Constructing “Bad Girls”: Representations of Violent Girls in the Canadian and U.S. News Media

References

• Andersen, Tia S., Deena Isom Scott, and Kelsey Collins. 2018. “Constructing the ‘Bad Girls’ Hype: An Intersectional Analysis of News Media’s Depictions of Violent Girls.” Pp. 24–44 in Girls, Aggression, and Intersectionality: Transforming the Discourse of “mean Girls” in the United States, edited by K. McQueeney and A. A. Girgenti-Malone. London: Routledge,
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, Jane. 2000. “Reena’s Attackers: From Defiance to Denial.” The Globe and Mail, April 1.
   Google Scholar
• Ballinger, Anette. 1996. “The Guilt of the Innocent and the Innocence of the Guilty: The Cases of Marie Fahmy and Ruth Ellis.” Pp. 1–28 in No Angels: Women Who Commit Violence, edited by A. Myers and S. Wight. London: Pandora,
   Google Scholar
• Banks, Sandy. 1997. “A Killing that Shook a Community to its Core”. Los Angeles Times, April 13.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, Devlin. 1998. “Female Friends Raping Other Women.” New York Post, November 30.
   Google Scholar
• Batacharya, Shiela. 2004. “Racism, ‘Girl Violence,’ and the Murder of Reena Virk.” Pp. 61-80 in Girls’ Violence: Myths and Realities, edited by C. Adler and A. Worrall. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berrington, Eileen and Päivi Honkatukia. 2002. “An Evil Monster and a Poor Thing: Female Violence in the Media.” Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 3 (1):50–72. doi: 10.1080/140438502762467209
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, Howard. 1996. “The Amazons Among Us; Some Kill, Some Tempt, Some Provoke: Women Can Be As Violent As Men.” The Washington Post, April 7. “Canada notes.” 2000. Maclean’s. April 10.
   Google Scholar
• Bruchey, Samuel. 2005. “Girl Strangled Mother in Self-Defense, Lawyer Says”. Los Angeles Times, June 1.
   Google Scholar
• Canada Notes. 2000 Maclean’s, April 10.
   Google Scholar
• Caputo, Tullio and Michel Vallée. 2008. A Comparative Analysis of Youth Justice Approaches. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Children, Community, and Social Services.
   Google Scholar
• Carll, Elizabeth K. 2005. “Violence and Women: News Coverage of Victims and Perpetrators.” Pp. 143–53 in Featuring Females: Feminist Analyses of Media, edited by E. Cole, J. Henderson Daniel. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cernetig, Miro, Brian Laghi, Robert Matas, and Craig McInnes. 1997. “Reena Virk’s Short Life and Lonely Death Swept Away.” The Globe and Mail, November 27.
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind, Meda. 2006. “Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice.” Feminist Criminology 1 (1):6–26. doi: 10.1177/1557085105282893
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind, Meda, Merry Morash, and Katherine Irwin. 2010. “Policing Girlhood? Relational Aggression and Violence Prevention.” Pp. 107–28 in Fighting for Girls: New Perspectives on Gender and Violence, edited by M. Chesney-Lind and N. Jones. Albany: State University of New York Press,
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind, Meda. 2017. “Media Misogyny: Demonizing 'Violent' Girls and Women”. Pp. 114–139 in Making Trouble: Cultural Constraints of Crime, Deviance, and Control (3rd edition), edited by J. Ferrell and N. Websdale. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind, Meda and Lisa Pasko. 2018. “Girls and Violence: Moral Panics and the Policing of Girlhood.” Pp. 11–23 in Girls, Aggression, and Intersectionality: Transforming the Discourse of “mean Girls” in the United States, edited by K. McQueeney and A. Girgenti-Malone. London: Routledge,
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind, Meda and Katherine Irwin. 2008. Beyond Bad Girls: Gender, Violence and Hype. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind, Meda and Michele Eliason. 2006. “From Invisible to Incorrigible: The Demonization of Marginalized Women and Girls.” Crime, Media, Culture 2 (1):29–47. doi: 10.1177/1741659006061709
   Google Scholar
• Chisholm, Patricia. 1997. “Bad Girls: A Brutal B.C. Murder Sounds Alarm about Teenage Violence.” Maclean’s, December 8.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Stanley. 1972. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. London: MacGibbon and Kee.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Patricia Hill and Sirma Bilge. 2016. Intersectionality. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Rachael E. 2016. “Beauty and Bullets”: A Content Analysis of Female Offenders and Victims in Four Canadian Newspapers.” Journal of Sociology 52 (2):296–310. doi: 10.1177/1440783314528594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, Wendy. 1997. “Violence on the Rise among Girls.” The Toronto Star, December 9.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, John W. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• DeKeseredy, Walter S. 2010. “Moral Panics, Violence, and the Policing of Girls.” Pp. 241–51 in Fighting for Girls: New Perspectives on Gender and Violence, edited by M. Chesney-Lind and N. Jones. Albany: State University of New York Press,
   Google Scholar
• Duncanson, John and Jim Rankin. 1998. “Police Bust ‘gang’ of 15-year-old Girls.” The Toronto Star, January 22.
   Google Scholar
• Dunley, Ruth. 1995. “Females Turning to Crime at Twice the Rate of Young Males: The Gap between Barbie and G.I. Joe Is Shrinking Violently.” The Toronto Star, August 12.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrmann, Samantha, Nina Hyland, and Charles Puzzanchera. 2019. Girls in the Juvenile Justice System. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot, Andrea. 2004. “Girl, 17, Stabs Father to Death in Brooklyn.” The New York Times, March 8.
   Google Scholar
• Evil Must be Taken into Account. 2009. The Globe and Mail, July 29.
   Google Scholar
• Faith, Karlene. 2011. Unruly Women: The Politics of Confinement & Resistance. New York: Seven Stories Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fasick, Kevin and Matthew Nestel. 2010. “Downtown ‘Hate Gang.’” The New York Post, April 10.
   Google Scholar
• Faucher, Chantal. 2009. “Fear and Loathing in the News: A Qualitative Analysis of Canadian Print News Coverage of Youthful Offending in the Twentieth Century.” Journal of Youth Studies 12:439–56. doi: 10.1080/13676260902897426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freund, Helen, Antonio Antenucci, and Dan Mangan. 2012. “Girl Gang 'Laughed' at Vietnam Vet Stab: What's So Funny?” The New York Post, July 31.
   Google Scholar
• Fulton, E. Kaye. 1992. “The Young Offender: A Wave of Teenage Crime Shocks Ottawa.” Maclean’s, May 18.
   Google Scholar
• Gettleman, Jeffrey. 2003. “New Orleans Struggles with a Homicide Rate that Belies Its Size.” The New York Times, July 11.
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie, Lane K., Tara N. Richards, Eugena M. Givens, and M. D. Smith. 2013. “Framing Deadly Domestic Violence: Why The Media’s Spin Matters in Newspaper Coverage of Femicide.” Violence against Women 19 (2):222–245. doi:10.1177/1077801213476457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard, Daniel. 2000. “‘she Wanted to Fit in’—Reena Virk Murder Trial Focused on Violence, Not Victim.” The Toronto Star, April 2.
   Google Scholar
• Goff, Phillip A., M.C. Jackson, Brooke Allison Lewis Di Leone, Carmen Marie Culotta, and Natalie Ann Di Tomasso. 2014. “The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106 (4):526–45. doi: 10.1037/a0035663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, Erich, and Nachman Ben-Yehuda. 2009. Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance (2nd edition). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Grange, Michael. 1997. “Competition Over Boys Behind Assaults, Expert Says.” The Globe and Mail, November 24.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, Brad. 2011. “Rise of the Girl Gangs.” The New York Post, December 4.
   Google Scholar
• Hastings, Deborah. 2001. “Some Adoptive Parents See Hope Turning to Horror; Hidden among the Children Imported from Eastern Europe are Profoundly Disturbed Youngsters Who May Be Violent: Two Families Tell Their Anguished Stories.” Los Angeles Times, February 11.
   Google Scholar
• Humphries, Drew. 2009. Women, Violence, and the Media: Readings in Feminist Criminology. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Italiano, Laura. 2003. “Fiends’ Friendship Forged in Blood.” The New York Post, February 27.
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes, Yvonne. 2015. Media and Crime (3rd Edition). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kari, Shannon. 2009. “Slayings Stir Debate over Jail Sentences.” National Post, April 11.
   Google Scholar
• Kilty, Jennifer M. and Sylvie Frigon. 2007. “Karla Homolka—From a Woman in Danger to a Dangerous Woman.” Women & Criminal Justice 17 (4):37–61. doi: 10.1300/J012v17n04_03
   Google Scholar
• Kluger, Jeffery, Melissa August, and McDowell Jeanne. 2006. “Taming Wild Girls.” Time, May 1.
   Google Scholar
• Lacey, Marc. 2008. “Abuse Trails Central American Girls into Gangs.” The New York Times, April 11.
   Google Scholar
• Landers, Ann. 1995. “Many Factors behind Rise in Gang Violence.” Chicago Tribune, March 26.
   Google Scholar
• Landsberg, Michelle. 1999. “Getting Tough on Youth Crime Doesn’t Pay.” Toronto Star, April 4.
   Google Scholar
• Landsberg, Michelle. 1999. “Feminism Not the Link between Girls and Violence.” The Toronto Star, November 13.
   Google Scholar
• Lathem, Niles. 2002. “Wild-Child Teen Nabbed in Dad’s Fort Murder.” New York Post, August 4.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Felicia R. 1991. “For Gold Earrings and Protection, More Girls Take Road to Violence.” New York Times, November 25.
   Google Scholar
• Lemert, James B. 1989. Criticizing the Media: Empirical Approaches. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Leslie, Connie. 1993. “Girls Will Be Girls.” Newsweek, August 2.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Nancy. 1992. “Delinquent Girls Take a Violent Turn”. The Washington Post, December 23.
   Google Scholar
• Lies, Elaine. 2004. “Japan Reels as Girl, 11, Cuts Schoolmate’s Throat.” National Post, June 3.
   Google Scholar
• Makin, Kirk. 1994. “Class Conflict: A Look at School Violence.” The Globe and Mail, May 19.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, Sandra. 1994. “Reena’s Legacy: Will It Bear Fruit? A Young Girl’s Brutal Death Sparked Pledges to Fight Teen Violence.” The Globe and Mail, November 13.
   Google Scholar
• McInnes, Craig. 1998. “Police Probe Gang Assault of Nanaimo Teen School.” The Globe and Mail, March 12.
   Google Scholar
• McQueeney, Krista and Alicia Girgenti-Malone. 2018b. “Intersectionality and the News Framing of ‘Bad Girls.” Pp. 45–71 in Girls, Aggression, and Intersectionality: Transforming the Discourse of “mean Girls” in the United States, edited by K. McQueeney and A. Girgenti-Malone. London: Routledge,
   Google Scholar
• McQueeney, Krista and Alicia Girgenti-Malone. 2018a. Girls, Aggression, and Intersectionality: Transforming the Discourse of “mean Girls” in the United States. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Meadows, Susannah and Dirk Johnson. 2003. “Savagery in the Chicago Suburbs; A Teen Ritual Spins Out of Control. Who Will Pay?” Newsweek, May 19.
   Google Scholar
• Meloy, Michelle L. and Susan L. Miller. 2009. “Words that Wound: Print Media’s Presentation of Gendered Violence.” Pp. 29–56 in Women, Violence, and the Media: Readings in Feminist Criminology, edited by D. Humpries. Boston: Northeastern University Press,
   Google Scholar
• Messing, Philip. 2004. “Girl Gang in Bias Attack.” New York Post, December 2.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, Melinda, Gerhard G. van de Bunt, and Jeanne de Bruijn. 2006. “Comparative Research: Persistent Problems and Promising Solutions.” International Sociology 21 (5):619–31. doi: 10.1177/0268580906067833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, Alanna. 1995. “Are Women Becoming as Violent as Men?” The Globe and Mail, July 15.
   Google Scholar
• Montero, Douglas, Ikimulisa Livingston, and MacIntosh. Jeane 2011. “Oh, Good Golly! I'm no Gun Molly”. The New York Post, February 19.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Dene. 2009. “Top Court Restores Conviction in 1997 Slaying of B.C. Teen.” The Toronto Star, June 13.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, Patricia. 1997. “You’re so Cute When You’re Mad: Last Week’s Murder of a Victoria Teen Has Shattered Our Illusions about the Gentler Sex.” The Globe and Mail, November 29.
   Google Scholar
• Pevere, Geoff. 1997. “Ignore the Damage to Girls at Our Peril.” The Toronto Star, December 6.
   Google Scholar
• Peyser, Andrea. 2012. “Everybody Out of the Pool!” The New York Post, July 23.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, Hillary. 2015. Intersectionality and Criminology. New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203094495.
   Google Scholar
• Roane, Kit R. 1999. “Gangs Turn to New Trade: Young Prostitutes.” New York Times, July 11.
   Google Scholar
• Roher, Eric. 1998. “Behaviour Girls Growing More Violent, Aggressive.” The Toronto Star, April 7.
   Google Scholar
• Shephard, Michelle. 1998a. “Alleged Teen Gang Leader Make Court Appearance: Charged in Spadina Girls Case.” The Toronto Star, November 25.
   Google Scholar
• Shephard, Michelle. 1998b. “Second in a Series. See Related Story on Page A1.” The Toronto Star, October 25.
   Google Scholar
• Shephard, Michelle. 1998c. “Third in a Series.” The Toronto Star, October 24.
   Google Scholar
• Sickmund, Melissa, Anthony Sladky, and Wei Kang. 2015. Easy Access to Juvenile Court Statistics: 1985–2017. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Silcox, Jennifer. 2017. “Are Canadian Girls Becoming More Violent? an Examination of Integrated Criminal Court Survey Statistics.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 30 (3):477–502. doi: 10.1177/0887403416685815
   Google Scholar
• Smart, Carol. 1977. Women, Crime, and Criminology: A Feminist Critique. London, Boston: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Graeme. 2004. “What Is Wrong with the Girls of Melfort?” The Globe and Mail, June 12.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Leef. 1995. “In Suburbs, Concern Grows Over Girls' Criminal Activity”. The Washington Post, October 30.
   Google Scholar
• Sprott, Jane B. and Anthony Doob. 2009. Justice for Girls?: Stability and Change in the Youth Justice Systems of the United States and Canada. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2018. Table 35- 10-0177-01:Incident-based Crime Statistics, by Detailed Violation. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, Darrell, Jennifer Schwartz, Hua Zhong, and Jeff Ackerman. 2005. “An Assessment of Recent Trends in Girls’ Violence Using Diverse Longitudinal Sources: Is the Gender Gap Closing?” Criminology 43:355–405. doi: 10.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00011.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, Tia, Merry Morash, and Meda Chesney-Lind. 2011. “Are Girls Getting Tougher, or are We Tougher on Girls? Probability of Arrest and Juvenile Court Oversight in 1980 and 2000.” Justice Quarterly 28 (5):719–44. doi: 10.1080/07418825.2010.532146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surette, Ray. 2015. Media, Crime, and Criminal Justice: Images, Realities, and Policies (5th Edition). Stamford, CT: Cengage.
   Google Scholar
• Tafler, Sid. 2000. “The Code of Silence: Replacing the ‘rat’ Mentality.” The Globe and Mail, March 31.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, Isabel. 1995. “Girl-Gang Violence Alarms Experts.” The Globe and Mail, September 12.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, Isabel. 1998. Police Arrest Members of Girl Gang Teens Charged with Assault. The Globe and Mail, January 22.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Susan. 1991. “Beaten by Students, Becky’s Kicked Out of School.” The Toronto Star, April 20.
   Google Scholar
• Walkom, Thomas. 1997. “In Reena’s World, Being a ‘slut’ Can Get You Killed.” The Toronto Star, December 6.
   Google Scholar
• Welch, Michael, Eric A. Price, and Nana Yankey. 2002. “Moral Panic over Youth Violence Wilding and the Manufacture of Menace in the Media.” Youth & Society 34 (1):3–30. doi: 10.1177/0044118X02034001001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, Terry. 1993. “Gang Woman’s Kiss of Death Detailed at Trial.” Chicago Tribune, August 6.
   Google Scholar