146
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A parallel distributed processing model of story comprehension and recall

&
Pages 203-237 | Published online: 11 Nov 2009

References

  • Ackley , D.H. , Hinton , G.E. and Sejnowski , T.J. 1985 . A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines . Cognitive Science , 9 : 147 – 169 .
  • Allen , R.B. 1990 . Connectionist language users . Connection Science , 2 : 279 – 311 .
  • Anderson , J.A. , Silverstein , J.W. , Ritz , S.A. and Jones , R.S. 1977 . Distinctive features, categorical perception, and probability learning: Some applications of a neural model . Psychological Review , 84 : 413 – 451 .
  • Barwise , J. and Perry , J. 1983 . Situations and attitudes , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Bischofshausen , S. 1985 . Developmental differences in schema dependency for temporally ordered story events . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 14 : 543 – 556 .
  • Black , J.B. and Bern , H. 1981 . Causal coherence and memory for events in narratives . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 20 : 267 – 275 .
  • Bower , G.H. , Black , J.B. and Turner , T.J. 1979 . Scripts in memory for text . Cognitive Psychology , 11 : 177 – 220 .
  • Bower , G.H. and Morrow , D.G. 1990 . Mental models in narrative comprehension . Science , 247 : 44 – 48 .
  • Bransford , J.D. , Barclay , J.R. and Franks , J.J. 1972 . Sentence memory: A constructive versus interpretive approach . Cognitive Psychology , 3 : 193 – 209 .
  • Bransford , J.D. and Johnson , M.K. 1972 . Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 11 : 717 – 726 .
  • Cox , R.T. 1979 . “ Of inference and inquiry: An essay in inductive logic ” . In The maximum entropy formalism , Edited by: Levine , R.D. and Tribus , M. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Durbin , R. and Willshaw , D. 1987 . An analogue approach to the travelling salesman problem using an elastic net method . Nature , 326 : 689 – 691 .
  • Dyer , M. 1983 . In‐depth understanding , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Fenstad , J.E. , Halvorsen , P. , Langholm , T. and Benthem , J. 1987 . Situations, language, and logic , Holland : D. Reidel .
  • Fletcher , C.R. and Bloom , C.P. 1988 . Causal reasoning in the comprehension of simple narrative texts . Journal of Memory and Language , 27 : 235 – 244 .
  • Gabrielian , A. 1991 . “ Hms machines: A unified framework for specification, verification and reasoning for real‐time systems ” . In Foundations of real‐time computing: Formal specifications and methods , Edited by: Tilborg , A.M.V. and Koob , G.M. Boston : Kluwer Academic .
  • Gabrielian , A. and Franklin , M.K. 1991 . Multi‐level specification of real‐time systems . Communications of the ACM , 34 : 50 – 60 .
  • Golden , R.M. 1986a . The brain‐state‐in‐a‐box neural model is a gradient descent algorithm . Journal of Mathematical Psychology , 30 : 73 – 80 .
  • Golden , R.M. 1986b . “ Representing causal schemata in connectionist systems ” . In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Golden , R.M. 1993 . Making correct statistical inferences using a wrong probability model with a PDP categorical time‐series analysis application Manuscript submitted for publication
  • Golden , R.M. in press . Stability and optimization analyses of the generalized brain‐state‐in‐a‐box neural network model . Journal of Mathematical Psychology ,
  • Golden , R.M. and Rumelhart , D.E. 1991 . “ A distributed representation and model for story comprehension and recall ” . In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Golden , R.M. , Rumelhart , D.E. , Strickland , J. and Ting , A. “ Markov random fields for text comprehension ” . In Neural networks for knowledge representation and inference , Edited by: Levine , D.S. and Aparicio , M. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum . in press
  • Graesser , A.C. 1978 . How to catch a fish: The memory and representation of common procedures . Discourse Processes , 1 : 72 – 89 .
  • Graesser , A.C. and Clark , L.F. 1985 . Structures and procedures of implicit knowledge , Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
  • Graesser , A.C. , Robertson , S.P. , Lovelace , E.R. and Swinehart , D.M. 1980 . Answers to why questions expose the organization of story plot and predict recall of actions . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 110 – 119 .
  • Hopfield , J.J. 1982 . Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. , 79 : 2554 – 2558 .
  • Hopfield , J.J. 1984 . Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two‐state neurons . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 81 : 3088 – 3092 .
  • Johnson‐Laird , P.N. 1983 . Mental models , Cambridge, MA : Harvard .
  • Jordan , M.I. 1992 . Constrained supervised learning . Journal of Mathematical Psychology , 36 : 396 – 425 .
  • Kintsch , W. and van Dijk , T.A. 1978 . Toward a model of text comprehension and production . Psychological Review , 85 : 363 – 394 .
  • Luenberger , D.G. 1979 . Introduction to dynamic systems: Theory, models, and applications , New York : Wiley .
  • Mackie , J.L. 1980 . The cement of the universe: A study of causation , Oxford : Clarendon .
  • Mandler , J.M. 1978 . A code in the node: The use of a story schema in retrieval . Discourse Processes , 1 : 14 – 35 .
  • McClelland , J.L. , St. John , M. and Taraban , R. 1989 . Sentence comprehension: A parallel distributed processing approach . Language and Cognitive Processes , 4 : 287 – 335 .
  • Miikkulainen , R. 1990 . Script recognition with hierarchical feature maps . Connection Science , 2 : 83 – 101 .
  • Miikkulainen , R. and Dyer , M. 1989 . A modular neural network architecture for sequential paraphrasing of script‐based stories , Tech. Rep. UCLA‐AI‐89–02 Los Angeles : University of California, Computer Science Department .
  • Nelson , K. , Fivush , R. , Hudson , J. and Lucariello , J. 1983 . “ Scripts and the development of memory ” . In Trends in memory development research contributions to human development , Edited by: Chi , M. Vol. 9 , New York : Karger .
  • Norvig , P. 1989 . Marker passing as a weak method for text inferencing . Cognitive Science , 13 : 569 – 620 .
  • Raaijmakers , J. 1987 . “ A formal model for associative memory ” . In Progress in mathematical psychology , Edited by: Roskam , E.E. and Suck , R. Vol. 1 , North‐Holland : Elsevier .
  • Rumelhart , D.E. 1977a . “ Toward an interactive model of reading ” . In Attention and performance , Edited by: Domic , S. Vol. 6 , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Rumelhart , D.E. 1977b . “ Understanding and summarizing brief stories ” . In Basic processes in reading: Perception and comprehension , Edited by: LaBerge , D. and Samuels , S.J. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Rumelhart , D.E. 1984 . “ Understanding understanding ” . In Understanding reading comprehension , Edited by: Hood , J. Newark, DE : International Reading Association .
  • Rumelhart , D.E. , Hinton , G.E. and Williams , R.J. 1986 . “ Learning internal representations by error propagation ” . In Parallel distributed processing: Vol. 1. Foundations , Edited by: Rumelhart , D.E. and McClelland , J.L. Vol. 1 , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Schank , R.C. and Abelson , R.P. 1977 . Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding , Oxford : North‐Holland .
  • Schank , R.C. and Riesbeck , C.K. 1981 . Inside computer understanding , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Spiro , R.J. 1977 . “ Remembering information from text: The state of schema approach ” . In Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge , Edited by: Anderson , R.C. , Spiro , R.J. and Montague , W.E. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Spiro , R.J. 1980 . Accommodative reconstruction in prose recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 84 – 95 .
  • St. John , M. and McClelland , J.L. 1990 . Learning and applying contextual constraints in sentence comprehension . Artificial Intelligence , 46 : 217 – 257 .
  • Trabasso , T. , Secco , T. and van den Broek , P. 1984 . “ Causal cohesion and story coherence ” . In Learning and comprehension of text , Edited by: Mandl , H. , Stein , N.L. and Trabasso , T. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Trabasso , T. and Sperry , L.L. 1985 . Causal relatedness and the importance of story events . Journal of Memory and Language , 24 : 595 – 611 .
  • Trabasso , T. and van den Broek , P. 1985 . Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events . Journal of Memory and Language , 24 : 612 – 630 .
  • Trabasso , T. , van den Broek , P. and Suh , S.Y. 1989 . Logical necessity and transitivity of causal relations in stories . Discourse Processes , 12 : 1 – 25 .
  • van den Broek , P. 1988 . The effects of causal relations and hierarchical position on the importance of story statements . Journal of Memory and Language , 27 : 1 – 22 .
  • van den Broek , P. 1990 . “ The causal inference maker: Towards a process model of inference generation in text comprehension ” . In Comprehension processes in reading , Edited by: Balota , D.A. , Arcáis , G.B. and Rayner , K. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • van den Broek , P. and Trabasso , T. 1986 . Causal networks versus goal hierarchies in summarizing text . Discourse Processes , 9 : 1 – 15 .
  • Warren , W.H. , Nicholas , D.W. and Trabasso , T. 1979 . “ Event chain and inferences in understanding narratives ” . In New directions in discourse processing , Edited by: Freedle , R.O. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.