dysfunction in patients receiving chemotherapy: A review of current knowledge. Support Care Cancer. 2001;9(8):575–80. doi:10.1007/s005200100279
  • Hoon MA, Adler E, Lindemeier J, Battey JF, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS. Putative mammalian taste receptors: A class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity. Cell. 1999;96(4):541–51. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80658-3
  • Feeney EM, Hayes JE. Regional differences in suprathreshold intensity for bitter and umami stimuli. Chemosens Percept. 2014;7(3–4):147–57. doi:10.1007/s12078-014-9166-3
  • Mukherjee N, Carroll BL, Spees JL, Delay ER. Pre-treatment with amifostine protects against cyclophosphamide-induced disruption of taste in mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061607
  • Reith AJM, Spence C. The mystery of "metal mouth" in chemotherapy. Chem Senses. 2020;45(2):73–84. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjz076
  • Robinson JO. The misuse of taste names by untrained observers. Br J Psychol. 1970;61(3):375–8. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1970.tb01254.x
  • McAuliffe WK, Meiselman HL. The roles of practice and correction in the categorization of sour and bitter taste qualities. Atten Percept Psychophys. 1974;16(2):242–4. doi:10.3758/BF03203936
  • O’Mahony M, Goldenberg M, Stedmon J, Alford J. Confusion in the use of the taste adjectives ‘sour’ and ‘bitter. Chem Senses. 1979;4(4):301–18. doi:10.1093/chemse/4.4.301
  • Nolden AA, Hwang LD, Boltong A, Reed DR. Chemosensory changes from cancer treatment and their effects on patients’ food behaviour: A scoping review. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2285. doi:10.3390/nu11102285
  • Blakeslee AF, Fox AL. Our different taste worlds: P.T.C. as a demonstration of genetic differences in taste. J Hered. 1932;23(3):97–107. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a103585
  • Bartoshuk LM. Sweetness: History, preference, and genetic variability. Food Technol. 1991;45:108–13.
  • Burkhart NW. Oral exam. A patient is a supertaster. RDH. 2014;34(10):72–102.
  • Garneau NL, Nuessle TM, Sloan MM, Santorico SA, Coughlin BC, Hayes JE. Crowdsourcing taste research: Genetic and phenotypic predictors of bitter taste perception as a model. Front Integr Neurosci. 2014;8:33 doi:10.3389/fnint.2014.00033
  • Eldeghaidy S, Marciani L, McGlone F, Hollowood T, Hort J, Head K, Taylor AJ, Busch J, Spiller RC, Gowland PA, et al. The cortical response to the oral perception of fat emulsions and the effect of taster status. J Neurophysiol. 2011;105(5):2572–81. doi:10.1152/jn.00927.2010
  • Hayes JE, Keast RSJ. Two decades of supertasting: Where do we stand? Physiol Behav. 2011;104(5):1072–4.
  • Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H, Leppert M, Risch N, Drayna D. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science. 2003;299(5610):1221–5. doi:10.1126/science.1080190
  • Aysegul C, Gonul D, Yesilbalkan OU, Yasemin Y. The factors influencing the taste alterations in patients receiving chemotherapy. Int J Caring Sci. 2019;12(3):1684–90.
  • Sánchez LH, Rihuete MIG. Influence of taste and smell dysfunction on oncology patients’ nutrition. Index Enfermería. 2016;25(4):233–7.
  • Sarhill N, Mahmoud F, Walsh D, Nelson KA, Komurcu S, Davis M, LeGrand S, Abdullah O, Rybicki L. Evaluation of nutritional status in advanced metastatic cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2003;11(10):652–9. doi:10.1007/s00520-003-0486-0
  • Landis BN, Welge-Luessen A, Brämerson A, Bende M, Mueller CA, Nordin S, Hummel T. "Taste strips" – A rapid, lateralized, gustatory bedside identification test based on impregnated filter papers’. J Neurol. 2009;256(2):242–8. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-0088-y
  • Postma EM, Kok DE, Graaf C, Kampman E, Boesveldt S. Chemosensory perception and food preferences in colorectal cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Nutr. 2020;40:242–51. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.012
  • Soter A, Kim J, Jackman A, Tourbier I, Kaul A, Doty RL. Accuracy of self-report in detecting taste dysfunction. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(4):611–7. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e318161e53a
  • Spence C. Comfort food: A review. Int J Gastron Food Sci. 2017;9:105–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2017.07.001
  • Spence C, Smith B, Auvray M. Confusing tastes and flavours. In D. Stokes, M. Matthen, and S. Biggs (Eds.), Perception and its modalities. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2015. pp. 247–74.
  • Spence C. The perfect meal: On the multisensory science of food and dining. The 1st International Neurogastronomy Symposium, Lexington, KN; 2015b 7th Nov.
  • Spence C. Oral referral: On the mislocalization of odours to the mouth. Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:117–28. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.02.006
  • Bojanowski V, Hummel T. Retronasal perception of odors. Physiol Behav. 2012;107(4):484–7. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.001.22425641.
  • Landis BN, Frasnelli J, Reden J, Lacroix JS, Hummel T. Differences between orthonasal and retronasal olfactory functions in patients with loss of the sense of smell. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(11):977–81. doi:10.1001/archotol.131.11.977
  • Kano T, Kanda K. Development and validation of a chemotherapy-induced taste alteration scale. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013;40(2):E79–85. doi:10.1188/13.ONF.E79-E85
  • Anon. ‘What the world eats’. National Geographic Magazine; 2011. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/what-the-world-eats/.
  • Blank DM, Mattes RD. Sugar and spice: Similarities and sensory attributes. Nurs Res. 1990;39(5):290–3.
  • Rozin E. Ethnic cuisine: The flavor-principle cookbook. Brattleboro, VT: The Stephen Greene Press; 1983.
  • IJpma I, Renken RJ, Ter Horst GJT, Reyners AKL. Metallic taste in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 2015;41(2):179–86. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.11.006
  • Logan HL, Bartoshuk LM, Fillingim RB, Tomar SL, Mendenhall WM. Metallic taste phantom predicts oral pain among 5-year survivors of head and neck cancer. Pain. 2008;140(2):323–2774. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.09.004
  • Yanagisawa K, Bartoshuk LM, Catalanotto FA, Karrer TA, Kveton JF. Anesthesia of the chorda tympani nerve and taste phantoms. Physiol Behav. 1998;63(3):329–35. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00423-X
  • Schiffman SS, Crofton VA, Beeker TG. Sensory evaluation of soft drinks with various sweeteners. Physiol Behav. 1985;34(3):369–77. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(85)90198-2
  • Doty RL, Shah M, Bromley SM. Drug-induced taste disorders. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2008;21(3):199–215.
  • Wang Y, Zajac AL, Lei W, Christensen CM, Margolskee RF, Bouysset C, Golebiowski J, Zhao H, Fiorucci S, Jiang P. Metal ions activate the human taste receptor TAS2R7. Chem Senses. 2019;44(5):339–47. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjz024
  • Lawless HT, Schlake S, Smythe J, Lim J, Yang H, Chapman K, Bolton B. Metallic taste and retronasal smell. Chem Senses. 2004;29(1):25–33. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh003
  • Murphy C, Cain WS. Taste and olfaction: Independence vs. interaction. Physiol. Behav. 1980;24(3):601–5. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90257-7
  • Tamura T, Taniguchi K, Suzuki Y, Okubo T, Takata R, Konno T. Iron is an essential cause of fishy aftertaste formation in wine and seafood pairing. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(18):8550–6. doi:10.1021/jf901656k
  • Skinner M, Lim A, Tarrega R, Ford A, Linforth R, Thomas A, Hort J. Investigating the oronasal contributions to metallic perception. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2017;52(6):1299–306. doi:10.1111/ijfs.13417
  • Riera CE, Vogel H, Simon SA, Coutre J. Artificial sweeteners and salts producing a metallic taste sensation activate TRPV1 receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;293(2):R626–R634. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00286.2007
  • Glindemann D, Dietrich A, Staerk HJ, Kuschk P. The two odors of iron when touched or pickled: (Skin) carbonyl compounds and organophosphines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2006;45(42):7006–9. doi:10.1002/anie.200602100
  • Keller A, Zhuang H, Chi Q, Vosshall LB, Matsunami H. Genetic variation in a human odorant receptor alters odour perception. Nature. 2007;449(7161):468–72. doi:10.1038/nature06162
  • Reed DR, Knaapila A. Genetics of taste and smell: Poisons and pleasures. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2010;94:213–40.
  • Bartoshuk LM. Chemosensory alterations and cancer therapies. NCI Monogr. 1990;9:179–84.
  • Webber E. Long Covid’ patient, 44, says disease has scrambled her senses so coffee now smells like car fumes and toothpaste tastes like petrol. Daily Mail Online; 2020 Dec 27. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9090027/Fish-sulphur-burnt-toast-scents-haunting-long-Covid-patients.html.
  • Mandel ID. The functions of saliva. J Dent Res. 1987;66(1_Suppl):623–7. doi:10.1177/00220345870660S103
  • Neyraud E, Palicki O, Schwartz C, Nicklaus S, Feron G. Variability of human saliva composition: Possible relationships with fat perception and liking. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57(5):556–65. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.09.016
  • Spence C. Mouth-watering: The influence of environmental and cognitive factors on salivation and gustatory/flavour perception. J Texture Stud. 2011;42(2):157–71. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4603.2011.00299.x
  • Matsuo R. Role of saliva in the maintenance of taste sensitivity. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2000;11(2):216–29. doi:10.1177/10454411000110020501.
  • Canon F, Neiers F, Guichard E. Saliva and flavor perception: Perspectives. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(30):7873–9. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01998
  • Running CA. Oral sensations and secretions. Physiol Behav. 2018;193(Pt B):234–7. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.011
  • Taylor AJ, Roozen JP. Volatile flavor release from foods during eating. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1996;36(8):765–84. doi:10.1080/10408399609527749
  • Pagès-Hélary S, Andriot I, Guichard E, Canon F. Retention effect of human saliva on aroma release and respective contribution of salivary mucin and α-amylase. Food Res Int. 2014;64:424–31. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.013
  • Muñoz-González C, Feron G, Canon F. Main effects of human saliva on flavour perception and the potential contribution to food consumption. Proc Nutr Soc. 2018;77(4):423–31. doi:10.1017/S0029665118000113
  • Glaus A, Knipping C, Morant R, Böhme C, Lebert B, Beldermann F, Glawogger B, Ortega PF, Hüsler A, Deuson R. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in routine practice: A European perspective. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12(10):708–15. doi:10.1007/s00520-004-0662-x
  • McGrath C, Chang L, Dennis K. Exploring the nausea experience among female patients with breast cancer; A pilot interview study. Tech Innov Patient Support Radiat Oncol. 2020;15:22–8.
  • Bergkvist K, Wengström Y. Symptom experiences during chemotherapy treatment-With focus on nausea and vomiting. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2006;10(1):21–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2005.03.007
  • Schalk P, Kohl M, Herrmann HJ, Schwappacher R, Rimmele ME, Buettner A, Siebler J, Neurath MF, Zopf Y. Influence of cancer and acute inflammatory disease on taste perception: A clinical pilot study. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(3):843–51. doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3898-y
  • Wang H, Zhou M, Brand J, Huang L. Inflammation and taste disorders: Mechanisms in taste buds. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1170(1):596–603. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04480.x
  • Murtaza B, Hichami A, Khan AS, Ghiringhelli F, Khan NA. Alteration in taste perception in cancer: Causes and strategies of treatment. Front Physiol. 2017;8:134. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00134.
  • Shatzman AR, Henkin RI. Gustin concentration changes relative to salivary zinc and taste in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981;78(6):3867–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.6.3867
  • Gooding AJ, Packer CD, Pensiero AL. Zinc deficiency-induced hypogeusia in a patient with refractory iron-deficiency anemia: A case report. Cureus. 2019;11(12):e6365. doi:10.7759/cureus.6365
  • Hambidge KM, Hambidge C, Jacobs M, Baum JD. Low levels of zinc in hair, anorexia, poor growth, and hypogeusia in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1972;42(4):694–700.
  • Bult JHF, Wijk RA, Hummel T. Investigations on multimodal sensory integration: Texture, taste, and ortho- and retronasal olfactory stimuli in concert. Neurosci Lett. 2007;411(1):6–10. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.036
  • Spence C. Multisensory flavor perception. Cell. 2015;161(1):24–35. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.007
  • Spence C, Piqueras-Fiszman B. The perfect meal. The multisensory science of food and dining. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell; 2014.
  • Fundació Alícia and Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. 2018. Recomendaciones dietético-culinarias durante el tratamiento del cancer colorrectal. https://www.alicia.cat/uploads/document/Guies_alicia_5CAST.pdf.
  • Boltong A, Keast R, Aranda S. Experiences and consequences of altered taste, flavour and food hedonics during chemotherapy treatment. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20(11):2765–74. doi:10.1007/s00520-012-1398-7
  • Carney EM, Stein WM, Reigh NA, Gater FM, Bakke AJ, Hayes JE, Keller KL. Increasing flavor variety with herbs and spices improves relative vegetable intake in children who are propylthiouracil (PROP) tasters relative to nontasters. Physiol Behav. 2018;188:48–57. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.021
  • Faisal W, Farag F, Abdellatif AAH, Abbas A. Taste masking approaches for medicines. Curr Drug Deliv. 2018;15(2):167–85. doi:10.2174/1567201814666171013145958
  • Breslin PAS, Beauchamp GK. Salt enhances flavour by suppressing bitterness. Nature. 1997;387(6633):563. doi:10.1038/42388
  • Wilken MK, Satiroff BA. Pilot study of ‘miracle fruit’ to improve food palatability for patients receiving chemotherapy. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2012;16(5):E173–177. doi:10.1188/12.CJON.E173-E177
  • Brouwer JN, van der Wel H, Francke A, Henning GJ. Mieraculin, the sweetness-inducing protein from miracle fruit. Nature. 1968;220(5165):373–4. doi:10.1038/220373a0
  • Capitanio A, Lucci G, Tommasi LUCA. Mixing taste illusions: The effect of miraculin on binary and trinary mixtures. J Sens Stud. 2011;26(1):54–61. doi:10.1111/j.1745-459X.2010.00321.x
  • Wong JM, Kern M. Miracle fruit improves sweetness of a low-calorie dessert without promoting subsequent energy compensation. Appetite. 2011;56(1):163–6. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.10.005
  • Ellender G, Coveney J. ‘Flavor alterations in cancer treatment: Extrinsic factors as a means of augmentation’. Clinical Nutrition; 2021 Mar 2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405457721000851.
  • Braud A, Boucher Y. Taste disorder’s management: A systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(6):1889–908. doi:10.1007/s00784-020-03299-0
  • Tueros I, Uriarte M. Innovative food products for cancer patients: future directions. J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(5):1647–52. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8789.29168190
  • Anon. Good taste: Chefs have devised recipes for people who have lost the appreciation of food. The Times; 2019 Mar 29. p. 33.
  • Keeley G. Chefs help sick to recover a sense of taste. The Times; 2019 Mar 29. p. 35.
  • Spence C. 2022. What role does memory play in our enjoyment of meals? In B. Forrest & G. de St. Maurice (Eds.), Food in memory and imagination: Place, space and taste. London, UK: Bloomsbury. pp. 66–77.
  • Casas F, León C, Jovell E, Gómez J, Corvitto A, Blanco R, Alfaro J, Ángel Seguí M, Saigí E, Massanés T, et al. Adapted ice cream as a nutritional supplement in cancer patients: Impact on quality of life and nutritional status. Clin Transl Oncol. 2012;14(1):66–72. doi:10.1007/s12094-012-0763-9
  • Spence C, Navarra J, Youssef J. Using ice-cream as an effective vehicle for energy/nutrient delivery in the elderly. Int J Gastron Food Sci. 2019;16:100140. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100140
  • Spence C, Youssef J. Aging and the chemical senses: Implications for food behaviour amongst elderly consumers. Foods. 2021;10(1):168. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/1/168. doi:10.3390/foods10010168
  • Hyde RJ, Witherly SA. Dynamic contrast: A sensory contribution to palatability. Appetite. 1993;21(1):1–16. doi:10.1006/appe.1993.1032
  • Albright MB. ‘Mind over palate: 6 ways to make the science of taste work at home’. National Geographic; 2015 Nov 17. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/food/the-plate/2015/11/17/mind-over-palate-6-ways-to-make-the-science-of-taste-work-at-home/.
  • Smith A. ‘UK healthcare hosts first-ever neurogasgronomy symposium’. UK HealthCare; 2016 May 26. http://ukhealthcare.net/ukudos/2016/05/26/uk-healthcare-hosts-first-ever-neurogastronomy-symposium/.
  • Mauriello LM, Artz K. Culinary medicine: bringing healthcare into the kitchen. Am J Health Promot. 2019;33(5):825–9. doi:10.1177/0890117119845711c
  • Mutlu H, Doğan M. A new trend in gastronomy: Culinary medicine chef. Int J Gastron Food Sci. 2021;24:100328. 2021 Mar 6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1878450X21000275?dgcid=rss_sd_all doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100328
  • Kalaichandran A. ‘The doctor is cooking’. The New York Times; 2018 Mar 1. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/well/eat/doctors-kitchen-cooking-food-patients-nutrition.html.
  • Allen-Winters S, Wakefield D, Gaudio E, Moore S, Boone K, Morris S, Schwartz DL. "Eat to live"–Piloting a culinary medicine program for head & neck radiotherapy patients’. Support Care Cancer. 2020;28(6):2949–57. doi:10.1007/s00520-019-05180-7
  • Bartoshuk LM. Comparing sensory experiences across individuals: Recent psychophysical advances illuminate genetic variation in taste perception. Chem Senses. 2000;25(4):447–60. doi:10.1093/chemse/25.4.447
  • Liu DT, Besser G, Renner B, Seyferth S, Hummel T, Mueller CA. Retronasal olfactory function in patients with smell loss but subjectively normal flavor perception. Laryngoscope. 2020;130(7):1629–33. doi:10.1002/lary.28258
  • Lyckholm L, Heddinger SP, Parker G, Coyne PJ, Ramakrishnan V, Smith TJ, Henkin RI. A randomized, placebo controlled trial of oral zinc for chemotherapy-related taste and smell disorders. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2012;26(2):111–4. doi:10.3109/15360288.2012.676618

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.