Metabolic and Metabolomic Effects of Metformin in Murine Model of Pulmonary Adenoma Formation

References

• Le S, Lee GC. Emerging trends in metformin prescribing in the United States from 2000 to 2015. Clin Drug Investig. 2019;39(8):757–63. 10.1007/s40261-019-00799-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandini S, Puntoni M, Heckman-Stoddard BM, Dunn BK, Ford L, DeCensi A, Szabo E. Metformin and cancer risk and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis taking into account biases and confounders. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014;7(9):867–85. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decensi A, Puntoni M, Goodwin P, Cazzaniga M, Gennari A, Bonanni B, Gandini S. Metformin and cancer risk in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010;3(11):1451–61. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou YC, Hu Q, Huang J, Fang JY, Xiong H. Metformin therapy and the risk of colorectal adenoma in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(5):8843–53. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13633
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Z-J, Zheng Z-J, Shi R, Su Q, Jiang Q, Kip KE. Metformin for liver cancer prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(7):2347–53. 10.1210/jc.2012-1267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P-T, Li B, Liu F-R, Zhang M-C, Wang Q, Li Y-Y, Xu C, Liu Y-H, Yao Y, Li D, et al. Metformin is associated with survival benefit in pancreatic cancer patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(15):25242–50. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.15692
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Z-J, Zheng Z-J, Kan H, Song Y, Cui W, Zhao G, Kip KE. Reduced risk of colorectal cancer with metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(10):2323–8. doi:10.2337/dc11-0512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HS, Kim JH, Jang HJ, Lee J. The addition of metformin to systemic anticancer therapy in advanced or metastatic cancers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Med Sci. 2020;17(16):2551–60. doi:10.7150/ijms.50338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Qu B, Huang X, Song Y, Gao P, Shi J, Zhou C, Wang Z. The potential adjunctive benefit of adding metformin to standard treatment in inoperable cancer patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(21):1404– 10.21037/atm-20-4441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogheri F, Jokar E, Afshin R, Akbari AA, Dadashpour M, Firouzi-Amandi A, Serati-Nouri H, Zarghami N. Co-delivery of metformin and silibinin in dual-drug loaded nanoparticles synergistically improves chemotherapy in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2021;66:102752. 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mir M-Y, Nogueira V, Fontaine E, Avéret N, Rigoulet M, Leverve X. Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(1):223–8. 10.1074/jbc.275.1.223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesti L, Natali A. Metformin effects on the heart and the cardiovascular system: A review of experimental and clinical data. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(8):657–69. 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihaylova MM, Shaw RJ. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;13(9):1016–23. 10.1038/ncb2329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackelford DB, Shaw RJ. The LKB1-AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9(8):563–75. 10.1038/nrc2676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey CJ, Day C. Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989;12(8):553–64. 10.2337/diacare.12.8.553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salani B, Rio AD, Marini C, Sambuceti G, Cordera R, Maggi D. Metformin, cancer and glucose metabolism. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2014;21(6):R461–R471. 10.1530/ERC-14-0284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H, Zhong X, Gao P, Shi J, Wu Z, Guo Z, Wang Z, Song Y. The potential effect of metformin on cancer: An umbrella review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:617. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling RJ, Zakikhani M, Fantus IG, Pollak M, Sonenberg N. Metformin inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent translation initiation in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2007;67(22):10804–12. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estensen RD, Jordan MM, Wiedmann TS, Galbraith AR, Steele VE, Wattenberg LW. Effect of chemopreventive agents on separate stages of progression of benzo[alpha]pyrene induced lung tumors in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis. 2004;25(2):197–201. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgg196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattenberg LW, Estensen RD. Studies of chemopreventive effects of budenoside on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia of the lung of female A/J mice. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18(10):2015–7. doi:10.1093/carcin/18.10.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattenberg LW, Wiedmann TS, Estensen RD, Zimmerman CL, Galbraith AR, Steele VE, Kelloff GJ. Chemoprevention of pulmonary carcinogenesis by brief exposures to aerosolized budesonide or beclomethasone dipropionate and by the combination of aerosolized budesonide and dietary myo-inositol. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21(2):179–82. doi:10.1093/carcin/21.2.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers MC, Maclean B, Burke R, Amodei D, Ruderman DL, Neumann S, Gatto L, Fischer B, Pratt B, Egertson J, et al. A cross-platform toolkit for mass spectrometry and proteomics. Nat Biotechnol. 2012;30(10):918–20. 10.1038/nbt.2377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluskal T, Castillo S, Villar-Briones A, Oresic M. MZmine 2: modular framework for processing, visualizing, and analyzing mass spectrometry-based molecular profile data. BMC Bioinf. 2010;11(1):395. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-395 10.1186/1471-2105-11-395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunn WB, Broadhurst D, Begley P, Zelena E, Francis-McIntyre S, Anderson N, Brown M, Knowles JD, Halsall A, Haselden JN, Human Serum Metabolome (HUSERMET) Consortium, et al. Procedures for large-scale metabolic profiling of serum and plasma using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc. 2011;6(7):1060–83. doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Stat Soc Ser B (Methodological). 1995;57(1):289–300. 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
   Google Scholar
• R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.1.0. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020. www.R-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Chong J, Soufan O, Li C, Caraus I, Li S, Bourque G, Wishart DS, Xia J. MetaboAnalyst 4.0: towards more transparent and integrative metabolomics analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(W1):W486–W494. 10.1093/nar/gky310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang Z, Chong J, Zhou G, de Lima Morais DA, Chang L, Barrette M, Gauthier C, Jacques P-É, Li S, Xia J, et al. MetaboAnalyst 5.0: narrowing the gap between raw spectra and functional insights. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49(W1):W388–W396. 10.1093/nar/gkab382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trilla-Fuertes L, Gámez-Pozo A, López-Camacho E, Prado-Vázquez G, Zapater-Moros A, López-Vacas R, Arevalillo JM, Díaz-Almirón M, Navarro H, Maín P, et al. Computational models applied to metabolomics data hints at the relevance of glutamine metabolism in breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2020;20(1):307. doi:10.1186/s12885-020-06764-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iglay K, Sawhney B, Fu AZ, Fernandes G, Crutchlow MF, Rajpathak S, Khunti K. Dose distribution and up-titration patterns of metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2020;3(1):e00107. 10.1002/edm2.107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M, Day RO, Doogue MP, Duong JK, Furlong TJ, Greenfield JR, Greenup LC, Kirkpatrick CM, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50(2):81–98. 10.2165/11534750-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandel NS, Avizonis D, Reczek CR, Weinberg SE, Menz S, Neuhaus R, Christian S, Haegebarth A, Algire C, Pollak M, et al. Are metformin doses used in murine cancer models clinically relevant? Cell Metabolism. 2016;23(4):569–70. 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutkowska E, Fortuna P, Wisniewski J, Sutkowska K, Hodurek P, Gamian A, Kaluza B. Low metformin dose and its therapeutic serum concentration in prediabetes. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):11684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattenberg LW. Studies of polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylases of the intestine possibly related to cancer: Effect of diet on benzpyrene hydroxylase activity. Cancer. 1971;28(1):99–102. 10.1002/1097-0142(197107)28:1<99::AID-CNCR2820280118>3.0.CO;2-M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattenberg LW. Exogenous factors affecting polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Adv Enzyme Regul. 1973;11:193–201. doi:10.1016/0065-2571(73)90016-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sonnet DS, O’Leary MN, A, Gutierrez M, et al. Metformin inhibits Branched Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) derived ketoacidosis and promotes metabolic homeostasis in MSUD. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):28775.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silamiķele L, Silamiķelis I, Ustinova M, Kalniņa Z, Elbere I, Petrovska R, Kalniņa I, Kloviņš J. Metformin strongly affects gut microbiome composition in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mouse model of both sexes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:626359. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.626359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preiss D, Rankin N, Welsh P, Holman RR, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Würtz P, Ala-Korpela M, Sattar N. Effect of metformin therapy on circulating amino acids in a randomized trial: the CAMERA study. Diabet Med. 2016;33(11):1569–74. doi:10.1111/dme.13097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Yang X, Zhang H, Kong X, Yao L, Cui X, Zou Y, Fang F, Yang J, Chang Y, et al. Metformin impairs systemic bile acid homeostasis through regulating SIRT1 protein levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2017;1864(1):101–12. 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas NAT, El. Salem A. Metformin, sitagliptin, and liraglutide modulate serum retinol-binding protein-4 level and adipocytokine production in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;96(12):1226–31. 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch A, Hahn D, Kempná P, Hofer G, Nuoffer J-M, Mullis PE, Flück CE. Metformin inhibits human androgen production by regulating steroidogenic enzymes HSD3B2 and CYP17A1 and complex I activity of the respiratory chain. Endocrinology. 2012;153(9):4354–66. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M, Darwish T, Larraufie P, Rimmington D, Cimino I, Goldspink DA, Jenkins B, Koulman A, Brighton CA, Ma M, et al. Inhibition of mitochondrial function by metformin increases glucose uptake, glycolysis and GDF-15 release from intestinal cells. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahabiyeh LA, Mujammami M, Arafat T, Benabdelkamel H, Alfadda AA, Abdel Rahman AM. A metabolic pattern in healthy subjects given a single dose of metformin: A metabolomics approach. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:705932. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.705932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park Sang G, Schimmel P, Kim S. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and their connections to disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008;105:11043–11049.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews DE. Review of lysine metabolism with a focus on humans. J Nutr. 2020;150(Suppl 1):2548S–55S. 10.1093/jn/nxaa224
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flanagan JL, Simmons PA, Vehige J, Willcox MDP, Garrett Q. Role of carnitine in disease. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010;7(1):30. 10.1186/1743-7075-7-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engel KM, Schiller J, Galuska CE, Fuchs B. Phospholipases and reactive oxygen species derived lipid biomarkers in healthy and diseased humans and animals - A focus on lysophosphatidylcholine. Front Physiol. 2021;12:732319. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.732319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed A, Janakiram NB, Brewer M, Ritchie RL, Marya A, Lightfoot S, Steele VE, Rao CV. Antidiabetic drug metformin prevents progression of pancreatic cancer by targeting in part cancer stem cells and mTOR signaling. Transl Oncol. 2013;6(6):649–59. doi:10.1593/tlo.13556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memmott RM, Mercado JR, Maier CR, Kawabata S, Fox SD, Dennis PA. Metformin prevents tobacco carcinogen–induced lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010;3(9):1066–76. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MD, Grubbs CJ, Bode AM, Reid JM, McGovern R, Bernard PS, Stijleman IJ, Green JE, Bennett C, Juliana MM, et al. Lack of effect of metformin on mammary carcinogenesis in nondiabetic rat and mouse models. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2015;8(3):231–9. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0181-T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull RL, Shen Z-P, Watts MR, Kodama K, Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, Zraika S, Wang F, Kahn SE. Long-term treatment with rosiglitazone and metformin reduces the extent of, but does not prevent, islet amyloid deposition in mice expressing the gene for human islet amyloid polypeptide. Diabetes. 2005;54(7):2235–44. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.7.2235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seabloom DE, Galbraith AR, Haynes AM, Antonides JD, Wuertz BR, Miller WA, Miller KA, Steele VE, Miller MS, Clapper ML, et al. Fixed-dose combinations of pioglitazone and metformin for lung cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2017;10(2):116–23. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomatto-Watson LCD, Bodogai M, Bosompra O, Kato J, Wong S, Carpenter M, Duregon E, Chowdhury D, Krishna P, Ng S, et al. Daily caloric restriction limits tumor growth more effectively than caloric cycling regardless of dietary composition. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):6201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malin SK, Kashyap SR. Effects of metformin on weight loss: potential mechanisms. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obesity. 2014;21(5):323–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albanes D. Total calories, body weight, and tumor incidence in mice. Cancer Res. 1987;47(8):1987–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevanovic D, Janjetovic K, Misirkic M, Vucicevic L, Sumarac-Dumanovic M, Micic D, Starcevic V, Trajkovic V. Intracerebroventricular administration of metformin inhibits ghrelin-induced hypothalamic AMP-kinase signalling and food intake. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;96(1):24–31. 10.1159/000333963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv W-S, Wen J-P, Li L, Sun R-X, Wang J, Xian Y-X, Cao C-X, Wang Y-L, Gao Y-Y. The effect of metformin on food intake and its potential role in hypothalamic regulation in obese diabetic rats. Brain Res. 2012;1444:11–9. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CK, Choi YJ, Park SY, Kim JY, Won KC, Kim YW. Intracerebroventricular injection of metformin induces anorexia in rats. Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(4):293–9. doi:10.4093/dmj.2012.36.4.293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li B, Zhou P, Xu K, Chen T, Jiao J, Wei H, Yang X, Xu W, Wan W, Xiao J, et al. Metformin induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through ROS/JNK signaling pathway in human osteosarcoma. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(1):74–84. 10.7150/ijbs.33787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberti MV, Locasale JW. The warburg effect: How does it benefit cancer cells? Trends Biochem Sci. 2016;41(3):211–8. 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini C, Salani B, Massollo M, Amaro A, Esposito AI, Orengo AM, Capitanio S, Emionite L, Riondato M, Bottoni G, et al. Direct inhibition of hexokinase activity by metformin at least partially impairs glucose metabolism and tumor growth in experimental breast cancer. Cell Cycle. 2013;12(22):3490–9. 10.4161/cc.26461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada K, Ferdous T, Harada T, Ueyama Y. Metformin in combination with 5-fluorouracil suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the Warburg effect in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 2016;49(1):276–84. doi:10.3892/ijo.2016.3523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WM, Yang SS, Shao SH, Nie HQ, Zhang J, Su T. Metformin downregulates the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor independent of lowering blood glucose in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:828608. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.828608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang S-K, Hong S-E, Lee DA-H, Kim JY, Kim J-Y, Hong J, Park I-C, Jin H-O. Inhibition of AKT enhances the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to metformin. Anticancer Res. 2021;41(7):3481–7. 10.21873/anticanres.15135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang WC, Hung MC. Induction of Akt activity by chemotherapy confers acquired resistance. J Formos Med Assoc. 2009;108(3):180–94. doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60051-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DK, Szabo E. Repurposing drugs for cancer prevention. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(19):2169–78. doi:10.2174/1568026616666160216154946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart T, Dider S, Han W, Xu H, Zhao Z, Xie L. Toward repurposing metformin as a precision anti-cancer therapy using structural systems pharmacology. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20441. doi:10.1038/srep20441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell JD, Pollizzi KN, Heikamp EB, Horton MR. Regulation of immune responses by mTOR. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:39–68. 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie C, He T, Zhang W, Zhang G, Ma X. Branched chain amino acids: Beyond nutrition metabolism. IJMS. 2018;19(4):954. doi:10.3390/ijms19040954 10.3390/ijms19040954
   Google Scholar
• Rivera ME, Lyon ES, Vaughan RA. Effect of metformin on myotube BCAA catabolism. J Cell Biochem. 2020;121(1):816–27. 10.1002/jcb.29327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Sun H, Feng M, Zhao J, Zhao X, Wan Q, Cai D. Metformin is associated with reduced cell proliferation in human endometrial cancer by inbibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018;34(5):428–32. doi:10.1080/09513590.2017.1409714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Guo J, Han X, Xue M, Wang W, Mi L, Sheng Y, Ma C, Wu J, Wu X, et al. Metformin represses the pathophysiology of AAA by suppressing the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/autophagy pathway in ApoE(-/-) mice. Cell Biosci. 2019;9:68. doi:10.1186/s13578-019-0332-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novin ZS, Ghavamzadeh S, Mehdizadeh A. The weight loss effects of branched chain amino acids and vitamin B6: A randomized controlled trial on obese and overweight women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2018;88(1–2):80–9. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter SE, Evans AM. Carnitine and acylcarnitines. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012;51(9):553–72. 10.1007/BF03261931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houten SM, Wanders RJA. A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. J Inher Metab Disea. 2010;33(5):469–77. 10.1007/s10545-010-9061-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain S, Singh SN. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on nutritional status and physical performance under calorie restriction. Ind J Clin Biochem. 2015;30(2):187–93. doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0437-1 10.1007/s12291-014-0437-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandsch C, Eder K. Effect of L-carnitine on weight loss and body composition of rats fed a hypocaloric diet. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46(5):205–10. doi:10.1159/000065408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingorance C, Duluc L, Chalopin M, Simard G, Ducluzeau P-H, Herrera MD, Alvarez de Sotomayor M, Andriantsitohaina R. Propionyl-L-carnitine corrects metabolic and cardiovascular alterations in diet-induced obese mice and improves liver respiratory chain activity. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e34268. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Kong H, Guan Y, Yang J, Gu J, Yang S, Xu G. Plasma phospholipid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis. Anal Chem. 2005;77(13):4108–16. doi:10.1021/ac0481001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai S, Huo T, Li N, Xiong Z, Li F. Lysophosphatidylcholine–biomarker of Metformin action: studied using UPLC/MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr. 2009;23(7):782–6. doi:10.1002/bmc.1185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H-S, Ren G, Kim T, Bhatnagar S, Yang Q, Bahk YY, Kim J-A. Metformin reduces saturated fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by restoration of autophagic flux in endothelial cells. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):13523. 10.1038/s41598-020-70347-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahabiyeh LA, Mujammami M, Arafat T, Benabdelkamel H, Alfadda AA, Abdel Rahman AM. A metabolic pattern in healthy subjects given a single dose of metformin: A metabolomics approach. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Jul 15;12:705932.
   Google Scholar
• Aretz I, Meierhofer D. Advantages and pitfalls of mass spectrometry based metabolome profiling in systems biology. IJMS. 2016;17(5):632. 10.3390/ijms17050632
   Google Scholar