361
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Events shape long-term memory for story information

ORCID Icon, &

References

  • Bailey, H., Kurby, C., Sargent, J. Q., & Zacks, J. M. (2017). Attentional focus affects how events are segmented and updated in narrative reading. Memory and Cognition, 45(6), 940–955. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0707-2
  • Bailey, H., & Zacks, J. M. (2015). Situation model updating in young and older adults: Global versus incremental mechanisms. Psychology of Aging, 30(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039081
  • Barker, R. G., & Wright, H. F. (1951). One boy’s day: A specimen record of behavior. Harper & Brothers.
  • Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). Lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4 (Version 1.1-7). http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4
  • Berman, M. G., Hout, M. C., Kardan, O., Hunter, M. R., Yourganov, G., Henderson, J. M., Hanayik, T., Karimi, H., & Jonides, J. (2014). The perception of naturalness correlates with low-level visual features of environmental scenes. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e114572. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114572
  • Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., & Turner, T. J. (1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11(2), 177–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(79)90009-4
  • Brewer, W. F., & Dupree, D. A. (1983). Use of plan schemata in the recall and recognition of goal-directed actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 9(1), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.9.1.117
  • Brysbaert, M., & Stevens, M. (2018). Power analysis and effect size in mixed effects models: A tutorial. Journal of Cognition, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.10
  • Casasanto, D. (2008). Similarity and proximity: When does close in space mean close in mind? Memory & Cognition, 36(6), 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.36.6.1047
  • Copeland, D., Magliano, J. P., & Radvansky, G. A. (2006). Situation models in comprehension, memory, and augmented cognition. In C. Forsythe, M. L. Bernard, & T. E. Goldsmith (Eds.), Cognitive systems: Human cognitive models in systems design (pp. 37–66). Erlbaum.
  • Dahl, R. (1964). Charlie and the chocolate factory. Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Davis, E., & Campbell, K. (2022). Event boundaries structure the contents of long-term memory in younger and older adults. Memory, 31(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2022.2122998
  • Davis, E., Chemnitz, E., Collins, T. K., Geerligs, L., & Campbell, K. L. (2020). Looking the same, but remembering differently: Preserved eye-movement synchrony with age during movie-watching. Psychology and Aging, 36(5), 604–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000615
  • Delogu, F., Drenhaus, H., & Crocker, M. W. (2018). On the predictability of event boundaries in discourse: An ERP investigation. Memory & Cognition, 46(2), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0766-4
  • DuBrow, S., & Davachi, L. (2016). Temporal binding within and across events. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 134(Part A), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.011
  • Eisenberg, M. L., & Zacks, J. M. 2016. Ambient and focal visual processing of naturalistic activity. Journal of Vision, 16(2), 5: 1–12. Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1167/16.2.5
  • Ezzyat, Y., & Davachi, L. (2011). What constitutes an episode in episodic memory? Psychological Science, 22(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610393742
  • Fisher, J. S., & Radvansky, G. A. (2018). Patterns of forgetting. Journal of Memory and Language, 102, 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2018.05.008
  • Franklin, N. T., Norman, K. A., Ranganath, C., Zacks, J. M., & Gershman, S. J. (2020). Structured event memory: A neuro-symbolic model of event cognition. Psychological Review, 127(3), 327. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000177
  • Galambos, J. A. (1983). Normative studies of six characteristics of our knowledge of common activities. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 15(3), 327–340. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203654
  • Gernsbacher, M. A. (1990). Language comprehension as structure building (Vol. xi). Erlbaum.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A. (1997). Two decades of structure building. Discourse Processes, 23(3), 265–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539709544994
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., & Robertson, R. R. (1992). Do readers mentally represent characters’ emotional states? Cognition & Emotion, 6(2), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411061
  • Goldstone, R. (1994). An efficient method for obtaining similarity data. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 26(4), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03204653
  • Graesser, A. C., & Clark, L. F. (1985). Structures and procedures of implicit knowledge: Advances in discourse processes. Praeger Publishers Inc.
  • Graesser, A. C., Haberlandt, K., & Koizumi, D. (1987). How is reading time influenced by knowledge based inferences and world knowledge. In B. K. Britton & S. M. Glynn (Eds.), Executive control in reading (pp. 217–251). Erlbaum.
  • Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101(3), 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.3.371
  • Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Studies in syntax and semantics III: Speech acts (pp. 41–58). Elsevier.
  • Hard, B., Recchia, G., & Tversky, B. (2011). The shape of action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(4), 586. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024310
  • Huff, M., Meitz, T. G., & Papenmeier, F. (2014). Changes in situation models modulate processes of event perception in audiovisual narratives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 40(5), 1377–1388. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036780
  • Huff, M., Papenmeier, F., & Zacks, J. M. (2012). Visual target detection is impaired at event boundaries. Visual Cognition, 20(7), 848–864. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2012.705359
  • Kendeou, P., Butterfuss, R., Kim, J., & Van Boekel, M. (2019). Knowledge revision through the lenses of the three-pronged approach. Memory & Cognition, 47(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0848-y
  • Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95(2), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.163
  • Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978, September). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85(5), 1363–1394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.85.5.363
  • Komeda, H., & Kusumi, T. (2006). The effect of a protagonist’s emotional shift on situation model construction. Memory & Cognition, 34(7), 1548–1556. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195918
  • Kriegeskorte, N., & Mur, M. (2012). Inverse MDS: Inferring dissimilarity structure from multiple item arrangements. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00245
  • Kumle, L., Vo, M. L.-H., & Draschkow, D. (2021). Estimating power in (generalized) linear mixed models: An open introduction and tutorial in R. Behavior Research MethodsBehavior research methods, 53(6), 2528–2543. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01546-0
  • Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2012). Starting from scratch and building brick by brick in comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 40(5), 812–826. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-011-0179-8
  • Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2018). Preserved neural event segmentation in healthy older adults. Psychology and Aging, 33(2), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000226
  • Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2019). Age differences in the perception of goal structure in everyday activity. Psychology and Aging, 34(2), 187. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000321
  • Kurby, C. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2022). Priming of movie content is modulated by event boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 48(11), 1559–1570. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001085
  • Landauer, T. K., & Dumais, S. T. (1997). A solution to Plato’s problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104(2), 211. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.211
  • Lenth, R., Singmann, H., Love, J., Buerkner, P., & Herve, M. (2020). Package ‘emmeans‘: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R Package Version, 1(1), 3. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/emmeans/emmeans.pdf
  • Levenshtein, V. I. (1966). Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Soviet Physics Doklady, 10 (8), 707–710.
  • Lichtenstein, E. H., & Brewer, W. F. (1980). Memory for goal-directed events. Cognitive Psychology, 12(3), 412–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90015-8
  • Long, D. L., Golding, J. M., & Graesser, A. C. (1992). A test of the on-line status of goal-related inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(5), 634–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90032-S
  • Lutz, M. F., & Radvansky, G. A. (1997). The fate of completed goal information in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 36(2), 293–310. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1996.2491
  • Magliano, J. P., & Graesser, A. C. (1991). A three-pronged method for studying inference generation in literary text. Poetics, 20(3), 193–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422X(91)90007-C
  • Magliano, J. P., Kopp, K., McNerney, M. W., Radvansky, G. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2012). Aging and perceived event structure as a function of modality. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19(1–2), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.633159
  • McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1986). Inferences about predictable events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.12.1.82
  • McNamara, D. S., Magliano, J. P. (2009). Toward a comprehensive model of comprehension, and B. H. Ross (Ed.), Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 51, pp. 297–384). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-7421(09)51009-2
  • McNerney, M. W., Goodwin, K. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (2011). A novel study: A situation model analysis of reading times. Discourse Processes, 48(7), 453–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2011.582348
  • Newtson, D. (1973). Attribution and the unit of perception of ongoing behavior. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 28(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035584
  • Pettijohn, K. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (2016a). Narrative event boundaries, reading times, and expectation. Memory & Cognition, 44(7), 1064–1075. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0619-6
  • Pettijohn, K. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (2016b). Walking through doorways causes forgetting: Environmental effects. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 28(3), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2015.1123712
  • Pettijohn, K. A., Thompson, A. N., Tamplin, A. K., Krawietz, S. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (2016). Event boundaries and memory improvement. Cognition, 148, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.12.013
  • Potts, G. R., Keenan, J. M., & Golding, J. M. (1988). Assessing the occurrence of elaborative inferences: Lexical decision versus naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 27(4), 399–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(88)90064-2
  • Radvansky, G. A. (2012). Across the event horizon. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(4), 269–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412451274
  • Radvansky, G. A., & Copeland, D. E. (2010). Reading times and the detection of event shift processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 210. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017258
  • Radvansky, G. A., Tamplin, A. K., Armendarez, J., & Thompson, A. N. (2014). Different kinds of causality in event cognition. Discourse Processes, 51(7), 601–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2014.903366
  • Radvansky, G. A., & Zacks, J. M. (2014). Event Cognition. Oxford University Press.
  • Radvansky, G. A., Zwaan, R. A., Curiel, J. M., & Copeland, D. E. (2001). Situation models and aging. Psychology and Aging, 16(1), 145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.145
  • R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rinck, M., & Bower, G. H. (2000). Temporal and spatial distance in situation models. Memory & Cognition, 28(8), 1310–1320. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211832
  • Rinck, M., & Weber, U. (2003). Who when where: An experimental test of the event-indexing model [journal article]. Memory & Cognition, 31(8), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195811
  • Ringer, R. V. (2018). The spatiotemporal dynamics of visual attention during real-world event perception [dissertation, Kansas State University].
  • Rosen, V., Caplan, L., Sheesley, L., Rodriguez, R., & Grafman, J. (2003). An examination of daily activities and their scripts across the adult lifespan. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(1), 32–48. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195495
  • Sasmita, K., & Swallow, K. M. (2022). Measuring event segmentation: An investigation into the stability of event boundary agreement across groups. Behavior Research Methods, 55(1), 428–447. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01832-5
  • Singer, M., Halldorson, M., Lear, J. C., & Andrusiak, P. (1992). Validation of causal bridging inferences in discourse understanding. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(4), 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90026-T
  • Speer, N. K., & Zacks, J. M. (2005). Temporal changes as event boundaries: Processing and memory consequences of narrative time shifts. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(1), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.02.009
  • Speer, N. K., Zacks, J. M., & Reynolds, J. R. (2007). Human brain activity time-locked to narrative event boundaries. Psychological Science, 18(5), 449–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01920.x
  • Spieler, D. H., & Balota, D. A. (2000). Factors influencing word naming in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.2.225
  • Swallow, K. M., Zacks, J. M., & Abrams, R. A. (2009). Event boundaries in perception affect memory encoding and updating. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(2), 236–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015631
  • Swets, B., & Kurby, C. A. (2016). Eye movements reveal the influence of event structure on reading behavior. Cognitive Science, 40(2), 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12240
  • Therriault, D. J., & Rinck, M. (2007). Multidimensional situation models. In F. Schmalhofer & C. Perfetti (Eds.), Higher level language processes in the brain: Inference and comprehension processes (pp. 311–327). Erlbaum.
  • Therriault, D. J., Rinck, M., & Zwaan, R. A. (2006). Assessing the influence of dimensional focus during situation model construction. Memory & Cognition, 34(1), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193388
  • Trabasso, T., & Nickels, M. (1992). The development of goal plans of action in the narration of a picture story. Discourse Processes, 15(3), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539209544812
  • Trabasso, T., & Suh, S. (1993). Understanding text: Achieving explanatory coherence through on-line inferences and mental operations in working memory. Special Issue: Inference generation during text comprehension. Discourse Processes, 16(1–2), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539309544827
  • Trabasso, T., & Van Den Broek, P. (1985). Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24(5), 612–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(85)90049-X
  • Trabasso, T., & Wiley, J. (2005). Goal plans of action and inferences during comprehension of narratives. Discourse Processes, 39(2–3), 129–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539209544812
  • Van den Broek, P., & Gustafson, M. (1999). Comprehension and memory for texts: Three generations of reading research. In S. R. Goldman, A. Graesser & P. van de Broek (Eds.), Narrative Comprehension, Causality, and Coherence: Essays in Honor of Tom Trabasso (pp. 15–34). Erlbaum.
  • Williams, E. (1949). Experimental designs balanced for the estimation of residual effects of treatments. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 2(2), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9490149
  • Yarkoni, T., Balota, D., & Yap, M. (2008). Moving beyond Coltheart’s N: A new measure of orthographic similarity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(5), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.5.971
  • Zacks, J. M. (2020). Event perception and memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 165–191. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051101
  • Zacks, J. M., Braver, T., Sheridan, M., Donaldson, D., Snyder, A., Ollinger, J., Buckner, R., & Raichle, M. (2001). Human brain activity time-locked to perceptual event boundaries. Nature Neuroscience, 4(6), 651–655. https://doi.org/10.1038/88486
  • Zacks, J. M., Kurby, C., Eisenberg, M., & Haroutunian, N. (2011). Prediction error associated with the perceptual segmentation of naturalistic events. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(12), 4057–4066. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00078
  • Zacks, J. M., Speer, N., & Reynolds, J. (2009). Segmentation in reading and film comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(2), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015305
  • Zacks, J. M., Speer, N., Swallow, K., Braver, T., & Reynolds, J. (2007). Event perception: A mind-brain perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 273–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.273
  • Zacks, J. M., Tversky, B., & Iyer, G. (2001). Perceiving, remembering, and communicating structure in events. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 130(1), 29–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.1.29
  • Zwaan, R. A. (1996). Processing narrative time shifts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(5), 1196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.22.5.1196
  • Zwaan, R. A., & Brown, C. M. (1996). The influence of language proficiency and comprehension skill on situation−model construction. Discourse Processes, 21(3), 289–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539609544960
  • Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Psychological Science, 6(5), 292–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00513.x
  • Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). Dimensions of situation model construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(2), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.2.386
  • Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123(2), 162–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162
  • Zwaan, R. A., Radvansky, G. A., Hilliard, A. E., & Curiel, J. M. (1998). Constructing multidimensional situation models during reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2(3), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532799xssr0203_2

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.