References
- WHO. 2020. Cancer prevention profile [accessed July 2020]. https://www.who.int/cancer/country-profiles/en/.
- Carlos-Reyes Á, López-González JS, Meneses-Flores M, Gallardo-Rincón D, Ruíz-García E, Marchat LA, Astudillo-de la Vega H, Hernández de la Cruz ON, López-Camarillo C. Dietary compounds as epigenetic modulating agents in cancer. Front Genet. 2019;10(79):79.
- Gonzalez CA, Riboli E. Diet and cancer prevention: contributions from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(14):2555–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.025
- Farvid MS, Spence ND, Holmes MD, Barnett JB. Fiber consumption and breast cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer. 2020;126(13):3061–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32816
- Willett WC, Hunter DJ. Prospective studies of diet and breast cancer. Cancer. 1994;74(S3):1085–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19940801)74:3+<1085::AID-CNCR2820741517>3.0.CO;2-M
- Petimar J, Smith-Warner SA, Fung TT, Rosner B, Chan AT, Hu FB, Giovannucci EL, Tabung FK. Recommendation-based dietary indexes and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses’ health study and health professionals follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(5):1092–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy171
- World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global perspective. London: WCRF International; 2018.
- Katsidzira L, Gangaidzo I, Thomson S, Rusakaniko S, Matenga J, Ramesar R. The shifting epidemiology of colorectal cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(5):377–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30183-2
- Maiyoh GK, Tuei VC. Rising cancer incidence and role of the evolving diet in Kenya. Nutr Cancer. 2019;71(4):531–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1542010
- Adeloye D, Sowunmi OY, Jacobs W, David RA, Adeosun AA, Amuta AO, Misra S, Gadanya M, Auta A, Harhay MO, et al. Estimating the incidence of breast cancer in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2018;8(1):010419. doi:https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.08.010419
- Parker RK, Ranketi SS, McNelly C, Ongondi M, Topazian HM, Dawsey SM, Murphy GA, White RE, Mwachiro M. Colorectal cancer is increasing in rural Kenya: challenges and perspectives. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019;89(6):1234–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2018.12.003
- Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA, PRISMA-P Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
- Denison HJ, Dodds RM, Ntani G, Cooper R, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Baird J. How to get started with a systematic review in epidemiology: an introductory guide for early career researchers. Arch Public Health. 2013;71(1):21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/0778-7367-71-21
- Asombang AW, Kayamba V, Mwanza-Lisulo M, Colditz G, Mudenda V, Yarasheski K, Chott R, Rubin DC, Gyawali CP, Sinkala E, et al. Gastric cancer in Zambian adults: a prospective case-control study that assessed dietary intake and antioxidant status by using urinary isoprostane excretion. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 May;97(5):1029–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.051284
- Balekouzou A, Yin P, Afewerky HK, Bekolo C, Pamatika CM, Nambei SW, Djeintote M, Doui Doumgba A, Mossoro-Kpinde CD, Shu C, et al. Behavioral risk factors of breast cancer in Bangui of Central African Republic: a retrospective case-control study. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0171154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171154
- Calder JF, Wachira MW, Van Sant T, Malik MS, Bowry RN. Diverticular disease, carcinoma of the colon and diet in urban and rural Kenya Africans. Diagn Imaging. 1980;49(1):23–8.
- Faruk M, Ibrahim S, Adamu A, Rafindadi AH, Ukwenya Y, Iliyasu Y, Adamu A, Aminu SM, Shehu MS, Ameh DA, et al. An analysis of dietary fiber and fecal fiber components including pH in rural Africans with colorectal cancer. Intest Res. 2018;16(1):99–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.99
- Husain NE, Suliman AA, Abdelrahman I, Bedri SA, Musa RM, Osman HE, Mustafa AH, Gafer N, Farah E, Satir AA, et al. Serum vitamin D level, sun-exposed area, dietary factors, and physical activity as predictors of invasive breast cancer risk among Sudanese women: a case-control study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(5):1706–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_197_19
- Jacobs I, Taljaard-Krugell C, Ricci C, Vorster H, Rinaldi S, Cubasch H, Laubscher R, Joffe M, van Zyl T, Norris SA, et al. Dietary intake and breast cancer risk in black South African women: the South African Breast Cancer study. Br J Nutr. 2019;121(5):591–600. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518003744
- Jordan I, Hebestreit A, Swai B, Krawinkel MB. Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk among women in northern Tanzania: a case-control study. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(3):905–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-012-0398-1
- Kaindi DWM, Kogi-Makau W, Lule GN, Kreikemeyer B, Renault P, Bonfoh B, Schelling E, Zinsstag J, Lacroix C, Meile L, et al. Investigating the association between African spontaneously fermented dairy products, faecal carriage of Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius and colorectal adenocarcinoma in Kenya. Acta Trop. 2018;178:10–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.018
- Katsidzira L, Laubscher R, Gangaidzo IT, Swart R, Makunike-Mutasa R, Manyanga T, Thomson S, Ramesar R, Matenga JA, Rusakaniko S, et al. Dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk in Zimbabwe: a population based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018;57:33–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2018.09.005
- Mengesha B, Ergete W. Staple Ethiopian diet and cancer of the oesophagus. East Afr Med J. 2005;82(7):353–6.
- Patel K, Wakhisi J, Mining S, Mwangi A, Patel R. Esophageal cancer, the topmost cancer at MTRH in the Rift Valley, Kenya, and its potential risk factors. ISRN Oncol. 2013;2013:1–9. 29doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/503249
- Sammon AM. A case-control study of diet and social factors in cancer of the esophagus in Transkei. Cancer. 1992;69(4):860–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19920215)69:4<860::AID-CNCR2820690404>3.0.CO;2-Y
- Sammon AM. Protease inhibitors and carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer. 1998;83(3):405–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980801)83:3<405::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-N
- Sewram V, Sitas F, O’Connell D, Myers J. Diet and esophageal cancer risk in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Nutr Cancer. 2014;66(5):791–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.916321
- Ukoli FA, Taher K, Egbagbe E, Lomotey M, Oguike T, Akumabor P, et al. Association of self-reported consumption of cooked meat, fish, seafood and eggs with prostate cancer risk among Nigerians. Infect Agent Cancer. 2009;4(Suppl 1):S6.
- Van Rensburg SJ, Bradshaw ES, Bradshaw D, Rose EF. Oesophageal cancer in Zulu men, South Africa: a case-control study. Br J Cancer. 1985;51(3):399–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1985.54
- Machoki MS, Saidi H, Raja A, Ndonga A, Njue A, Biomdo I, et al. Risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Kenyan population. Ann Afr Surg. 2015; 12(1):38–43.
- Deybasso HA, Roba KT, Nega B, Belachew T. Dietary and environmental determinants of oesophageal cancer in Arsi Zone, Oromia, Central Ethiopia: a case-control study. CMAR. 2021;13:2071–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S298892
- Mmbaga EJ, Mushi BP, Deardorff K, Mgisha W, Akoko LO, Paciorek A, Hiatt RA, Buckle GC, Mwaiselage J, Zhang L, et al. A case-control study to evaluate environmental and lifestyle risk factors for esophageal cancer in Tanzania. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2021;30(2):305–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0660
- Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(4 Suppl):1220S–8S. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1220S
- Vitale JD, Sanders JH. New markets and technological change for the traditional cereals in semiarid sub-Saharan Africa: the Malian case. Agric Econ. 2005;32(2):111–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0169-5150.2005.00009.x
- Steck SE, Murphy EA. Dietary patterns and cancer risk. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20(2):125–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-019-0227-4