477
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Understanding Indirect Reference in a Visual Context

, &

References

  • Almor, A. (1999). Noun-phrase anaphora and focus: The informational load hypothesis. Psychological Review, 106, 748–765.
  • Altmann, G. T. M., & Kamide, Y. (1999). Incremental interpretation of verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition, 73, 247–264.
  • Arai, M., Van Gompel, R. P. G., & Scheepers, C. (2007). Priming ditransitive structures in comprehension. Cognitive Psychology, 54, 218–250.
  • Arnold, J. E. (1998). Reference form and discourse patterns (Doctoral dissertation). Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Retrieved from http://www.unc.edu/~jarnold/papers/diss/fulldissertation.doc
  • Arnold, J. E., Eisenband, J. G., Brown-Schmidt, S., & Trueswell, J. C. (2000). The rapid use of gender information: Evidence of the time course of pronoun resolution from eyetracking. Cognition, 76, B13–B26.
  • Arnold, J. E., & Griffin, Z. M. (2007). The effect of additional characters on choice of referring expression: Everyone counts. Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 521–536.
  • Arnold, J. E., & Lao, S. Y. C. (2015). Effects of psychological attention on pronoun comprehension. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30, 832–852.
  • Baayen, R. H. (2008). Analyzing linguistic data: A practical introduction to statistics using R. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1–32.
  • Brown-Schmidt, S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2006). Watching the eyes when talking about size: An investigation of message formulation and utterance planning. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 592–609.
  • Burkhardt, P. (2007). The P600 reflects cost of new information in discourse memory. Neuroreport, 18, 1851–1854.
  • Chambers, C. G., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Magnuson, J. S. (2004). Actions and affordances in syntactic ambiguity resolution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 687–696.
  • Clackson, K., Felser, C., & Clahsen, H. (2011). Children’s processing of reflexives and pronouns in English: Evidence from eye-movements during listening. Journal of Memory and Language, 65, 128–144.
  • Colonna, S., Schimke, S., & Hemforth, B. (2014). Information structure and pronoun resolution in German and French: Evidence from the visual-world paradigm. In B. Hemforth, B. Mertin, & C. Fabricius-Hansen (Eds.), Psycholinguistic approaches to meaning and understanding across languages (pp. 175–195). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Colonna, S., Schimke, S., & Hemforth, B. (2015). Different effects of focus in intra- and inter-sentential pronoun resolution in German. Language, Cognition & Neuroscience, 30, 1306–1325.
  • Corbett, A. T., & Chang, F. (1983). Pronoun disambiguation: Accessing potential antecedents. Memory & Cognition, 11, 283–294.
  • Cornish, F., Garnham, A., Cowles, H. W., Fossard, M., & André, V. (2005). Indirect anaphora in English and French: A cross-linguistic study of pronoun resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 52, 363–376.
  • Cozijn, R., Commandeur, E., Vonk, W., & Noordman, L. G. M. (2011). The time course of the use of implicit causality information in the processing of pronouns: A visual world paradigm study. Journal of Memory and Language, 64, 381–403.
  • Erkü, F., & Gundel, J. K. (1987). The pragmatics of indirect anaphors. In J. Verschueren & M. Bertuccelli-Papi (Eds.), The pragmatic perspective: Selected papers from the 1985 international pragmatics conference (pp. 533–545). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Filik, R., Sanford, A. J., & Leuthold, H. (2008). Processing pronouns without antecedents: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1–12.
  • Fukumura, K., Van Gompel, R. P., & Pickering, M. J. (2010). The use of visual context during the production of referring expressions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(9), 1700–1715.
  • Garnham, A. (2001). Mental models and the interpretation of anaphora. Hove: Psychology Press.
  • Garnham, A., Traxler, M., Oakhill, J., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (1996). The locus of implicit causality effects incomprehension. Journal of Memory & Language, 35, 517–543.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A. (1989). Mechanisms that improve referential access. Cognition, 32, 99–156.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., & Robertson, R. R. W. (1992). Do readers mentally represent characters’ emotional states? Cognition and Emotion, 6, 89–111.
  • Gerrig, R., Horton, W. S., & Stent, J. A. (2011). Production and comprehension of unheralded pronouns: A corpus analysis. Discourse Processes, 48, 161–182.
  • Glenberg, A. M., Meyer, M., & Lindem, K. (1987). Mental models contribute to foregrounding during text comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 69–83.
  • Greene, S. B., Gerrig, R. J., McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1994). Unheralded pronouns and management by common ground. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 511.
  • Gundel, J. K., Hedberg, N., & Zacharski, R. (2005). Pronouns without NP antecedents: How do we know when a pronoun is referential? In A. Branco, T. McEnery, & R. Mitkov (Eds.), Anaphora processing: Linguistic, cognitive and computational modeling (pp. 351–364). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Hawthorne, K., Arnhold, A., Sullivan, E., & Järvikivi, J. (2016). Social cues modulate cognitive status of discourse referents. In A. Papafragou, D. Grodner, D. Mirman, & J. C. Trueswell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 562–567). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
  • Jaeger, T. F. (2008). Categorical data analysis: Away from ANOVAs (transformations or not) and towards logit mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 434–446.
  • Järvikivi, J., Pyykkönen-Klauck, P., Schimke, S., Colonna, S., & Hemforth, B. (2014). Information structure cues for 4-year olds and adults: Tracking eye movements to visually presented anaphoric referents. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 7, 877–892.
  • Järvikivi, J., Van Gompel, R. P., & Hyönä, J. (2017). The interplay of implicit causality, structural heuristics, and anaphor type in ambiguous pronoun resolution. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46, 525–550.
  • Järvikivi, J., Van Gompel, R. P. G., Hyönä, J., & Bertram, R. (2005). Ambiguous pronoun resolution: Contrasting the first-mention and subject-preference accounts. Psychological Science, 16, 260–264.
  • Järvikivi, J., van Gompel, R. P., & Hyönä, J. (2017). The interplay of implicit causality, structural heuristics, and anaphor type in ambiguous pronoun resolution. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46, 525–550.
  • Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87, 329–354.
  • Kaiser, E. (2011). Focusing on pronouns: Consequences of subjecthood, pronominalisation, and contrastive focus. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26, 1625–1666.
  • Kaiser, E., & Trueswell, J. C. (2008). Interpreting pronouns and demonstratives in Finnish: Evidence for a form-specific approach to reference resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 709–748.
  • Kingsbury, P., Strassel, S., McLemore, C., & McIntyre, R. (1997). CALLHOME American English Transcripts. University of Pennsylvania: Linguistic Data Consortium.
  • Knoeferle, P., & Crocker, M. W. (2006). The coordinated interplay of scene, utterance, and world knowledge: Evidence from eye tracking. Cognitive Science, 30, 481–529.
  • Koornneef, A. W., & Van Berkum, J. J. A. (2006). On the use of verb-based implicit causality in sentence comprehension: Evidence from self-paced reading and eye tracking. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 445–465.
  • Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2016). lmerTest: Tests in linear mixed effects models (Version 2.0-33).
  • MacDonald, M. C., & Just, M. A. (1989). Changes in activation level with negation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 633–642.
  • MacDonald, M. C., & MacWhinney, B. (1990). Measuring inhibition and facilitation from pronouns. Journal of Memory & Language, 29, 469–492.
  • Matin, E., Shao, K. C., & Boff, K. R. (1993). Saccadic overhead: Information processing time with and without saccades. Perception and Psychophysics, 53, 372–380.
  • McDonald, J. L., & MacWhinney, B. (1995). The time course of anaphor resolution: Effects of implicit verb causality and gender. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 543–566.
  • McKoon, G., Gerrig, R. J., & Greene, S. B. (1996). Pronoun resolution without pronouns: Some consequences of memory-based text processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 919.
  • Morrow, D. G., Bower, G. H., & Greenspan, S. L. (1989). Updating situation models during narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 292–312.
  • Morrow, D. G., Greenspan, S. L., & Bower, G. H. (1987). Accessibility and situation models in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 165–187.
  • Nappa, R., & Arnold, J. E. (2014). The road to understanding is paved with the speaker’s intentions: Cues to the speaker’s attention and intentions affect pronoun comprehension. Cognitive Psychology, 70, 58–81.
  • Pyykkönen, P., & Järvikivi, J. (2010). Activation and persistence of implicit causality information in spoken language comprehension. Experimental Psychology, 57, 5–16.
  • Pyykkönen, P., Matthews, D., & Järvikivi, J. (2010). Three-year-olds are sensitive to semantic prominence during online language comprehension: A visual world study of pronoun resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25, 115–129.
  • Rayner, K., Kambe, G., & Duffy, S. A. (2000). The effect of clause wrap-up on eye movements during reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A, 1061–1080.
  • Rinck, M., & Bower, G. H. (1995). Anaphora resolution and the focus of attention in situation models. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 110–131.
  • Sanford, A. J., Filik, R., Emmott, C., & Morrow, L. (2008). They’re digging up the road again: The processing cost of Institutional they. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 372–380.
  • Sanford, A. J., Garrod, S., Lucas, A., & Henderson, R. (1983). Pronouns without explicit antecedents? Journal of Semantics, 2, 303.
  • Sanford, A. J., & Garrod, S. C. (1989). What, when and how?: Questions of immediacy in anaphoric reference resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4, 235–262.
  • Schumacher, P. B., Roberts, L., & Järvikivi, J. (2017). Agentivity drives real-time pronoun resolution: Evidence from German er and der. Lingua, 185, 25–41.
  • Schwarz, M. (2000). Indirekte Anaphern in Texten. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
  • Sedivy, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., Chambers, C. G., & Carlson, G. N. (1999). Achieving incremental semantic interpretation through con- textual representation. Cognition, 71, 109–148.
  • Sheldon, A. (1974). The role of parallel function in the acquisition of relative clauses in English. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 278–281.
  • Stevenson, R. (2002). The role of salience in the production of referring expressions. In K. V. Deemter & R. Kibble (Eds.), Information sharing: Reference and presupposition in language generation and interpretation (pp. 167–192). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
  • Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. C. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 268, 1632–1634.
  • Van Gompel, R. P. G., & Järvikivi, J. (2016). Processing sentence structure and its effect on reference processing. In P. Knoeferle, P. Pyykkönen-Klauck, & M. Crocker (Eds.), Visually situated language comprehension (pp. 83–126). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Vogels, J., Krahmer, E., & Maes, A. (2013). Who is where referred to how, and why? The influence of visual saliency on referent accessibility in spoken language production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28, 1323–1349.
  • Walker, C. H., & Yekovitch, F. R. (1987). Activation and use of script-based antecedents in anaphoric reference. Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 673–691.
  • Zwaan, R. A. (1996). Processing narrative time shifts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1196–1207.
  • Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science, 6, 292–297.
  • Zwaan, R. A., & Madden, C. J. (2004). Updating situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 283–288.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.