1,054
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Role of Sex on Officer Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence: An Empirical Analysis of Mechanisms of Intimate Partner Violence

Pages 611-629 | Received 08 Apr 2020, Accepted 02 Jun 2020, Published online: 13 Jun 2020

References

  • Abrams, Laura S. and Christina C. Tam. 2016. “Gender Differences in Desistance from Crime: How Do Social Bonds Operate among Formerly Incarcerated Emerging Adults?:.” Journal of Adolescent Research 33 (1):34–57.
  • Adams, Kenneth, Geoffrey Alpert, Roger Dunham, Joel Garner, Lawrence Greenfeld, Mark Henriquez, Patrick Langan, Christopher Maxwell, and Stephen Smith. 1999. “Use of Force by Police: Overview of National and Local Data.” Pp. 1–24 in Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Agnew, Robert. 1992. “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminology 30:40–87. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x.
  • Agnew, Robert. 2009. “General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further Research.” Pp. 101–123 in Taking Stock the Status of Criminological Theory: Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 15, edited by F. Cullen, J. P. Wright, and K. R. Blevins. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
  • Akers, Ronald. 2009. Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
  • Akers, Ronald and Gary Jensen. 2009. “The Empirical Status of Social Learning Theory of Crime and Deviance: The Past, Present, and Future.” Pp. 37–76 in Taking Stock the Status of Criminological Theory: Advances in Criminological Theory, Vol. 15, edited by F. Cullen, J. P. Wright, and K. R. Blevins. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
  • Anderson, Anita S. and Celia C. Lo. 2011. “Intimate Partner Violence Within Law Enforcement Families.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26(6):1176–93. doi:10.1177/0886260510368156.
  • Bair-Merritt, Megan H., Sarah Shea Crowne, Darcy A. Thompson, Erica Sibinga, Maria Trent, and Jacquelyn Campbell. 2010. “Why Do Women Use Intimate Partner Violence? A Systematic Review of Women’s Motivations.” Trauma, Violence & Abuse 11(4):178–89. doi:10.1177/1524838010379003.
  • Barrett, Frank. 1996. “The Organizational Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity: The Case of the U.S. Navy.” Gender, Work, and Organization 3(3):129–42. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.1996.tb00054.x.
  • Bikos, Lesley. 2016. “I Took the Blue Pill: The Effect of the Hegemonic Masculine Police Culture on Canadian Policewomen’s Identities.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario.
  • Bishopp, Stephen A., John Worrall, and Nicole Leeper Piquero. 2016. “General Strain and Police Misconduct: The Role of Organizational Influence.” Policing: An International Journal 39(4):635–51. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2015-0122.
  • Bittner, Egon. 1978. “The Functions of the Police in Modern Society.” Pp. 32–50 in Policing: A View from the Street, J. Van Maanen and P. Manning (Eds.). Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear.
  • Blumstein, Lindsey, Lorie Fridell, and Shayne Jones. 2011. “The Link between Traditional Police Sub-Culture and Police Intimate Partner Violence.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 35(1):147–64. doi:10.1108/13639511211215496.
  • Bonomi, Amy, Britton Trabert, Melissa Anderson, Mary Kernic, and Victoria Holt. 2014. “Intimate Partner Violence and Neighborhood Income: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Violence against Women 20(1):42–58. doi:10.1177/1077801213520580.
  • Booth, Jeb A., Amy Farrell, and Sean P. Varano. 2008. “Social Control, Serious Delinquency, and Risky Behavior: A Gendered Analysis.” Crime and Delinquency 54(3):423–56. doi:10.1177/0011128707306121.
  • Busch, Amy L. and Mindy S. Rosenberg. 2004. “Comparing Women and Men Arrested for Domestic Violence: A Preliminary Report.” Journal of Family Violence 19(1):49. doi:10.1023/B:JOFV.0000011582.05558.2e.
  • Caetano, Raul, Patrice A. C. Vaeth, and Suhasini Ramisetty-Mikler. 2008. “Intimate Partner Violence Victim and Perpetrator Characteristics among Couples in the United States.” Journal of Family Violence 23(6):507–18. doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9178-3.
  • Capaldi, Deborah, Naomi Knoble, Joanna Wu Shortt, and Hyoun Kim. 2012. “A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence.” Partner Abuse 3(2):231–79. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231.
  • Chappell, Allison and Alex Piquero. 2004. “Applying Social Learning Theory to Police Misconduct.” Deviant Behavior 25:89–108. doi:10.1080/01639620490251642.
  • Chapple, Constance L., Julia A. McQuillan, and Terceira A. Berdahl. 2005. “Gender, Social Bonds, and Delinquency: A Comparison of Boys’ and Girls’ Models.” Social Science Research 34(2):357–83. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.04.003.
  • Childhood Domestic Violence Association. 2014. “10 Startling Statistics about Children of Domestic Violence.” Retrieved April 10, 2018 (http://cdv.org/2014/02/10-startling-domestic-violence-statistics-for-children/),
  • Cho, Hyunkag. 2012. “Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence against Women and Associated Factors.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 27(2):344–63. doi:10.1177/0886260511416469.
  • Connell, R. W. 1995. Masculinities. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Connell, R. W. and James Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender and Society 19:829–59. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639.
  • Crenshaw, Kimberle. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43(6):1241–99. doi:10.2307/1229039.
  • Cunradi, Carol B. 2009. “Intimate Partner Violence among Hispanic Men and Women: The Role of Drinking, Neighborhood Disorder, and Acculturation-Related Factors.” Violence and Victims 24(1):83–97. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.24.1.83.
  • Cunradi, Carol B., Raul Caetano, and John Schafer. 2002. “Socioeconomic Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence among White, Black, and Hispanic Couples in the United States.” Journal of Family Violence 17(4):377–89. doi:10.1023/A:1020374617328.
  • Cunradi, Carol. 2007. “Drinking Level, Neighborhood Social Disorder, and Mutual Intimate Partner Violence.” Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research (6):1012. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00382.x.
  • Dick, Penny and Devi Jankowicz. 2001. “A Social Constructionist Account of Police Culture and Its Influence on the Representation and Progression of Female Officers: A Repertory Grid Analysis in A UK Police Force.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 24(2):181–99. doi:10.1108/13639510110390936.
  • Eriksson, Li and Paul Mazerolle. 2013. “A General Strain Theory of Intimate Partner Homicide.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 18(5):462–70. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.002.
  • Erwin, Melissa, Robyn Gershon, Michael Tiburzi, and Susan Lin. 2005. “Reports of Intimate Partner Violence Made against Police Officers.” Journal of Family Violence 20(1):13–19. doi:10.1007/s10896-005-1505-3.
  • Field, Craig A., Raul Caetano, and Scott Nelson. 2004. “Alcohol and Violence Related Cognitive Risk Factors Associated with the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence.” Journal of Family Violence 19(4):249–53. doi:10.1023/B:JOFV.0000032635.42145.66.
  • Franklin, Cortney and Glen Kercher. 2012. “The Intergenerational Transmission of Intimate Partner Violence: Differentiating Correlates in a Random Community Sample.” Journal of Family Violence 27(3):187–99. doi:10.1007/s10896-012-9419-3.
  • Gibson, Chris L., Marc L. Swatt, and Jason R. Jolicoeur. 2001. “Assessing the Generality of General Strain Theory: The Relationship among Occupational Stress Experienced by Male Police Officers and Domestic Forms of Violence.” Journal of Crime and Justice 24(2):29–57. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2001.9721133.
  • Goffman, Erving. 1976. “Gender Display.” Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communications 3:69–77.
  • Gottfredson, Michael. 2009. “The Empirical Status of Control Theory in Criminology.” Pp. 77–100 in Taking Stock The Status of Criminological Theory: Advances in Criminological Theory, 15, F. Cullen, J.P. Wright, and K.R. Blevins (Eds.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
  • Graham, Kathryn, Sharon Bernards, Sharon Wilsnack, and Gerhard Gmel. 2011. “Alcohol May Not Cause Partner Violence but It Seems to Make It Worse: A Cross National Comparison of the Relationship between Alcohol and Severity of Partner Violence.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26(8):1503–23. doi:10.1177/0886260510370596.
  • Grest, Carolina, Hortensia Amaro, and Jennifer Unger. 2018. “Longitudinal Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization in Latino Emerging Adults.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47(3):560–74. doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0663-y.
  • Hamberger, L. Kevin and Clare E. Guse. 2002. “Men’s and Women’s Use of Intimate Partner Violence in Clinical Samples.” Violence against Women 8(11):1301–31. doi:10.1177/107780102762478028.
  • Hirschi, Travis. 1972. Causes of Delinquency. London: University of California Press.
  • Hirschi, Travis and Michael Gottfredson. 1983. “Age and the Explanation of Crime.” American Journal of Sociology 89(3):552–84. doi:10.1086/227905.
  • Johnson, Leanor. 1991. On the Front Lines: Police Stress and Family Well-being. Hearing before the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families House of Representatives: 102 Congress First Session May 20. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
  • Johnson, Leanor, Michael Todd, and Ganga Subramanian. 2005. “Violence in Police Families: Work-Family Spillover.” Journal of Family Violence 20(1):3–12. doi:10.1007/s10896-005-1504-4.
  • Johnson, Wendi L., Peggy C. Giordano, Monica A. Longmore, and Wendy D. Manning. 2014. “Intimate Partner Violence and Depressive Symptoms during Adolescence and Young Adulthood.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 55(1):39–55. doi:10.1177/0022146513520430.
  • Kimmel, Michael. 2002. “Gender Symmetry in Domestic Violence.” Violence against Women 8(11):1332–63. doi:10.1177/107780102237407.
  • Kopel, Heidi and Merle Friedman. 1997. “Posttraumatic Symptoms in South African Police Exposed to Violence.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 10(2):307–17. doi:10.1002/jts.2490100211.
  • Kurtz, Don L., Egbert Zavala, and Lisa A. Melander. 2015. “The Influence of Early Strain on Later Strain, Stress Responses, and Aggression by Police Officers.” Criminal Justice Review 40(2):190–208. doi:10.1177/0734016814564696.
  • Kurtz, Don L., Travis Linnemann, and L. Susan Williams. 2012. “Reinventing the Matron: The Continued Importance of Gendered Images and Division of Labor in Modern Policing.” Women & Criminal Justice 22(3):239–263.
  • Lauritsen, Janet. 1998. “The Age-Crime Debate: Assessing the Limits of Longitudinal Self-Report Data.” Social Forces 77(1):127. doi:10.2307/3006012.
  • Leonard, Kenneth. 2005. “Alcohol and Intimate Partner Violence: When Can We Say that Heavy Drinking Is a Contributing Cause of Violence?” Addiction 100 (4):422–25.
  • Levit, Heidi, Rebecca Swanger, and Jenny Butler. 2008. “Male Perpetrators’ Perspective on Intimate Partner Violence, Religion, and Masculinity.” Sex Roles 58:435–48. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9349-3.
  • Lonsway, Kim, Susan Carrington, Patricia Aguirre, Michelle Wood, Margaret Moore, Penny Harrington, Eleanor Smeal, and Katherine Spillar. 2002. Equality Denied: The Status of Women in Policing 2001. Beverly Hills, CA: National Center for Women & Policing.
  • Lonsway, Kimberly A. 2006. “Policies on Police Officer Domestic Violence: Prevalence and Specific Provisions within Large Police Agencies.” Police Quarterly 9(4):397–422. doi:10.1177/1098611104268884.
  • Martin, Mike. 1988. Battered Women: The Violent Family. New York: Human Sciences Press.
  • Melton, Heather C. and Carrie Lefeve Sillito. 2012. “The Role of Gender in Officially Reported Intimate Partner Abuse.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 27(6):1090–111. doi:10.1177/0886260511424498.
  • Melton, Heather C. and Joanne Belknap. 2003. “He Hits, She Hits: Assessing Gender Differences and Similarities in Officially Reported Intimate Partner Violence.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 30(3):328–48. doi:10.1177/0093854803030003004.
  • Melzer, Scott. 2002. “Gender, Work, and Intimate Violence: Men’s Occupational Violence Spillover and Compensatory Violence.” Journal of Marriage and Family 64:820–32. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00820.x.
  • Mennicke, Annelise M. and Katie Ropes. 2016. “Estimating the Rate of Domestic Violence Perpetrated by Law Enforcement Officers: A Review of Methods and Estimates.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 31:157–64. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.003.
  • Mennicke, Annelise and Dina J. Wilke. 2015. “Predicting Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence: Demographic and Historical Factors that Influence Initiating Threats or Use of Violence by IPV Victims.” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 24(9):1002–21. doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1074135.
  • Messerschmidt, James. 1993. Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Miller, Susan L. and Michelle L. Meloy. 2006. “Women’s Use of Force: Voices of Women Arrested for Domestic Violence.” Violence against Women 12(1):89–115. doi:10.1177/1077801205277356.
  • Miller, Susan. 2001. “The Paradox of Women Arrested for Domestic Violence: Criminal Justice Professionals and Service Providers Respond.” Violence against Women 7(12):1339–76. doi:10.1177/10778010122183900.
  • Miller, Susan. 2005. Victims as Offenders: The Paradox of Women’s Violence in Relationships. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
  • National Center For Women & Policing. 2013. “Police Family Violence Fact Sheet.” Retrieved June 10, 2017 (http://womenandpolicing.com/violencefs.asp).
  • Neidig, Peter, Harold Russell, and Albert Seng. 1992. “Interspousal Aggression in Law Enforcement Families: A Preliminary Investigation.” Police Studies 15 (1):30–38.
  • Okuda, Mayumi, Mark Olfson, Jose M. Shuai Wang, Yang Xu Rubio, and Carlos Blanco. 2015. “Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Results from a National Epidemiologic Survey.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 28(1):49–56. doi:10.1002/jts.21986.
  • Paoline, Eugene A. and William Terrill. 2013. Police Culture: Adapting to the Strains of the Job. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
  • Paoline, Eugene and William Terrill. 2005. “Women Police Officers and the Use of Coercion.” Women & Criminal Justice 15(3–4):97–119. doi:10.1300/J012v15n03_05.
  • Parrott, Dominic, Kevin Swartout, Christopher Eckhardt, and Olivia Subramani. 2017. “Deconstructing the Associations between Executive Functioning, Problematic Alcohol Use and Intimate Partner Aggression: A Dyadic Analysis.” Drug and Alcohol Review 36:88–96. doi:10.1111/dar.12454.
  • Peralta, Robert and Lori Tuttle. 2013. “Male Perpetrators of Heterosexual-Partner Violence: The Role of Threats to Masculinity.” Journal of Men’s Studies 21(3):255–76. doi:10.3149/jms.2103.255.
  • Poteat, V. Paul, Michael Kimmel, and Riki Wilchins. 2011. “The Moderating Effects of Support for Violence Beliefs on Masculine Norms, Aggression, and Homophobic Behavior during Adolescence.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(2):434–47. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00682.x.
  • Prokos, Anastasia and Irene Padavic. 2002. “’There Oughtta Be a Law against Bitches’: Masculinity Lessons in Police Academy Training.” Gender, Work, and Organization 9(4):439–59. doi:10.1111/1468-0432.00168.
  • Rabe-Hemp, Cara. 2008. “Survival in an “All Boys Club”: Policewomen and Their Fight for Acceptance.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 31(2):251–70. doi:10.1108/13639510810878712.
  • Rabe-Hemp, Cara and Amie Schuck. 2007. “Violence against Police Officers: Are Female Officers at Greater Risk?” Police Quarterly 10(4):411–28. doi:10.1177/1098611107304326.
  • Rabe-Hemp, Cara and Jeremy Braithwaite. 2012. “An Exploration of Recidivism and the Officer Shuffle in Police Sexual Violence.” Police Quarterly 16(2):127–47. doi:10.1177/1098611112464964.
  • Ramisetty-Mikler, Suhasini, Raul Caetano, and Christine McGrath. 2007. “Sexual Aggression among White, Black, and Hispanic Couples in the U.S.: Alcohol Use, Physical Assault and Psychological Aggression as Its Correlates.” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33(1):31–43. doi:10.1080/00952990601082639.
  • Reingle, Jennifer, Wesley Jennings, Nadine Connell, Michael Businelle, and Karen Chartier. 2014. “On the Pervasiveness of Event-Specific Alcohol Use, General Substance Use, and Mental Health Problems as Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29(16):2951–70. doi:10.1177/0886260514527172.
  • Rennison, Callie Marie and Sarah Welchans. 2000. Intimate Partner Violence: Special Report. Bureau of Justice Statistics (NCJ 178247). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Rhatigan, Deborah L., Cindy Stewart, and Todd M. Moore. 2011. “Effects of Gender and Confrontation on Attributions of Female-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence.” Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 64(11–12):875. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9951-2.
  • Robinson, Holly, Melissa Sigman, and John Wilson. 1997. “Duty-related Stressors and PTSD Symptoms in Suburban Police Officers.” Psychological Reports 81(3):835–45. doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3.835.
  • Robyn, Gershon. 1999. Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, 19971999. ICPSR Version. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University [Producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
  • Santana, M. Christina, Michele R. Anita Raj, Ana La Marche Decker, and Jay G. Silverman. 2006. “Masculine Gender Roles Associated with Increased Sexual Risk and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among Young Adult Men.” Journal of Urban Health 83(4):575–85. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9061-6.
  • Saunders, Daniel, Stephanie Grace Prost, and Karen Oehme. 2016. “Responses of Police Officers to Cases of Officer Domestic Violence: Effects of Demographic and Professional Factors.” Journal of Family Violence 37:771–84. doi:10.1007/s10896-016-9822-2.
  • Sellers, Christine S., John K. Cochran, and Kathryn A. Branch. 2005. “Social Learning Theory and Partner Violence: A Research Note.” Deviant Behavior 26(4):379–395.
  • Shiraz, Mohammed. 2016. “The Impact of Education and Occupation on Domestic Violence in Saudi Arabia.” International Journal of Social Welfare 25(4):339–46. doi:10.1111/ijsw.12214.
  • Simister, John Gordon. 2010. “Domestic Violence and Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya: Effects of Ethnicity and Education.” Journal of Family Violence 25(3):247–57. doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9288-6.
  • Skolnick, Jerome. 1994. Justice without Trial: Law Enforcement in Democratic Society. New York: Macmillan.
  • Spencer, Chelsea, Allen B. Mallory, Bryan M. Cafferky, Jonathan G. Kimmes, Austin R. Beck, and Sandra M. Stith. 2019. “Mental Health Factors and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychology of Violence 9(1):1–17. doi:10.1037/vio0000156.
  • Spencer, Chelsea, Bryan Cafferky, and Sandra M. Stith. 2016. “Gender Differences in Risk Markers for Perpetration of Physical Partner Violence: Results from a Meta-Analytic Review.” Journal of Family Violence 31(8):981. doi:10.1007/s10896-016-9860-9.
  • Stewart, Anna and Kelly Madderen. 1997. “Police Officers’ Judgments of Blame in Family Violence: The Impact of Gender and Alcohol.” Sex Roles 37(11/12):921–33. doi:10.1007/BF02936347.
  • Stinson, Phillip and John Liederbach. 2013. “Fox in the Henhouse: A Study of Police Officers Arrested for Crimes Associated with Domestic And/or Family Violence.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 24(5):601–25. doi:10.1177/0887403412453837.
  • Sutherland, Edwin, Donald Cressey, and David Luckenbill. 1992. Principles of Criminology. New York: General Hall.
  • Sutton, Danielle and Myrna Dawson. 2018. “Differentiating Characteristics of Intimate Partner Violence: Do Relationship Status, State, and Duration Matter?” Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/088626051879550.
  • Tjaden, Patricia and Nancy Thoennes. 2000. Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. Washington, D.C.: Center for Disease Control.
  • Truman, Jennifer and Rachel Morgan. 2016. Criminal Victimization, 2015. National Criminal Victim Survey. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Weitzman, Abigail. 2018. “Does Increasing Women’s Education Reduce Their Risk of Intimate Partner Violence? Evidence from an Education Policy Reform.” Criminology 56(3):574–607. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12181.
  • West, Candace and Don Zimmerman. 1987. “Doing Gender.” Gender and Society 1(2):125–51. doi:10.1177/0891243287001002002.
  • Weston, R., J. R. Temple, and L. L. Marshall. 2005. “Gender Symmetry and Asymmetry in Violent Relationships: Patterns of Mutuality among Racially Diverse Women.” Sex Roles 53(8):553–71. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-7142-8.
  • Wetendorf, Diane. 2015. “Police-Perpetrated Domestic Violence: An Advocate’s Pessimistic Perspective.” Family & Intimate Partner Violence Quarterly 7 (3):211–14.
  • Williams, Kirk R. and Richard Hawkins. 1989. “Controlling Male Aggression in Intimate Relationships.” Law & Society Review 23(4):591–612. doi:10.2307/3053849.
  • Williams, Stacey L. and Irene Hanson Frieze. 2005. “Patterns of Violent Relationships, Psychological Distress, and Marital Satisfaction in a National Sample of Men and Women.” Sex Roles 52(11–12):771. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-4198-4.
  • Worcester, Nancy. 2002. “Women’s Use of Force: Complexities and Challenges of Taking the Issue Seriously.” Violence against Women 8(11):1390–415. doi:10.1177/107780102762478055.
  • Yerke, Adam, and Jennifer DeFeo. 2016. “Redefining Intimate Partner Violence Beyond the Binary to Include Transgender People.” Journal of Family Violence 31(8):975–979.
  • Zalava, Egbert. 2013. “Testing the Link between Child Maltreatment and Family Violence among Police Officers.” Crime and Delinquency 59(3):468–83. doi:10.1177/0011128710389584.
  • Zalava, Egbert and Don Kurtz. 2017. “Using Gottfredson and Hirschi’s A General Theory of Crime to Explain Problematic Alcohol Consumption by Police Officers: A Test of Self-Control as Self-Regulation.” Journal of Drug Issues 47(3):505–22. doi:10.1177/0022042617706893.
  • Zavala, Egbert and Don L. Kurtz. 2016. “Applying Differential Coercion and Social Support Theory to Police Officers’ Misconduct.” Deviant Behavior 37(8):877–92. doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1153365.
  • Zavala, Egbert and Lisa A. Melander. 2018. “Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrated by Police Officers: Is It Self-Control or the Desire-To-Be-In-Control that Matters More?” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 28(2):1–20.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.