References
- Allbritton, D. W., & Gerrig, R. J. (1991). Participatory responses in text understanding. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(5), 603–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90028-I
- Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055756
- Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
- Bezdek, M. A., Foy, J. E., & Gerrig, R. J. (2013). “Run for it!”: Viewers’ participatory responses to film narratives. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7(4), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034083
- Calvo, M. G. (2000). The time course of predictive inferences depends on contextual constraints. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(3), 293–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/016909600386066
- Calvo, M. G., & Castillo, M. D. (1996). Predictive inferences occur on‐line, but with delay: Convergence of naming and reading times. Discourse Processes, 22(1), 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539609544966
- Carlston, D. E., & Skowronski, J. J. (1994). Saving in the relearning of trait information as evidence for spontaneous inference generation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 840–856. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.840
- Carlston, D. E., Skowronski, J. J., & Sparks, C. (1995). Savings in relearning: II. On the formation of behavior-based trait associations and inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 420–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.429
- Casteel, M. A. (2007). Contextual support and predictive inferences: What do readers generate and keep available for use? Discourse Processes, 44(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638530701285572
- Clinton, J. A., Briner, S. W., Sherrill, A. M., Ackerman, T., & Magliano, J. P. (2017). The role of cinematic techniques in understanding character affect. Scientific Study of Literature, 7(2), 177–202. https://doi.org/10.1075/ssol.16019.cli
- Conway, M. A., & Bekerian, D. A. (1987). Situational knowledge and emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 1(2), 145–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408044
- Cook, A. E., Limber, J. E., & O’Brien, E. J. (2001). Situation-based context and the availability of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 44(2), 220–234. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2744
- Cook, A. E., & O’Brien, E. J. (2017). Fundamentals of inferencing during reading. Language and Linguistics Compass, 11(7), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12246
- Currie, G. (1995). Visual imagery as the simulation of vision. Mind & Language, 10(1–2), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1995.tb00004.x
- de Vega, M., Diaz, J. M., & León, I. (1997). To know or not to know: Comprehending protagonists’ beliefs and their emotional consequences. Discourse Processes, 23(2), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638537709544988
- de Vega, M., León, I., & Diaz, J. M. (1996). The representation of changing emotions in reading comprehension. Cognition & Emotion, 10(3), 303–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999396380268
- Fontaine, J. J. R., Poortinga, Y. H., Setiadi, B., & Markam, S. S. (2002). Cognitive structure of emotion terms in Indonesia and The Netherlands. Cognition & Emotion, 16(1), 61–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699933014000130
- Fontaine, J. J. R., & Scherer, K. R. (2013). The global meaning structure of the emotion domain: Investigating the complementarity of multiple perspectives on meaning. In J. J. R. Fontaine, K. R. Scherer, & C. Soriano (Eds.), Components of emotional meaning: A sourcebook (pp. 106–125). Oxford University Press.
- Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., & Robertson, R. R. (1992). Do readers mentally represent characters’ emotional states? Cognition & Emotion, 6(2), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411061
- Gernsbacher, M. A., Hallada, B. M., & Robertson, R. R. (1998). How automatically do readers infer fictional characters’ emotional states? Scientific Studies of Reading, 2(3), 271–300. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532799xssr0203_5
- Gernsbacher, M. A., & Robertson, R. R. (1992). Knowledge activation versus sentence mapping when representing fictional characters’ emotional states. Language and Cognitive Processes, 7(3–4), 353–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690969208409391
- Gerrig, R. J. (1993). Experiencing narrative worlds. Yale University Press.
- Gerrig, R. J., & Jacovina, M. E. (2009). Reader participation in the experience of narrative. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 51, pp. 223–254). Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
- Gerrig, R. J., & O’Brien, E. J. (2005). The scope of memory-based processing. Discourse Processes, 39(2–3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2005.9651681
- Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91(1), 1–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.1.1
- Gygax, P., Garnham, A., & Oakhill, J. (2004). Inferring characters’ emotional states: Can readers infer specific emotions? Language and Cognitive Processes, 19(5), 613–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960444000016
- Gygax, P., Oakhill, J., & Garnham, A. (2003). The representation of characters’ emotional responses: Do readers infer specific emotions? Cognition & Emotion, 17(3), 413–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930244000048
- Gygax, P., Tapiero, I., & Carruzzo, E. (2007). Emotion inferences during reading comprehension: What evidence can the self-pace reading paradigm provide? Discourse Processes, 44(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638530701285564
- Hintzman, D. L. (1986). “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 93(4), 411–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.4.411
- Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93(2), 136–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.136
- Keefe, D. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (1993). The time course and durability of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4), 446–463. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1993.1024
- Kieran, M., & Lopes, D. (Eds.). (2003). Imagination, Philosophy, and the arts. Routledge.
- Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13
- Lenth, R. V. (2016). Least-squares means: The R package lsmeans. Journal of Statistical Software, 69(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v069.i01
- León, I., Díaz, J. M., de Vega, M., & Hernández, J. A. (2010). Discourse-based emotional consistency modulates early and middle components of event-related potentials. Emotion, 10(6), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019983
- Leuthold, H., Filik, R., Murphy, K., & Mackenzie, I. G. (2011). The on-line processing of socio-emotional information in prototypical scenarios: Inferences from brain potentials. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(4), 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr029
- Mar, R. A., & Oatley, K. (2008). The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(3), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745–6924.2008.00073.x
- Mathôt, S., Schreij, D., & Theeuwes, J. (2012). OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0168-7
- McDonald, J. L., & Shaibe, D. M. (2002). The accessibility of characters in single sentences: Proper names, common nouns, and first mention. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(2), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196293
- McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1980a). The comprehension processes and memory structures involved in anaphoric reference. Journal of Memory and Language, 19(6), 668–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90355-2
- McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1980b). Priming in item recognition: The organization of propositions in memory for text. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19(4), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90267-4
- McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1981). The comprehension processes and memory structures involved in instrumental inference. Journal of Memory and Language, 20(6), 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(81)90238-3
- McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1984). Priming and on-line text comprehension. In D. E. Kieras & M. A. Just (Eds.), New methods in reading comprehension research (pp. 119–128). Erlbaum.
- McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1986). Inferences about predictable events. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.12.1.82
- McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1992). Inference during reading. Psychological Review, 99(3), 440–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.440
- McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (2015). Cognitive theories in discourse-processing research. In E. J. O’Brien, A. E. Cook, & R. F. Lorch Jr. (Eds.), Inferences during reading (pp. 42–67). Cambridge University Press.
- Mensink, M. C., & Rapp, D. N. (2011). Evil geniuses: Inferences derived from evidence and preferences. Memory & Cognition, 39(6), 1103–1116. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0081-4
- Mumper, M. L., & Gerrig, R. J. (2019). How does leisure reading affect social cognitive abilities? Poetics Today, 40(3), 453–473. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-7558080
- Murray, J. D., Klin, C. M., & Myers, J. L. (1993). Forward inferences in narrative text. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4), 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1993.1025
- O’Brien, E. J., & Cook, A. E. (2015). Models of discourse comprehension. In A. Pollatsek & R. Treiman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of reading (pp. 217–231). Oxford University Press.
- Oatley, K. (2016). Fiction: Simulation of social worlds. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(8), 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.06.002
- Orghian, D., Ramos, T., Garcia-Marques, L., & Uleman, J. S. (2019). Activation is not always inference: Word-based priming in spontaneous train inferences. Social Cognition, 37(2), 145–173. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2019.37.2.145
- Potts, G. R., Keenan, J. M., & Golding, J. M. (1988). Assessing the occurrence of elaborative inferences: Lexical decision versus naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 27(4), 399–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(88)90064-2
- R Core Team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/.
- Rapp, D. N., & Gerrig, R. J. (2002). Readers’ reality-driven and plot-driven analyses in narrative comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 30(5), 779–788. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196433
- Rapp, D. N., & Gerrig, R. J. (2006). Predilections for narrative outcomes: The impact of story contexts and reader preferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.04.003
- Rapp, D. N., Gerrig, R. J., & Prentice, D. A. (2001). Readers’ trait-based models of characters in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 45(4), 737–750. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2789
- Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85(2), 59–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.85.2.59
- Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1978). Priming in item recognition: Evidence for the propositional structure of sentences. Journal of Memory and Language, 17(4), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(78)90238-4
- Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1988). A retrieval theory of priming in memory. Psychological Review, 95(3), 285–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.3.385
- Shaver, P. R., Schwartz, J. C., Kirson, D., & O’Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1061–1086. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061
- Shaver, P. R., Wu, S., & Schwartz, J. C. (1992). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, No. 13. Emotion (pp. 175–212). Sage Publications.
- Todorov, A., & Uleman, J. S. (2002). Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors’ faces: Evidence from a false recognition paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1051–1065. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1051
- Todorov, A., & Uleman, J. S. (2003). The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors’ faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 549–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00059-3
- Uleman, J. S., Saribay, S. A., & Gonzalez, C. M. (2008). Spontaneous inferences, implicit impressions, and implicit theories. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 329–360. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093707
- Van Overwalle, F., Drenth, T., & Marsman, G. (1999). Spontaneous trait inferences: Are they linked to the actor or to the action? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4), 450–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025004005
- Van Overwalle, F., Van Duynslaeger, M., Coomans, D., & Timmermans, B. (2012). Spontaneous goal inferences are often inferred faster than spontaneous trait inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.06.016
- Wilson, K. (2017). Perfect little world. HarperCollins Publishers.
- Winter, L., & Uleman, J. S. (1984). When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.2.237
- Wondra, J. D., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2015). An appraisal theory of empathy and other vicarious emotional experiences. Psychological Review, 122(3), 411–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039252