12
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reports

Trends in bowel cancer in selected countries in relation to wartime changes in flour milling

&
Pages 40-48 | Published online: 04 Aug 2009

References and notes

  • Cumings , JH and Branch , WJ . 1982 . “Postulated Mechanisms Whereby Fiber May Protect Against Large Bowel Cancer” . In Dietary Fibre in Health and Disease , Edited by: Vahouny , GV and Kritchevsky , D . 313 – 325 . New York : Plenum Publishing Corporation .
  • Cummings , JH , Branch , W , Jenkins , DJA , Southgate , DAT , Houstin , H and James , WPT . 1978 . “Colonic Response to Dietary Fibre From Carrot, Cabbage, Apple, Bran, and Guar Gum” . Lancet , 1 : 5 – 9 .
  • Bingham , S , Cummings , JH and McNeil , NI . 1979 . “Intakes and Sources of Dietary Fibre in the British Population” . Am J Clin Nutr , 32 : 1313 – 1319 .
  • Bingham , S , Williams , DRR , Cole , TJ and James , WPT . 1979 . “Dietary Fibre and Regional Large‐bowel Cancer Mortality in Britain” . Br J Cancer , 40 : 456 – 463 .
  • Jensen , OM , MacLennan , R and Wahrendorf , J . 1982 . “Diet, Bowel Function, Fecal Characteristics, and Large Bowel Cancer in Denmark and Finland” . Nutr Cancer , 4 : 5 – 19 .
  • Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics . 1950 . Australian Demography , Canberra : Bureau of Census and Statistics . yearly from 1931 to
  • The Registrar‐General . 1950 . Statistical Review of England and Wales , London : HMSO . yearly from 1931 to
  • 1950 . Report of the Registrar‐General , Dublin : Government Printer . yearly from 1931
  • 1950 . Vital Statistics , Wellington, , New Zealand : Government Printer . yearly from 1931
  • Registrar‐General . 1950 . Annual Report , Belfast : HMSO . yearly from 1931
  • Norges Offisielle Statistikk . 1950 . Sunhetstilstanden og Medisinalforholdene , Oslo : Statistisk Sentralbyra . yearly from 1931
  • Registrar‐General . 1950 . Annual Report , Edinburgh : HMSO . yearly from 1931 to
  • Eidgenössisches Statistiches Amt . 1950 . Bevölkerungsbewegung in der Schweiz , Bern : Bundesamt FUr Statistik . yearly from 1931 to
  • Bureau of the Census . 1950 . Mortality Statistics , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office . yearly from 1931 to
  • 1950 . Vital Statistics Canada , Ottawa : Queen's Printer . yearly from 1941
  • Centraal Bureau Voor de Statistiek . 1950 . Statistiek van de Sterfte , The Hague : Centraal Bureau Voor de Statistiek . yearly from 1941 to
  • Clemmesen , J . 1965 . “Statistical Studies in the Aetiology of Malignant Neoplasms, I‐IV” . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand , : 209 1969; 247, 1974; 261, 1977
  • 1980 . “ Obtained from Section for the Dissemination of Statistical Information ” . Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Waterhouse , J , Muir , C , Correa , P and Powell , J . 1976 . Cancer Incidence in Five Continents , Vol. 3 , 453 – 459 . Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
  • Doll , R and Peto , R . 1981 . “The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today. Appendices C and D” . JNCI , 66 : 1270 – 1292 .
  • Englyst , H , Wiggins , HS and Cummings , JH . 1982 . “Determination of the Non‐starch Polysaccharides in Plant Foods by Gas‐Liquid Chromatography of Constituent Sugars as Alditol Acetates” . Analyst , 107 : 307 – 318 .
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 1960 . Food Supply, Time Series , Rome : F.A.O. .
  • Scientific Adviser's Division, Ministry of Food . 1942 . “National Flour and Bread, Second Report” . Nature , 150 : 538 – 539 .
  • Hansen , OG . 1947 . “Food Conditions in Norway During the War, 1939–45” . Proc Nutr Soc , 5 : 263 – 270 .
  • Eisenberg , H , Sullivan , PD and Connelly , RR . 1968 . Cancer in Connecticut, Survival Experience, 1935–1962 , 20 – 24 . Hartford, CT : Connecticut State Department of Health .
  • Englyst , HN , Bingham , SA , Wiggins , HS , Southgate , DAT , Seppänen , R , Helms , P , Anderson , V , Day , KC , Choolun , R , Collinson , E and Cummings , JH . 1982 . “Nonstarch Polysaccharide Consumption in Four Scandinavian Populations” . Nutr Cancer , 4 : 50 – 60 .
  • Peto , R . 1977 . “Epidemiology, Multistage Models, and Short‐term Mutagenicity Tests” . In Origins of Human Cancer , Edited by: Hiatt , HH , Watson , JD and Winsten , JA . 1403 – 1428 . New York : Cold Spring Harbor Publications .
  • Potter , JD and McMichael , AJ . 1983 . “Large Bowel Cancer in Women in Relation to Reproductive and Hormonal Factors: A Case‐Control Study” . JNCI , 71 : 703 – 709 .
  • Widowson , E and McCance , R . 1936 . “Study of English Diets by the Individual Method” . J Hyg (Lond) , 36 : 269 – 309 .
  • Cummings , JH , Stephen , AM , Wayman , B and Chapman , G . 1979 . “Influence of Age, Sex and Dose on Colonic Response to Dietary Fibre From Bread” (abstr) . Gastroenterol , 76 : 1116
  • McMichael , AJ and Potter , JD . 1983 . “Do Intrinsic Sex Differences in Lower Alimentary Tract Physiology Influence the Sex‐Specific Risks of Bowel Cancer and Other Biliary and Intestinal Diseases?” . Am J Epidemiol , 118 : 620 – 627 .
  • McKenzie , A , Case , RAM and Pearson , JT . 1957 . Studies on Medical and Population Subjects, No. 13: Cancer Statistics for England and Wales. 1901–1955 , London : General Register Office, HMSO .
  • Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys . 1975 . Studies on Medical and Population Subjects, No. 29: Cancer Mortality, England and Wales, 1911–1970 , London : HMSO .
  • The Registrar‐General . 1971 . Statistical Review of England and Wales , London : HMSO . to 1973
  • Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys . 1974 . Mortality Statistics: Cause , Series DH2 London : HMSO . to 1979
  • Barlow , K . 1978 . The Law and the Loaf , 22 Marlow, Bucks., , UK : Precision Press .
  • Wickham, C: Human Nutrition Unit, Trinity College, Dublin, Personal communication,>1980.
  • Zentralstelle für Kriegswirtschaft . 1950 . Die Schweizerische Kriegswirtschaft 1939/1948 , 194 Bern, , Switzerland : EDMZ .
  • Hullett , EW . 1946 . “Eighty Percent Extraction Flour” . NZ Wheat Rev , : 14 – 16 .
  • Baker, D: Nutrition Institute, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, Personal communication, 1980.
  • Venn Brown, U: Bread Research Institute, North Ryde, New South Wales, Personal communication, 1980.
  • We would like to thank Mr. Warren Shepperd for the preparation of the diagrams, and Joan Roberts and Marilyn Bushell for preparation of the manuscript. All are of the Monash Medical School. Others, too numerous to name, assisted greatly in tracing the often obscure documentation of wartime dietary changes. The research was done while John W. Powles was on study leave at the Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK, and D.R.R. Williams was on the staff of the same centre.
  • Address correspondence to Dr. J. Powles, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Monash Medical School, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.