Why Should I Help You? Man Up! Bystanders’ Gender Stereotypic Perceptions of a Cyberbullying Incident

References

• Anderson, Jenn, Mary Bresnahan, and Cathrine Musatics. 2014. “Combating Weight-Based Cyberbullying on Facebook with the Dissenter Effect.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 17(5):281–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlińska, Julia, Anna Szuster, and Mikolaj Winiewski. 2013. “Cyberbullying among Adolescent Bystanders: Role of the Communication Medium, Form of Violence, and Empathy.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 23(1):37–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlińska, Julia, Anna Szuster, and Mikolaj Winiewski. 2015. “The Role of Short-And Long-Term Cognitive Empathy Activation in Preventing Cyberbystander Reinforcing Cyberbullying Behavior.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 18(4):241–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastiaensens, Sara, Heidi Vandebosch, Karolien Poels, Katrien Van Cleemput, Ann DeSmet, and Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij. 2014. “Cyberbullying on Social Network Sites. An Experimental Study into Bystanders’ Behavioral Intentions to Help the Victim or Reinforce the Bully.” Computers in Human Behavior 31:259–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, Nicholas and Anita L. Vangelisti. 2016. “Bystander Intervention in Cyberbullying.” Communication Monographs 83(1):94–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, Jerry M. 1981. “Motivational Biases in the Attribution of Responsibility for an Accident: A Meta-Analysis of the Defensive-Attribution Hypothesis.” Psychological Bulletin 90(3):496–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Bolin and Wan-Ying Lin. 2015. “How Do Victims React to Cyberbullying on Social Networking Sites? the Influence of Previous Cyberbullying Victimization Experiences.” Computers in Human Behavior 52:458–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, Lee J. 1951. “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests.” Psychometrika 16(3):297–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry, Theodore R., Gang Lee, and S. Fernando Rodriguez. 2004. “Does Victim Gender Increase Sentence Severity? Further Explorations of Gender Dynamics and Sentencing Outcomes.” Crime & Delinquency 50(3):319–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Mark H. 1980. “A Multidimensional Approach to Individual Differences in Empathy.” JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 10:85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeHue, Francine, Cathrine Bolman, and Trijntje Völlink 2008. “Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ Experiences and Parental Perception.” CyberPsychology & Behavior 11(2):217–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dredge, Rebecca, John F.M. Gleeson, and Xochitl de la Piedad Garcia. 2014. “Risk Factors Associated with Impact Severity of Cyberbullying Victimization: A Qualitative Study of Adolescent Online Social Networking.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking 17(5):287–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, Alice H. and Maureen Crowley. 1986. “Gender and Helping Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Social Psychological Literature.” Psychological Bulletin 100(3):283–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emdad, Reza, Akbar Alipour, Jan Hagberg, and Irene Bothilde Jensen. 2013. “The Impact of Bystanding to Workplace Bullying on Symptoms of Depression among Women and Men in Industry in Sweden: An Empirical and Theoretical Longitudinal Study.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 86(6):709–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farley, Samuel, Iain Coyne, Christine Sprigg, Carolyn Axtell, and Ganesh Subramanian. 2015. “Exploring the Impact of Workplace Cyberbullying on Trainee Doctors.” Medical Education 49(4):436–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr, Ernst and Urs Fischbacher. 2003. “The Nature of Human Altruism.” Nature 425:785–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, Peter, Joachim I. Krueger, Tobias Greitemeyer, Claudia Vogrincic, Andreas Kastenmüller, Dieter Frey, Moritz Heene, Magdalena Wicher, and Martina Kainbacher. 2011. “The Bystander-Effect: A Meta-Analytic Review on Bystander Intervention in Dangerous and Non-Dangerous Emergencies.” Psychological Bulletin 137(4):517–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, Susan T. 2009. Social Beings: Core Motives in Social Psychology. Hoboken: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Gintis, Herbert, Samuel Bowles, Robert Boyd, and Ernst Fehr. 2003. “Explaining Altruistic Behavior in Humans.” Evolution and Human Behavior 24(3):153–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick, Peter and Susan T. Fiske. 1996. “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(3):491–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubb, Amy and Julie Harrower. 2008. “Attribution of Blame in Cases of Rape: An Analysis of Participant Gender, Type of Rape and Perceived Similarity to the Victim.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 13(5):396–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, Andrew. F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hinduja, Sameer and Justin W. Patchin. 2008. “Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization.” Deviant Behavior 29(2):129–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holfeld, Brett. 2014. “Perceptions and Attributions of Bystanders to Cyber Bullying.” Computers in Human Behavior 38:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, Thomas J. and Adam M. Bossler. 2014. “An Assessment of the Current State of Cybercrime Scholarship.” Deviant Behavior 35(1):20–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Yun-yin and Chien Chou. 2010. “An Analysis of Multiple Factors of Cyberbullying among Junior High School Students in Taiwan.” Computers in Human Behavior 26(6):1581–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itzkovich, Yariv and Sibylle Heilbrunn. 2016. “The Role of Co-Workers’ Solidarity as an Antecedent of Incivility and Deviant Behavior in Organizations.” Deviant Behavior 37(8):861–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesler, Sara, Jane Siegel, and Timothy W. McGuire. 1984. “Social Psychological Aspects of Computer-Mediated Communication.” American Psychologist 39(19):1123–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogut, Tehila. 2011. “Someone to Blame: When Identifying a Victim Decreases Helping.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47(4):748–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski, Robin M., Gary W. Giumetti, Amber N. Schroeder, and Micah R. Lattanner. 2014. “Bullying in the Digital Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research among Youth.” Psychological Bulletin 140(4):1073–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laner, Mary R., Mary H. Benin, and Nicole A. Ventrone. 2001. “Bystander Attitudes toward Victims of Violence: Who’s Worth Helping?” Deviant Behavior 22(1):23–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latané, Bibb and John M. Darley. 1970. The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn’t He Help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
   Google Scholar
• Latané, Bibb and Steve Nida. 1981. “Ten Years of Research on Group Size and Helping.” Psychological Bulletin 89(2):308–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lento, Jennifer. 2006. “Relational and Physical Victimization by Peers and Romantic Partners in College Students.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 23(3):331–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, Melvin J. and Dale T. Miller. 1978. “Just World Research and the Attribution Process: Looking Back and Ahead.” Psychological Bulletin 85(5):1030–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leukfeldt, Eric R. and Majid Yar. 2016. “Applying Routine Activity Theory to Cybercrime: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.” Deviant Behavior 37(3):263–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macháčková, Hana, Lenka Dedkova, Anna Sevcikova, and Alena Cerna. 2013. “Bystanders’ Support of Cyberbullied Schoolmates.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 23(1):25–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthes, Jörg. 2006. “The Need for Orientation Towards News Media: Revising and Validating a Classic Concept.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 18(4):422–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modecki, Kathryn L., Jeannie Minchin, Allen G. Harbaugh, Nancy G. Guerra, and Kevin C. Runions. 2014. “Bullying Prevalence across Contexts: A Meta-Analysis Measuring Cyber and Traditional Bullying.” Journal of Adolescent Health 55(5):602–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder, Roelie, Mieneke Pouwelse, Hein Lodewijkx, and Catherine Bolman. 2014. “Workplace Mobbing and Bystanders’ Helping Behaviour Towards Victims: The Role of Gender, Perceived Responsibility and Anticipated Stigma by Association.” International Journal of Psychology 49(4):304–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namie, Gary and Pamela E. Lutgen-Sandvik. 2010. “Active and Passive Accomplices: The Communal Character of Workplace Bullying.” International Journal of Communication 4:343–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nansel, Tonja R., Mary Overpeck, Ramani S. Pilla, W. June Ruan, Bruce Simons-Morton, and Peter Scheidt. 2001. “Bullying Behaviors among US Youth: Prevalence and Association with Psychosocial Adjustment.” Journal of the AMA 285(16):2094–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obermaier, Magdalena, Nayla Fawzi, and Thomas Koch. 2016. “Bystanding or Standing By? How the Number of Bystanders Affects the Intention to Intervene in Cyberbullying.” New Media & Society 18(8):1491–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osmond, Marie Withers and Patricia Yancey Martin. 1975. “Sex and Sexism: A Comparison of Male and Female Sex-Role Attitudes.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 37(4):744–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patchin, Justin W. and Sameer Hinduja. 2006. “Bullies Move beyond the Schoolyard a Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 4(2):148–69.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, Robert A. 1994. “A Meta-Analysis of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha.” Journal of Consumer Research 21(2):381–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice, Deborah A. and Erica Carranza. 2002. “What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn’t Be, are Allowed to Be, and Don’t Have to Be: The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 26(4):269–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Privitera, Carmel and Marilyn Anne Campbell. 2009. “Cyberbullying: The New Face of Workplace Bullying?” CyberPsychology & Behavior 12(4):395–400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rafferty, Rebecca and Thomas Vander Ven. 2014. “’I Hate Everything about You’: A Qualitative Examination of Cyberbullying and On-Line Aggression in A College Sample.” Deviant Behavior 35(5):364–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, Charlotte. 1997. “The Incidence of Workplace Bullying.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 7(3):199–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, Charlotte and Helge Hoel. 1997. “A Summary Review of Literature Relating to Workplace Bullying.” Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 7(3):181–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salin, Denise. 2003. “Ways of Explaining Workplace Bullying: A Review of Enabling, Motivating and Precipitating Structures and Processes in the Work Environment.” Human Relations 56(10):1213–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, Christina. 2010. “Bullying and the Peer Group: A Review.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 15(2):112–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, Christina, Kirsti Lagerspetz, Kaj Björkqvist, Karin Österman, and Ari Kaukiainen. 1996. “Bullying as a Group Process: Participant Roles and Their Relations to Social Status within the Group.” Aggressive Behavior 22(1):1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, Kelly G. 1970. “Defensive Attribution: Effects of Severity and Relevance on the Responsibility Assigned for an Accident.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 14(2):101–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slonje, Robert, Peter K. Smith, and Ann Frisén 2013. “The Nature of Cyberbullying, and Strategies for Prevention.” Computers in Human Behavior 29(1):26–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Faye L., Filiz Tabak, Sammy Showail, Judi McLean Parks, and Janean S. Kleist. 2005. “The Name Game: Employability Evaluations of Prototypical Applicants with Stereotypical Feminine and Masculine First Names.” Sex Roles 52(1):63–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinpreis, Rhea E., Katie A. Anders, and Dawn Ritzke. 1999. “The Impact of Gender on the Review of the Curricula Vitae of Job Applicants and Tenure Candidates: A National Empirical Study.” Sex Roles 41(7–8):509–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokunaga, Robert S. 2010. “Following You Home from School: A Critical Review and Synthesis of Research on Cyberbullying Victimization.” Computers in Human Behavior 26(3):277–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cleemput, Katrien, Heidi Vandebosch, and Sara Pabian. 2014. “Personal Characteristics and Contextual Factors that Determine “Helping,” “Joining In,” and “Doing Nothing” When Witnessing Cyberbullying.” Aggressive Behavior 40(5):383–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bos, Kees and Marjolein Maas. 2009. “On the Psychology of the Belief in a Just World: Exploring Experiential and Rationalistic Paths to Victim Blaming.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35(12):1567–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandebosch, Heidi and Katrien Van Cleemput. 2009. “Cyberbullying among Youngsters: Profiles of Bullies and Victims.” New Media & Society 11(8):1349–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, Mathias, Marc Ziegele, and Anna Schnauber. 2013. “Blaming the Victim: The Effects of Extraversion and Information Disclosure on Guilt Attributions in Cyberbullying.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 16(4):254–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, Bettina, Mary Foster, Avner Levin, Jocelyn Edmison, and Daniela Robibero. 2014. “Cyberbullying at Work: In Search of Effective Guidance.” Laws 2014(3):598–617.
   Google Scholar
• White, Bradley H. and Sharon E. Robinson Kurpius. 2002. “Effects of Victim Sex and Sexual Orientation on Perceptions of Rape.” Sex Roles 46(5–6):191–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willard, Nancy E. 2007. Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Champaign: Research Press.
   Google Scholar