584
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cancer Risk: A Narrative Review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 3077-3095 | Received 13 Aug 2020, Accepted 20 Apr 2022, Published online: 29 Apr 2022

References

  • Taylor AJ. Carbonating the world. The marketing and health impact of sugar drinks in low- and middle-income countries. Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2016.
  • Popkin BM, Hawkes C. Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(2):174–186. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00419-2
  • FAO. Biannual report on global food markets. Italy; 2019.
  • Bank W. The world sugar economy: review and outlook for Bank Group lending. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 1978.
  • Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Steffen LM, Jacobs DR, Jr., Popkin BM. Drinking caloric beverages increases the risk of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(4):954–959. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29478
  • de Koning L, Malik VS, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(6):1321–1327. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.007922
  • Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF, Wang TJ, Fox CS, Meigs JB, D’Agostino RB, Gaziano JM, Vasan RS. Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation. 2007;116(5):480–488. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935
  • Greenwood DC, Threapleton DE, Evans CEL, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C, Burley VJ. Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(5):725–734. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001329
  • Barrio-Lopez MT, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez-Montero A, Beunza JJ, Zazpe I, Bes-Rastrollo M. Prospective study of changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and its components: the SUN cohort. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(9):1722–1731. doi:10.1017/S0007114513000822
  • Malik VS., Hu FB. The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol; 2022;18:205–218. doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00627-6.
  • Moreira PI. High-sugar diets, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013;16(4):440–445. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328361c7d1
  • Stephan BC, Wells JC, Brayne C, Albanese E, Siervo M. Increased fructose intake as a risk factor for dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65(8):809–814. doi:10.1093/gerona/glq079
  • Malik VS, Li Y, Pan A, De Koning L, Schernhammer E, Willett WC, Hu FB. Long-term consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of mortality in US adults. Circulation. 2019;139(18):2113–2125. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401
  • Navarrete-Muñoz EM, Wark PA, Romaguera D, Bhoo-Pathy N, Michaud D, Molina-Montes E, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault M-C, et al. Sweet-beverage consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(3):760–768. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.130963
  • Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. Shifts in patterns and consumption of beverages between 1965 and 2002. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(11):2739–2747. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.326
  • Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(4):667–675. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782
  • Pereira MA. Sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages in relation to obesity risk. Adv Nutr. 2014;5(6):797–808. doi:10.3945/an.114.007062
  • Rosinger A, Herrick K, Gahche J, Park S. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among U.S. adults, 2011–2014. NCHS Data Brief. Hyattsville, MD: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. 2017. p. 1–8.
  • Ogden CL, Kit BK, Carroll MD, Park S. Consumption of sugar drinks in the United States, 2005-2008. NCHS Data Brief. Hyattsville, MD: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. 2011. p. 1–8.
  • World Health Organization DoNfHaD. Guideline: “Sugars intake for adults and children”. Geneve, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015.
  • Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, Howard BV, Lefevre M, Lustig RH, Sacks F, Steffen LM, Wylie-Rosett J. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;120(11):1011–1020. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192627
  • Company TCC. Our products. Nutrition facts; 2021.
  • Hu FB, Malik VS. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence. Physiol Behav. 2010;100(1):47–54. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.036
  • Romaguera D, Norat T, Wark PA, Vergnaud AC, Schulze MB, van Woudenbergh GJ, Drogan D, Amiano P, Molina-Montes E, Sánchez MJ, et al. Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: results from EPIC-InterAct. Diabetologia. 2013;56(7):1520–1530. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2899-8
  • Malik VS. Sugar sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic health. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32(5):572–579. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000439
  • Huang C, Huang J, Tian Y, Yang X, Gu D. Sugar sweetened beverages consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2014;234(1):11–16. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.037
  • Rippe JM. The metabolic and endocrine response and health implications of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages: findings from recent randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(6):677–686. doi:10.3945/an.113.004580
  • Rippe JM, Angelopoulos TJ. Relationship between added sugars consumption and chronic disease risk factors: current understanding. Nutrients. 2016;8(11):697. doi:10.3390/nu8110
  • Pan A, Hu FB. Effects of carbohydrates on satiety: differences between liquid and solid food. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(4):385–390. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328346df36
  • Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):274–288. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.274
  • Schulze MB, Liu S, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(2):348–356. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.2.348
  • Janssens JP, Shapira N, Debeuf P, Michiels L, Putman R, Bruckers L, Renard D, Molenberghs G. Effects of soft drink and table beer consumption on insulin response in normal teenagers and carbohydrate drink in youngsters. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999;8(4):289–295. doi:10.1097/00008469-199908000-00004
  • Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2002;287(18):2414–2423. doi:10.1001/jama.287.18.2414
  • Liu S, Manson JE, Buring JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ridker PM. Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(3):492–498. doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.3.492
  • Vlassara H, Cai W, Crandall J, Goldberg T, Oberstein R, Dardaine V, Peppa M, Rayfield EJ. Inflammatory mediators are induced by dietary glycotoxins, a major risk factor for diabetic angiopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(24):15596–15601. doi:10.1073/pnas.242407999
  • Ambrosini GL, Oddy WH, Huang RC, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Jebb SA. Prospective associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(2):327–334. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.051383
  • Ma J, McKeown NM, Hwang S-J, Hoffmann U, Jacques PF, Fox CS. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with change of visceral adipose tissue over 6 years of follow-up. Circulation. 2016;133(4):370–377. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018704
  • Maersk M, Belza A, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Ringgaard S, Chabanova E, Thomsen H, Pedersen SB, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: a 6-mo randomized intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(2):283–289. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.022533
  • Rippe JM, Angelopoulos TJ. Added sugars and risk factors for obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40(Suppl 1):S22–S27. doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.10
  • Renehan AG, Roberts DL, Dive C. Obesity and cancer: pathophysiological and biological mechanisms. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2008;114(1):71–83. doi:10.1080/13813450801954303
  • Roberts DL, Dive C, Renehan AG. Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives. Annu Rev Med. 2010;61:301–316. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.080708.082713
  • De Pergola G, Silvestris F. Obesity as a major risk factor for cancer. J Obes. 2013;2013:291546. doi:10.1155/2013/291546
  • Sartorius B, Sartorius K, Aldous C, Madiba TE, Stefan C, Noakes T. Carbohydrate intake, obesity, metabolic syndrome and cancer risk? A two-part systematic review and meta-analysis protocol to estimate attributability. BMJ Open. 2016;6(1):e009301. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009301
  • Makarem N, Bandera EV, Lin Y, Jacques PF, Hayes RB, Parekh N. Consumption of sugars, sugary foods, and sugary beverages in relation to adiposity-related cancer risk in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (1991–2013). Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2018;11(6):347–358. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0218
  • Chazelas E, Srour B, Desmetz E, Kesse-Guyot E, Julia C, Deschamps V, Druesne-Pecollo N, Galan P, Hercberg S, Latino-Martel P, et al. Sugary drink consumption and risk of cancer: results from NutriNet-Sante prospective cohort. BMJ. 2019;366:l2408. doi:10.1136/bmj.l2408
  • Clifford J, Maloney K. Sugar-sweetened beverages. Fact Sheet 9.389. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University. Extension; 2016.
  • Division of Nutrition PA, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Get the facts: sugar-sweetened beverages and consumption. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, 2017.
  • Kregiel D. Health safety of soft drinks: contents, containers, and microorganisms. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:128697. doi:10.1155/2015/128697
  • Mitchell D. Sugar policies: opportunity for change. Policy Research Working Paper; 2004.
  • (FDA) FaDA. High fructose-corn-syrup questions and answers; 2018.
  • Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. High-fructose corn syrup: is this what’s for dinner? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(6):1722S–1732S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825C
  • White JS. Misconceptions about high-fructose corn syrup: is it uniquely responsible for obesity, reactive dicarbonyl compounds, and advanced glycation endproducts? J Nutr. 2009;139(6):1219S–1227S. doi:10.3945/jn.108.097998
  • Jang C, Hui S, Lu W, Cowan AJ, Morscher RJ, Lee G, Liu W, Tesz GJ, Birnbaum MJ, Rabinowitz JD, et al. The small intestine converts dietary fructose into glucose and organic acids. Cell Metab. 2018;27(2):351–361 e3. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.016
  • Jensen T, Abdelmalek MF, Sullivan S, Nadeau KJ, Green M, Roncal C, Nakagawa T, Kuwabara M, Sato Y, Kang D-H, et al. Fructose and sugar: a major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2018;68(5):1063–1075. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.019
  • Chung M, Ma J, Patel K, Berger S, Lau J, Lichtenstein AH. Fructose, high-fructose corn syrup, sucrose, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or indexes of liver health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(3):833–849. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.086314
  • Magnuson BA, Carakostas MC, Moore NH, Poulos SP, Renwick AG. Biological fate of low-calorie sweeteners. Nutr Rev. 2016;74(11):670–689. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw032
  • Higgins KA, Mattes RD. A randomized controlled trial contrasting the effects of 4 low-calorie sweeteners and sucrose on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(5):1288–1301. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy381
  • Imamura F, O’Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Forouhi NG. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ. 2015;351:h3576. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3576
  • Daher MI, Matta JM, Abdel Nour AM. Abdel Nour AM: non-nutritive sweeteners and type 2 diabetes: should we ring the bell? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;155:107786. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107786
  • Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Lim S, Andrews KG, Engell RE, Ezzati M, Mozaffarian D. Global, regional, and national consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, and milk: a systematic assessment of beverage intake in 187 countries. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0124845. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124845
  • Crichton G, Alkerwi A, Elias M. Diet soft drink consumption is associated with the metabolic syndrome: a two sample comparison. Nutrients. 2015;7(5):3569–3586. doi:10.3390/nu7053569
  • Deshpande G, Mapanga RF, Essop MF. Frequent sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the onset of cardiometabolic diseases: cause for concern? J Endocr Soc. 2017;1(11):1372–1385. doi:10.1210/js.2017-00262
  • Makarem N, Bandera EV, Nicholson JM, Parekh N. Consumption of sugars, sugary foods, and sugary beverages in relation to cancer risk: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Annu Rev Nutr. 2018;38:17–39. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051805
  • Ottaiano A, De Divitiis C, Capozzi M, Avallone A, Pisano C, Pignata S, Tafuto S. Obesity and cancer: biological links and treatment implications. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2018;18(3):231–238. doi:10.2174/1568009617666170330125619
  • Salaun H, Thariat J, Vignot M, Merrouche Y, Vignot S. Obesity and cancer. Bull Cancer. 2017;104(1):30–41. doi:10.1016/j.bulcan.2016.11.012
  • Debras C, Chazelas E, Srour B, Kesse-Guyot E, Julia C, Zelek L, Agaësse C, Druesne-Pecollo N, Galan P, Hercberg S, et al . Total and added sugar intakes, sugar types, and cancer risk: results from the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(5):1267–1279. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa246
  • World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight fact sheet. Geneve, Switzerland; 2018.
  • Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K. Body fatness and cancer-viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794–798. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1606602
  • Keller A, Heitmann BL, Olsen N. Sugar-sweetened beverages, vascular risk factors and events: a systematic literature review. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(7):1145–1154. doi:10.1017/S1368980014002122
  • Laverty AA, Magee L, Monteiro CA, Saxena S, Millett C. Sugar and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and adiposity changes: national longitudinal study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:137. doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0297-y
  • Luger M, Lafontan M, Bes-Rastrollo M, Winzer E, Yumuk V, Farpour-Lambert N. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review from 2013 to 2015 and a comparison with previous studies. Obesity Facts. 2017;10(6):674–693. doi:10.1159/000484566
  • Ruanpeng D, Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Harindhanavudhi T. Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages linked to obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. QJM. 2017;110(8):513–520. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcx068
  • Arnold M, Leitzmann M, Freisling H, Bray F, Romieu I, Renehan A, Soerjomataram I. Obesity and cancer: an update of the global impact. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;41:8–15. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2016.01.003
  • Hodge AM, Bassett JK, Milne RL, English DR, Giles GG. Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of obesity-related cancers. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(9):1618–1626. doi:10.1017/S1368980017002555
  • Shim JS, Oh K, Kim HC. Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014009. doi:10.4178/epih/e2014009
  • Serra-Majem L, Frost Andersen L, Henríque-Sánchez P, Doreste-Alonso J, Sánchez-Villegas A, Ortiz-Andrelluchi A, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Evaluating the quality of dietary intake validation studies. Br J Nutr. 2009;102(S1):S3–S9. doi:10.1017/S0007114509993114
  • Tasevska N, Midthune D, Tinker LF, Potischman N, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML, Beasley JM, Van Horn L, Prentice RL, Kipnis V, et al. Use of a urinary sugars biomarker to assess measurement error in self-reported sugars intake in the nutrition and physical activity assessment study (NPAAS). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(12):2874–2883. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0594
  • Hu FB, Rimm E, Smith-Warner SA, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Sampson L, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(2):243–249. doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.2.243
  • Romanos-Nanclares A, Toledo E, Gardeazabal I, Jiménez-Moleón JJ, Martínez-González MA, Gea A. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incidence of breast cancer: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Project. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(7):2875–2886. doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1839-2
  • King MG, Chandran U, Olson SH, Demissie K, Lu S-E, Parekh N, Bandera EV. Consumption of sugary foods and drinks and risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(7):1427–1436. doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0222-0
  • Friberg E, Wallin A, Wolk A . Sucrose, high-sugar foods, and risk of endometrial cancer-a population-based cohort study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(9):1831–1837. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0402
  • Inoue-Choi M, Robien K, Mariani A, Cerhan JR, Anderson KE. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and the risk of type I and type II endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(12):2384–2394. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0636
  • King MG, Olson SH, Paddock L, Chandran U, Demissie K, Lu S-E, Parekh N, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Bandera EV. Sugary food and beverage consumption and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:94. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-94
  • Zhang X, Albanes D, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Flood A, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci EL, Goldbohm RA, Jaceldo-Siegl K, et al. Risk of colon cancer and coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened soft drink intake: pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(11):771–783. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq107
  • Pacheco LS, Anderson CAM, Lacey JV, Giovannucci EL, Lemus H, Araneta MRG, Sears DD, Talavera GA, Martinez ME. Sugar-sweetened beverages and colorectal cancer risk in the California Teachers Study. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223638
  • Bao Y, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Jiao L, Silverman DT, Subar AF, Park Y, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Michaud DS, et al. Added sugar and sugar-sweetened foods and beverages and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):431–440. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.2.431
  • Chan JM, Wang F, Holly EA. Sweets, sweetened beverages, and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20(6):835–846. doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9323-1
  • Nothlings U, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and carbohydrates as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(5):1495–1501. doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1495
  • Gallus S, Turati F, Tavani A, Polesel J, Talamini R, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Soft drinks, sweetened beverages and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22(1):33–39. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9665-8
  • Genkinger JM, Li R, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Albanes D, Bergkvist L, Bernstein L, Black A, van den Brandt PA, English DR, et al. Coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(2):305–318. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0945-T
  • Mueller NT, Odegaard A, Anderson K, Yuan J-M, Gross M, Koh W-P, Pereira MA. Soft drink and juice consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(2):447–455. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0862
  • Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Consumption of sugar and sugar-sweetened foods and the risk of pancreatic cancer in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(5):1171–1176. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1171
  • Schernhammer ES, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Michaud DS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective cohorts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(9):2098–2105. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0059
  • Drake I, Sonestedt E, Gullberg B, Ahlgren G, Bjartell A, Wallström P, Wirfält E. Dietary intakes of carbohydrates in relation to prostate cancer risk: a prospective study in the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(6):1409–1418. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.039438
  • Miles FL, Neuhouser ML, Zhang ZF. Concentrated sugars and incidence of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort. Br J Nutr. 2018;120(6):703–710. doi:10.1017/S0007114518001812
  • World Cancer Research Fund AIoCR, Continuous Update Project: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer. Summary of evidence of diet, obesity and physical activity for cancer prevention; 2018.
  • Larsson SC, Giovannucci EL, Wolk A. Sweetened beverage consumption and risk of biliary tract and gallbladder cancer in a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108(10):djw125. doi:10.1093/jnci/djw125
  • Stepien M, Duarte-Salles T, Fedirko V, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Bamia C, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Hansen L, Boutron-Ruault M-C, et al. Consumption of soft drinks and juices and risk of liver and biliary tract cancers in a European cohort. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(1):7–20. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0818-5
  • McCullough ML, Teras LR, Shah R, Diver WR, Gaudet MM, Gapstur SM. Artificially and sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption is not associated with risk of lymphoid neoplasms in older men and women. J Nutr. 2014;144(12):2041–2049. doi:10.3945/jn.114.197475
  • Schernhammer ES, Bertrand KA, Birmann BM, Sampson L, Willett WC, Feskanich D. Consumption of artificial sweetener- and sugar-containing soda and risk of lymphoma and leukemia in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(6):1419–1428. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.030833
  • Bassett JK, Milne RL, English DR, Giles GG, Hodge AM. Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of cancers not related to obesity. Int J Cancer. 2020;146(12):3329–3334. doi:10.1002/ijc.32772
  • Boyle P, Koechlin A, Autier P. Sweetened carbonated beverage consumption and cancer risk: meta-analysis and review. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2014;23(5):481–490. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000015
  • Qurrat ul A, Khan SA. Artificial sweeteners: safe or unsafe? J Pak Med Assoc. 2015;65:225–227.
  • Toews I, Lohner S, Kullenberg de Gaudry D, Sommer H, Meerpohl JJ. Association between intake of non-sugar sweeteners and health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ. 2019;364:k4718. doi:10.1136/bmj.k4718
  • Mishra A, Ahmed K, Froghi S, Dasgupta P. Systematic review of the relationship between artificial sweetener consumption and cancer in humans: analysis of 599,741 participants. Int J Clin Pract. 2015;69(12):1418–1426. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12703
  • Rother KI, Conway EM, Sylvetsky AC. How non-nutritive sweeteners influence hormones and health. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29(7):455–467. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2018.04.010
  • Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(1):1–14. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26792
  • Bandy LK, Scarborough P, Harrington RA, Rayner M, Jebb SA. Reductions in sugar sales from soft drinks in the UK from 2015 to 2018. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):1–20. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1477-4
  • Tey SL, Salleh NB, Henry J, Forde CG. Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017;41(3):450–457. doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.225
  • Auerbach BJ, Dibey S, Vallila-Buchman P, Kratz M, Krieger J. Review of 100% fruit juice and chronic health conditions: implications for sugar-sweetened beverage policy. Adv Nutr. 2018;9(2):78–85. doi:10.1093/advances/nmx006
  • Pepin A, Stanhope KL, Imbeault P. Are fruit juices healthier than sugar-sweetened beverages? A review. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1006. doi:10.3390/nu11051006
  • Walker RW, Dumke KA, Goran MI. Fructose content in popular beverages made with and without high-fructose corn syrup. Nutrition. 2014;30(7–8):928–935. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.04.003
  • Camerlingo C, Zenone F, Delfino I, Diano N, Mita DG, Lepore M. Investigation on clarified fruit juice composition by using visible light micro-raman spectroscopy. Sensors (Basel). 2007;7(10):2049–2061. doi:10.3390/s7102049
  • Freeman HP. Poverty, culture, and social injustice: determinants of cancer disparities. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54(2):72–77. doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.72
  • Song M. Sugar intake and cancer risk: when epidemiologic uncertainty meets biological plausibility. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(5):1155–1156. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa261
  • Li W, Zhang X, Sang H, Zhou Y, Shang C, Wang Y, Zhu H. Effects of hyperglycemia on the progression of tumor diseases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38(1):327. doi:10.1186/s13046-019-1309-6
  • Tchkonia T, Thomou T, Zhu Y, Karagiannides I, Pothoulakis C, Jensen MD, Kirkland JL. Mechanisms and metabolic implications of regional differences among fat depots. Cell Metab. 2013;17(5):644–656. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.008
  • Colchero MA, Molina M, Guerrero-Lopez CM. After Mexico implemented a tax, purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages decreased and water increased: difference by place of residence, household composition, and income level. J Nutr. 2017;147(8):1552–1557. doi:10.3945/jn.117.251892
  • Basto-Abreu A, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Vidaña-Pérez D, Colchero MA, Hernández-F M, Hernández-Ávila M, Ward ZJ, Long MW, Gortmaker SL. Cost-effectiveness of the sugar-sweetened beverage excise tax in Mexico. Health Aff (Millwood). 2019;38(11):1824–1831. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05469

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.