Comparison of dietary histories in lung cancer cases and controls with special reference to vitamin A

References and notes

• Basu , TK , Donaldson , D Jenner , M . 1976 . “Plasma Vitamin A in Patients with Bronchial Carcinoma” . Br J Cancer , 33 : 119 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedek , T . 1958 . “Preeminent Role of Vitamin A Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis” . Acta Rheumatol Scand , 4 : 178 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Bjelke , E . 1975 . “Dietary Vitamin A and Human Lung Cancer” . Int J Cancer , 15 : 561 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , EW and Malmgren , RA . 1965 . “An Inhibitory Effect of Vitamin A on the Induction of Tumours of Fore‐Stomach and Cervix in the Syrian Hamster by Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons” . Cancer Res , 25 : 884 – 895 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone , MV and Nettesheim , P . 1973 . “Effects of Vitamin A on 3‐Methylcholanthrene‐Induced Squamous Metaplasias and Early Tumours in the Respiratory Tract of Rats” . J Natl Cancer Inst , 50 : 1599 – 1606 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Genta , VM , Kaufman , DG Harris , CC . 1974 . “Vitamin A Deficiency Enhances Binding of Benzo (a) pyrene to Tracheai Epithelial DNA” . Nature , 247 : 48 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasnitski , I and Goodman , DeWS . 1974 . “Inhibition of the Effects of Methylcholanthrene on Mouse Prostate in Organ Culture by Vitamin A and Its Analogs” . Cancer Res , 34 : 1564 – 1571 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , PN . 1979 . “Brompton/St. Stephen's Vitamin A and Lung Cancer Study. Full Report” . Tobacco Advisory Council . document number TA1122
   Google Scholar
• MacLennan , R , de Cost , J Day , NE . 1977 . “Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Singapore Chinese, a Population with High Female Incidence Rates” . Int J Cancer , 20 : 854 – 860 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCance , RA and Widdowson , EM . 1967 . “The Composition of Foods” . Medical Research Council . No. 297 HMSO
   Google Scholar
• Mettlin , C , Graham , S and Swanson , M . 1979 . “Vitamin A and Lung Cancer” . J Natl Cancer Inst , 62 : 1435 – 1438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food . 1978 . “Household Food Consumption and Expenditure: 1977” . In Annual Report of the National Food Survey Committee , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , GV , Young , M and Seward , C . 1973 . “Vitamin A and Carotene Levels of a Selected Population in Metropolitan Washington, DC” . Am Clin Nutr , 26 : 992 – 997 .
   Google Scholar
• Peto , R and Pike , MC . 1973 . “Conservation of the Approximation 2 (0‐E) 2/E in the Logrank Test for Survival Data or Tumor Incidence Data” . Biometrics , 29 : 579 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polliack , A and Levij , IS . 1969 . “The Effect of Topical Vitamin A on Papillomas and Intraepithelial Carcinomas Induced in Hamster Cheek Pouches with 9, 10‐Dimethyl‐1, 2‐Benzanthracene” . Cancer Res , 29 : 327 – 332 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prutkin , L . 1968 . “The Effect of Vitamin A on Tumorigenesis and Protein Production” . Cancer Res , 28 : 1021 – 1030 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saffiotti , U , Montesano , R Sellakumar , AR . 1967 . “Experimental Cancer of the Lung. Inhibition by Vitamin A of the Induction of Tracheobronchial Squamous Metaplasia and Squamous Cell Tumors” . Cancer , 20 : 857 – 864 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , DM , Rogers , AE Herndon , BJ . 1975 . “Vitamin A (retinyl acetate) and Benzo (a) pyrene‐induced Respiratory Tract Carcin‐ogenesis in Hamsters Fed a Commercial Diet” . Cancer Res , 35 : 11 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , DM , Rogers , AE and Newberne , PM . 1975 . “Vitamin A and Benzo (a) pyrene Carcinogenesis in the Respiratory Tract of Hamsters Fed a Semisynthetic Diet” . Cancer Res , 35 : 1485 – 1488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , PG and Jick , H . 1978 . “Cancer Among Users of Preparations Containing Vitamin A. A Case‐Control Investigation” . Cancer , 42 : 808 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Questions on current consumption were asked to discern when subjects were last eating normally. Inpatients were asked if they were eating normally before they entered the hospital and, if not, when they were last eating normally. Questions subsequently referred to either “when you were eating normally” or “before you were hospitalized” Outpatients were asked if they were now eating normally, and if they were, subsequent questions were simply in the present tense.
   Google Scholar
• This finding was expected with the inclusion of many control subjects with rheumatoid diseases.
   Google Scholar
• This research was supported by the Tobacco Research Council, Glen House, Stag Place, London SW 1E 5AG, England.
   Google Scholar
• We thank M. Turner‐Warwick and H. Goodman for letting us interview their patients and for much helpful advice, and M. Dissel duff for assisting us in the design of dietary questionnaires. We are also grateful to the staff of the three hospitals involved and to the patients themselves. We thank N. Wald and P.G. Smith for comments on drafts of this paper.
   Google Scholar
• Address all correspondence to Peter N. Lee, 25 Cedar Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5DG, England.
   Google Scholar