“Like Make Up on a Man”: The Gendered Nature of Gun Norms

References

• Acker, Joan. 1990. “Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations.” Gender & Society 4:139–58. doi: 10.1177/089124390004002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur, John A. 1994. “Gun Ownership among Women Living in One Adult Households.” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 18:249–63. doi: 10.1080/01924036.1994.9689040
   Google Scholar
• Bankston, William B., Carol Y. Thompson, A. L. Jenkins Quentin, and Craig J. Forsyth. 1990. “The Influence of Fear of Crime, Gender, and Southern Culture on Carrying Firearms for Protection.” The Sociological Quarterly 31:287–305. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1990.tb00329.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerragaard, Beth and Alan J. Lizotte. 1995. “Gun Ownership and Gang Membership.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:37–58. doi: 10.2307/1143999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein, Alfred. 1995. “Youth Violence, Guns, and the Illicit-Drug Industry.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10–36. doi: 10.2307/1143998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonzaier, Floretta. 2008. “’If the Man Says You Must Sit, Then You Must Sit’: The Relational Construction of Woman Abuse: Gender, Subjectivity and Violence.” Feminism & Pyschology 18:183–206. doi: 10.1177/0959353507088266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugg, David and Philip Q. Yang. 2004. “Trends in Women’s Gun Ownership, 1973–2002.” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 28:169–88. doi: 10.1080/01924036.2004.9678722
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2017.Criminal Victimization, 2016 Washington, DC: US Department of Justice Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv16.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, Liqun, Francis T. Cullen, and Bruce G. Link. 1997. “The Social Determinants of Gun Ownership: Self-Protection in an Urban Environment.” Criminology 35:629–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb01233.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connel, R. W. 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. 2002. Gender. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Philip J., Anthony A. Braga, and Mark H. Moore. 2011. “Gun Control.” Pp. 257–92 in Crime and Public Policy, edited by J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press,
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Philip J. and J. Ludwig. 1996. Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive Survey of Gun Ownership and Use. Washington, D.C.: The Policy Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Philip J. and Susan B. Sorenson. 2006. “The Gender Gap among Teen Survey Respondents: Why are Boys More Likely to Report a Gun in the Home than Girls?” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 22:61–76. doi: 10.1007/s10940-005-9002-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, Amy A. 2007. “Aiming for Manhood: The Transformation of Guns into Objects of American Masculinity.” Pp. 141–52 in Open Fires: Understanding Global Gun Cultures, edited by Charles Fruehling Springwood. New York, NY: Berg,
   Google Scholar
• Dwayne, Smith, M. and Joseph F. Sheley. 1995. “The Possession and Carrying of Firearms among a Sample of Inner-City High School Females.” Journal of Crime and Justice 18:109–28. doi: 10.1080/0735648X.1995.9721037
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Bruce and Richard Wright. 2006. Street Justice: Retaliation in the Criminal Underworld. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kacanek, Deborah and David Hemenway. 2006. “Gun Carrying and Drug Selling among Young Incarcerated Men and Women.” Journal of Urban Health 83:266–74. doi: 10.1007/s11524-005-9022-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney, Margaret H. 2001. “Enduring Love: A Grounded Formal Theory of Women’s Experience of Domestic Violence.” Research in Nursing & Health 24:270–82. doi: 10.1002/nur.1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koons-Witt, Barbara A. and Pamela J. Schram. 2003. “The Prevalence and Nature of Violent Offending by Females.” Journal of Criminal Justice 31:361–71. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2352(03)00028-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, Lisa. 1997. Sexed Work: Gender, Race, and Resistance in a Brooklyn Drug Market. Clarendon: Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Messerchmidt, James W. 1997. Crime and Strucutred Action: Gender, Race, Class, and Crime in the Making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Messerschmidt, James W. 1993. Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Jody. 1998. “Up It Up: Gender and the Accomplishment of Street Robbery.” Criminology 36:37–66. doi: 10.1111/crim.1998.36.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Jody. 2001. One of the Guys: Girls, Gangs and Gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Jody and Scott H. Decker. 2001. “Young Women and Gang Violence: An Examination of Gender, Street Offending and Violent Victimization in Gangs.” Justice Quarterly 18:115–40. doi: 10.1080/07418820100094841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins, Christopher W. and Michael Cherbonneau. 2011. “Establishing Connections: Gender, Motor Vehicle Theft, and Disposal Networks.” Justice Quarterly 28 (2):278–302. doi: 10.1080/07418825.2010.499877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins, Christopher W. and Richard Wright. 2003. “Gender, Social Networks, and Residential Burglary.” Criminology 41:813–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01005.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullins, Christopher W., Richard T. Wright, and Bruce A. Jacobs. 2004. “Gender, Streetlife, and Criminal Retaliation.” Criminology 42:911–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00540.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness, Cindy D. 2010. Why Girls Fight: Female Youth Violence in the Inner City. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pettiway, Lisa E. 1987. “Participation in Crime Partnerships by Female Drug Users: The Effects of Domestic Arrangements, Drug Use and Criminal Involvement.” Criminology 25:741–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00817.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resindiz, Rosalva. 2001. “Taking Risks within the Constraints of Gender: Mexican-American Women as Professional Auto Thieves.” Social Science Journal 38:475–81. doi: 10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00127-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert, Renate. 1996. Secrets of Life and Death: Women and the Mafia Translated by Liz Heron. New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Douglas A. and Craig D. Uchida. 1988. “The Social Organization of Self Help: A Study of Defensive Weapon Ownership.” American Sociological Review 53:94–102. doi: 10.2307/2095735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Tom W. and Robert J. Smith. 1995. “Changes in Firearm Ownership among Women, 1980–1994.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:133–49. doi: 10.2307/1144003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, Darrell. 1983. “Organization Properties and Sex-Segregation in the Underworld: Building a Sociological Theory of Sex Differences in Crime.” Social Forces 61:63–101. doi: 10.1093/sf/61.4.1010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, Darrell J. and Robert Terry. 1986. “Institutional Sexism in the Underworld: A View from the Inside.” Sociological Inquiry 56:304–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb00090.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, D. and E. Allan. 1996. Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered Theory of Female Offending. Annual Review of Sociology. 22: 459–487. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb00090.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stretesky, P. and M. Pogrebin. 2007. “Gang-Related Gun Violence: Socialization.” Identity and Self Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 36 (1):85–114. doi: 10.1177/0891241606287416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, A. 2012. “Good Guys with Guns: Hegemonic Masculinity and Concealed Handguns.” Gender and Society 26 (2):216–38. doi: 10.1177/0891243211434612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, Carol Y., Robert L. Young, and Wendy L. Creasey. 1996. “Women’s Emancipation and the Ownership of Firearms.” Woman and Criminal Justice 7:69–87. doi: 10.1300/J012v07n02_05
   Google Scholar
• Towns, Alison and Peter Adams. 2000. “’If I Really Loved Him Enough, He Would Be Okay’: Women’s Accounts of Male Partner Violence.” Violence against Women 6:558–85. doi: 10.1177/10778010022182038
   Google Scholar
• Towns, Alison J. and Peter J. Adams. 2016. “’I Didn’t Know whether I Was Right or Wrong or Just Bewildered’: Ambiguity, Responsibility, and Silencing Women’s Talk of Men’s Domestic Violence.” Violence against Women 22:496–520. doi: 10.1177/1077801215605918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, Adam M, Beth M. Huebner, and Scott H. Decker. 2008. “Patterns of Gun Acquisition, Carrying, and Use among Juvenile and Adult Arrestees: Evidence from a High-Crime City.” Justice Quarterly 25 (4):647–700. doi: 10.1080/07418820801930118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintemute, Garen J. 2006. “Guns and Gun Violence.” Pp. 45–96. in The Crime Drop in America, Reviseded., edited by A. Blumstein and J. Wallman. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, Julia T. 2001. “The Normalization of Violence in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Women’s Narratives of Love and Violence.” Journal of Social Work and Personal Relationships 18:239–61. doi: 10.1177/0265407501182005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, Robert L. 1986. “Gender, Region of Socialization and Ownership of Protective Firearms.” Rural Sociology 51:169–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Sheldon, Ko-Lin Chin, and Jody Miller. 2007. “Women’s Participation in Chinese Transnational Human Smuggling: A Gendered Market Perspective.” Criminology 45:699–733. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00085.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar