Investigations on the nutritional status of advanced breast cancer patients. The influence of long‐term treatment with megestrol acetate or tamoxifen

References

• Rose , DP . 1978 . “The Interactions Between Vitamin B6 and Hormones” . Vitam Horm , 36 : 53 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , DP and Adams , PW . 1972 . “Oral Contraceptives and Tryptophan Metabolism: Effects of Oestrogen in Low Dose Combined With a Progestagen and of a Low‐Dose Progestagen (Megestrol Acetate) Given Alone” . J Clin Pathol , 25 : 252 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spellacy , WN . 1974 . “Metabolic Effects of Oral Contraceptives” . Clin Obstet Gynecol , 17 : 53 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haspels , AA , Coelingh Bennink , HJT , Van Keep , PA and Schreurs , WHP . 1975 . “Estrogens and Vitamin B6” . Front Horm Res , 3 : 199 – 207 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coelingh Bennink , HJT and Schreurs , WHP . 1978 . “Improvement of Oral Glucose Tolerance in Gestational Diabetes by Pyridoxine” . Br Med J , 3 : 13 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotake , Y Jr , Inada , T and Matsumura , Y . 1955 . “Studies on Xanthurenic Acid. XI. Research on the Mechanism of Initial Hyperglycemia Caused by Xanthurenic Acid” . J Biochem , 42 : 63 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotake , Y Jr , Sotokawa , T , Murakami , E , Hisatake , A , Abe , M and Ikeda , Y . 1968 . “Studies on the Xanthurenic Acid‐Insulin Complex. II. Physiological Activities” . J Biochem , 63 : 578 – 581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender , DA and Wynick , D . 1981 . “Inhibition of Kynureninaseby Oestrone Sulphate: An Alternative Explanation for Abnormal Results of Tryptophan Load Tests in Women Receiving Oestrogenic Steroids” . Br J Nutr , 45 : 269 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexieva‐Figusch , J , Blankenstein , MA , Hop , WCJ , Klijn , JGM , Lamberts , SWJ , De Jong , FH , Docter , R , Adlercreutz , H and Van Gilse , HA . 1984 . “Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients With Different Dosages of Megestrol Acetate; Dose Relations, Metabolic and Endocrine Effects” . Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol , 20 : 33 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fahl , WE , Rose , DP , Liskowski , L and Brown , RR . 1974 . “Tryptophan Metabolism and Corticosteroids in Breast Cancer” . Cancer , 34 : 1691 – 1695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potera , C , Rose , DP and Brown , RR . 1977 . “Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Cancer Patients” . Am J Clin Nutr , 30 : 1677 – 1679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peto , R , Doll , R , Buckley , JD and Sporn , MB . 1981 . “Can Dietary Beta‐Carotene Materially Reduce Human Cancer Rates?” . Nature , 290 : 201 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , FC . 1983 . “Cancer Promoters and Initiators, and the Free Radical Theory of Carcinogenesis” . Nutr Cancer , 4 : 169 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Kummet , T , Moon , TE and Meyskens , FL Jr . 1983 . “Vitamin A: Evidence for Its Preventive Role in Human Cancer” . Nutr Cancer , 5 : 96 – 106 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atukorala , S , Basu , TK , Dickerson , JWT , Donaldson , D and Sakula , A . 1979 . “Vitamin A, Zinc and Lung Cancer” . Br J Cancer , 40 : 927 – 931 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison , NM and Londer , H . 1981 . “Vitamins E and C and Their Relationship to Cancer” . In Nutrition and Cancer, Etiology and Treatment , Edited by: Newell , GR and Ellison , NM . 233 – 241 . New York : Raven .
   Google Scholar
• Salonen , JT , Salonen , R , Lappetelainen , R , Mäenpää , GA and Puska , P . 1985 . “Risk of Cancer in Relation to Serum Concentrations of Selenium and Vitamins A and E: Matched Case‐Control Analysis of Prospective Data” . Br Med J , 290 : 417 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell , B . 1984 . “Oxygen Radicals: A Commonsense Look at Their Nature and Medical Importance” . Med Biol , 62 : 71 – 77 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aftergood , L , Alexander , AR and Alfin‐Slater , RB . 1975 . “Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Plasma Lipoproteins, Cholesterol and α‐Tocopherol Levels in Young Women” . Nutr Rep Int , 11 : 295 – 304 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasad , AS . 1975 . “Effect of Oral Contraceptive Agents on Nutrients: II Vitamins” . Am J Clin Nutr , 28 : 385 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu , TK , Raven , RW , Dickerson , JWT and Williams , DC . 1974 . “Vitamin A Nutrition and Its Relationship With Plasma Cholesterol Level in the Patients With Cancer” . Int J Vitam Nutr Res , 44 : 14 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett , WC , Stampfer , MJ , Underwood , BA , Taylor , JO and Hennekens , CH . 1983 . “Vitamins A, E, and Carotene: Effects of Supplementation on Their Plasma Levels” . Am J Clin Nutr , 38 : 559 – 566 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollenschläger , G . 1982 . “Zur Pathogenese und Therapie der Malnutrition in der Onkologie” . Z Ernälhrungswiss , 21 : 124 – 145 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moon , RC , Grubbs , CJ and Sporn , MB . 1976 . “Inhibition of 7, 12‐Dimethylbenz‐(α)Anthracene‐Inducted Mammary Carcinogenesis by Retinyl Acetate” . Cancer Res , 36 : 2626 – 2630 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon , RC , Thompson , HJ , Becci , PJ , Grubbs , CJ and Gander , RJ . 1979 . “N ‐(4‐Hydroxyphenyl) Retinamide, A New Retinoid for Prevention of Breast Cancer in the Rat” . Cancer Res , 39 : 1339 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , HJ , Becci , PJ , Brown , CC and Moon , RC . 1979 . “Effect of the Duration of Retinyl Acetate Feeding on Inhibition of 1‐Methyl‐1‐Nitros‐Urea‐Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in the Rat” . Cancer Res , 39 : 3977 – 3980 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiorana , A and Gullino , PM . 1980 . “Effect of Retinyl Acetate on the Incidence of Mammary Carcinomas and Hepatomas in Mice” . JNCI , 64 : 655 – 683 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexieva‐Figusch , J . 1984 . Megestrol Acetate in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer , Rotterdam, , The Netherlands : Erasmus Univ of Rotterdam . (PhD dissertation).
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , JS . 1981 . “Clinical Aspects and Development of Antioestrogen Therapy: A Review of the Endocrine Effects of Tamoxifen in Animals and Man” . J Endocrinol , 89 : 67P – 75P .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautvast , JGAJ . 1975 . “Commissie Uniforme Codering Voedingsenquêtes: Ontwikkeling van een Systeem om Gegevens met Behulp van de Computer te Verwerken” . Voeding , 36 : 356 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrijver , J , Speek , AJ , Klosse , JA , Van Rijn , HJM and Schreurs , WHP . 1982 . “A Reliable Semiautomated Method for the Determination of Total Thiamine in Whole Blood by the Thiochrome Method With High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography” . Ann Clin Biochem , 19 : 52 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coursin , DB . 1964 . “Recommendations for Standardization of the Tryptophan Loading Test” . Am J Clin Nutr , 14 : 56 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speek , AJ , Van Schaik , F , Schrijver , J and Schreurs , WHP . 1982 . “Determination of the B2 Vitamer Flavin‐Adenine Dinucleotide in Whole Blood by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography” . J Chromatogr , 228 : 311 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrijver , J , Speek , AJ and Schreurs , WHP . 1981 . “Semi‐Automated Fluorometric Determination of Pyridoxal‐5'‐Phosphate (Vitamin B6) in Whole Blood Using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)” . Int J Vitam Nutr Res , 51 : 216 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets , EHJ , Muller , H and De Wael , J . 1971 . “A NADH‐Dependent Transketolase Assay in Erythrocyte Haemolysates” . Clin Chim Acta , 33 : 379 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayoumi , RA and Rosalki , SB . 1976 . “Evaluation of Methods of Coenzyme Activation of Erythrocyte Enzymes for Detection of Deficiency of Vitamins B1, B2 and B6” . Clin Chem , 22 : 327 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanulovic , M , Miletic , D and Stock , S . 1967 . “The Diagnosis of Pyridoxine Deficiency Based on the Estimation of the Erythrocyte Aspartate Amino‐Transferase and Its Stimulation by Pyridoxal‐5'‐Phosphate” . Clin Chim Acta , 17 : 353 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini , G , Carbonara , AO and Heremans , JF . 1965 . “Immunological Quantitation of Antigens by Single Radial Immunodiffusion” . Immunochemistry , 2 : 235 – 254 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Testcombination HDL‐Cholesterol, Precipitant (Cat No 400971) and CHOD‐PAP Enzymatic Colorimetric Method (Cat No 237574) , Mannheim, FRG : Boehringer Mannheim .
   Google Scholar
• LH RIA Kit , Los Angeles, CA : Diagnostic Products .
   Google Scholar
• FSH RIA Kit , Los Angeles, CA : Diagnostic Products .
   Google Scholar
• Sinha , YN , Selby , FW , Lewis , UJ and Vanderlaan , WP . 1973 . “A Homologeous RIA for Human Prolactin” . J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 36 : 509 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles , LEM , Lipschitz , DA , Bieber , CP and Cook , JD . 1974 . “Measurement of Serum Ferritin by 2‐Site Immunoradiometric Assay” . Anal Biochem , 61 : 209 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla , DW and Dewey , HK . 1967 . “The Determination of Tryptophan in Plasma, Liver and Urine” . J Lab Clin Med , 69 : 160 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkin Elmer Handbook . 1979 . Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry , Norwalk, CT : Perkin Elmer .
   Google Scholar
• DeRuyter , MG and DeLeenheer , AP . 1976 . “Determination of Serum Retinol Levels (Vitamin A) by High Speed Liquid Chromatography” . Clin Chem , 22 : 1593 – 1595 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels , OA and Mahadevan , S . 1967 . “Vitamin A” . In The Vitamins , Edited by: György , P and Pearson , WN . vol VI , 139 – 210 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Edelstein , S , Charman , M , Lawson , DEM and Kodicek , E . 1974 . “Competitive Protein Binding Assay for 25‐Hydroxycholecalciferol” . Clin Sci Mol Med , 46 : 231 – 240 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tangney , CC , McNair , HN and Driskell , JA . 1981 . “Quantitation of Individual Tocopherols in Plasma, Platelets, Lip‐ids and Livers by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography” . J Chromatogr , 224 : 389 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabner , B and Livingstone , D . 1970 . “A Simple Enzymic Assay for Pyridoxal Phosphate” . Anal Biochem , 34 : 413 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radioassay SimulTRAC Kit , Orangeburg, NY : Becton‐Dickinson Immunodiagnostics .
   Google Scholar
• Biochemica Test Combination Creatinin (Cat No 124192) , Mannheim, FRG : Boehringer Mannheim .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , JF and Kirk , JR . 1979 . “Determination of Urinary 4‐Pyridoxic Acid Using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography” . Am J Clin Nutr , 32 : 879 – 883 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speek , AJ , Odink , J , Schrijver , J and Schreurs , WHP . 1983 . “High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography of Urinary Free Catecholamines With Electrochemical Detection After Prepurification on Immobilized Boric Acid” . Clin Chim Acta , 128 : 103 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leunissen , WJJ . 1979 . Quantitative Aspects of the Determination of Steroid Profiles From Urine by Capillary Gas Chromatography , Eindhoven, , The Netherlands : Technical Univ . (PhD dissertation).
   Google Scholar
• Odink , J , Thissen , JTNM , Zeeghers , JH and Schreurs , WHP . 1986 . “Diurnal Variations in, and Age and Sex Dependency of the Excretion of Free Catecholamines, Homovanillic Acid, Vanilmandelic Acid and 5‐Hydroxy‐Indole‐3‐Acetic Acid in Urine of Children and Adolescents” . Biogenic Amines , 4 : 257 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrijver , J , Van Schaik , F , Van der Greef , J , Bos , KD and Schreurs , WHP . 1984 . “HPLC‐Analysis of Xanthurenic Acid and Its 8‐Methyl Ether” . In Progress in Tryptophan and Serotonin Research , Edited by: Schlossberger , HG , Kochen , W , Linzen , B and Steinhart , H . 71 – 75 . Berlin : de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Hojo , T , Nakamura , H and Tamura , Z . 1982 . “Fluorimetric Determination of Biogenic 5‐Hydroxy‐ and 5‐Meth‐oxyindoles by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Using Perchloric Acid as Post‐Column Reagent” . J Chromatogr , 247 : 157 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krstulovic , AM and Matzura , C . 1979 . “Rapid Analysis of Tryptophan Metabolites Using Reversed‐Phase High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography With Fluorometric Detection” . J Chromatogr , 163 : 72 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Waard , F . 1983 . “Epidemiology of Breast Cancer: a Review” . Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol , 19 : 1671 – 1676 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dutch Nutrition Council . 1983 . Dutch Food Table. Recommended Amounts of Energy and Nutrients , 34th ed. The Hague, , The Netherlands
   Google Scholar
• Holyrode , CP , Gabuzda , TG , Putman , RC , Paul , P and Reichnard , GA . 1975 . “Altered Glucose Metabolism in Meta‐static Carcinoma” . Cancer Res , 35 : 3710 – 3714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamberger , RJ . 1984 . Nutrition and Cancer , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Zaridze , DG . 1986 . “Diet and Cancer” . World Rev Nutr Diet , 48 : 195 – 221 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basu , TK , Raven , RW , Dickerso , JWT and Williams , DC . 1974 . “Vitamin A and Its Relationship With Plasma Cholesterol Level in the Patients With Cancer” . Int J Vitam Nutr Res , 44 : 14 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger , RJ , Schrijver , J , Bruning , PF and Alexieva‐Figusch , J . 1985 . “The Vitamin Status of Cancer Patients: Preliminary Results” . In Nutritional Status Assessment of Individuals and Population Groups , Edited by: Fidanza , F . 171 – 178 . Gargnano, , Italy : Group of European Nutritionists (GEN) .
   Google Scholar
• Selb , PL , Peacock , M , Barkworth , SA , Brown , WB and Taylor , GA . 1985 . “Early Effects of Ethinyloestradiol and Norethisterone Treatment in Post‐Menopausal Women on Bone Resorption and Calcium Regulating Hormones” . Clin Sci , 69 : 265 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , LC , Wild , J , Posen , S and Stone , G . 1979 . “25‐Hydroxycholecalciferol Receptors in Human Breast Cancer” . Br J Cancer , 39 : 531 – 535 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald , NJ , Boreman , J , Hayward , JL and Bulbrook , RD . 1984 . “Plasma Retinol, β ‐Carotene and Vitamin E Levels in Relation to the Future Risk of Breast Cancer” . Br J Cancer , 49 : 321 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell , KP , Jagar , RM , Higgins , PJ and Blotcky , AJ . . “Serum Selenium Levels in Patients With and Without Breast Cancer” . Proc 18th Meet Am College Nutr . Edited by: Van Eys , J , Seeli , MS and Nichol , BL . pp. 195 – 198 . Houston, TX : Medical and Scientific Books .
   Google Scholar
• McConnell , KP , Jagar , RM , Bland , KI and Blotcky , AJ . 1980 . “The Relationship of Dietary Selenium and Breast Cancer” . J Surg Oncol , 15 : 67 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chytil , F and Ong , DE . 1982 . “Retinoid‐Binding Proteins and Human Cancer” . In Molecular Interrelations of Nutrition and Cancer , Edited by: Arnott , MS , Van Eys , J and Wang , YM . 409 – 417 . New York : Raven .
   Google Scholar
• Nonavinakere , VK , Man , YM and Lei , KY . 1981 . “Oral Contraceptives, Norethindrone and Mestranol: Effect on Serum Vitamin A, Retinol‐Binding Protein and Prealbumin Levels in Women” . Nutr Rep Int , 23 : 697 – 704 .
   Google Scholar
• Willett , WC , Polk , BF , Morris , JS , Stampfer , MJ , Pressel , S , Rosner , B , Taylor , JO , Schneider , K and Hames , CG . 1983 . “Prediagnostic Serum Selenium and Risk of Cancer” . Lancet , 2 : 130 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder , ML , Moor , JR and Wright , K . 1981 . “Ceruloplasmin Analysis in Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Lung, Breast, and Gastrointestinal Cancers” . JNCI , 67 : 263 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiSilvestro , RA and David , EA . 1986 . “Enzyme Immunoassay for Ceruloplasmin: Application to Cancer Patient Serum” . Clin Chim Acta , 158 : 287 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty , PK , Ghosh , A and Chowdhury , JR . 1984 . “Ceruloplasmin in Human Malignancies” . Acta Med Okayama , : 315 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu , TK , Dickerson , JWT , Raven , RW and Williams , DC . 1974 . “The Thiamine Status of Patients With Cancer as Determined by the Red Cell Transketolase Activity” . Int J Vitam Nutr Res , 44 : 54 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Soukop , M and Caiman , KC . 1978 . “Thiamine Vitamin B1 Status in Cancer Patients and the Effect of 5‐Fluorouracil Therapy” . Br J Cancer , 38 : 180
   Google Scholar
• Rosso , R , Boccardo , F , Canobbio , L , Queirolo , MA , Zarcone , D and Brema , F . . “Effects of High‐Dose Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Blood‐Clotting Factors and Platelet Function” . Proc Int Symp Medroxy‐Progesterone Acetate . Edited by: Cavalli , F , McGuire , WL , Panutti , F , Pellegrini , A , Robustelli , G and Cuna , Delia . pp. 151 – 157 . Amsterdam : Excerpta Medica .
   Google Scholar
• Rose , DP . 1978 . “Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Nutrient Utilization” . In Nutrition and Drug Interrelations , Edited by: Hathcock , JN and Coon , J . 151 – 187 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Bothwell , TH . 1979 . Iron Metabolism in Man , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Finch , CA and Huebers , H . 1982 . “Perspective in Iron Metabolism” . N Engl J Med , 306 : 1520 – 1528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar