References
- Abbott, Stephen and Della Freeth. 2008. “Social Capital and Health: Starting to Make Sense of the Role of Generalized Trust and Reciprocity.” Journal of Health Psychology 13 (7):874–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105308095060.
- Adams, Richard E. and Richard T. Serpe. 2000. “Social Integration, Fear of Crime, and Life Satisfaction.” Sociological Perspectives 43 (4):605–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1389550.
- Beaudoin, Christopher E. 2009. “Bonding and Bridging Neighborliness: An Individual-level Study in the Context of Health.” Social Science & Medicine 68:2129–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.015.
- Bentley, Rebecca, Emma Baker, Kate Mason, S. V. Subramanian, and Anne M. Kavanagh. 2011. “Association between Housing Affordability and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Analysis of A National Representative Household Survey in Australia.” American Journal of Epidemiology 174 (7):753–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr161.
- Brunie, Aurélie. 2009. “Meaningful Distinctions within a Concept: Relational, Collective, and Generalized Social Capital.” Social Science Research 38 (2):251–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.01.005.
- Casey, Terrence and Kevin Christ. 2005. “Social Capital and Economic Performance in the American States.” Social Science Quarterly 86 (4):826–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00358.x.
- Coleman, James S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94:S95–S120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/228943.
- Coleman, James S. 1990. The Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Davis, Peter and Alastair Scott. 1995. “The Effect of Interviewer Variance on Domain Comparisons.” Survey Methodology 21:99–106.
- De Silva, Mary J., Kwame McKenzie, Trudy Harpham, and Sharon RA Huttly. 2005. “Social Capital and Mental Illness: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59 (8):619–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.029678.
- Diez Roux, Ana V. 2001. “Investigating Neighborhood and Area Effects on Health.” American Journal of Public Health 91 (11):1783–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1783.
- Drakulich, Kevin M. 2013. “Perceptions of the Local Danger Posed by Crime: Race, Disorder, Informal Control, and the Police.” Social Science Research 42 (3):611–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.012.
- Drakulich, Kevin M. 2015. “Social Capital, Information, and Perceived Safety from Crime: The Differential Effects of Reassuring Social Connections and Vicarious Victimization.” Social Science Quarterly 96 (1):176–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12096.
- Ferguson, Kristin M. and Charles H. Mindel. 2007. “Modeling Fear of Crime in Dallas Neighborhoods a Test of Social Capital Theory.” Crime & Delinquency 53 (2):322–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705285039.
- Freitag, Markus and Richard Traunmüller. 2009. “Spheres of Trust: An Empirical Analysis of the Foundations of Particularised and Generalised Trust.” European Journal of Political Research 48 (6):782–803. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.00849.x.
- Gibson, Chris L., Jihong Zhao, Nicholas P. Lovrich, and Michael J. Gaffney. 2002. “Social Integration, Individual Perceptions of Collective Efficacy, and Fear of Crime in Three Cities.” Justice Quarterly 19 (3):537–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095341.
- Giordano, Giuseppe N. and Martin Lindstrom. 2010. “The Impact of Changes in Different Aspects of Social Capital and Material Conditions on Self-Rated Health over Time: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.” Social Science & Medicine 70 (5):700–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.044.
- Giordano, Giuseppe Nicola, Henrik Ohlsson, and Martin Lindström. 2011. “Social Capital and Health—Purely a Question of Context?” Health & Place 17 (4):946–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.04.004.
- Goffman, Erving. 1971. Relations in Public. New York, NY: Basic Books.
- Han, Sehee. 2017. “Social Capital and Interlocal Service Collaboration in US Counties.” Regional Studies 51 (5):674–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1132302.
- Han, Sehee and Hee‐Sun Lee. 2013. “Social Capital and Mental Health in Seoul, South Korea: A Multilevel Analysis of 4,734 People in 25 Administrative Areas.” Journal of Community Psychology 41 (5):644–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21562.
- Harpham, Trudy, Emma Grant, and Elizabeth Thomas. 2002. “Measuring Social Capital within Health Surveys: Key Issues.” Health Policy and Planning 17 (1):106–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.1.106.
- Hox, Joop. 2010. Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Hunter, Albert and Terry L. Baumer. 1982. “Street Traffic, Social Integration, and Fear of Crime.” Sociological Inquiry 52 (2):122–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01244.x.
- Hwang, Eui-Gab. 2006. “A Multilevel Test of Fear of Crime: The Effect of Social Conditions, Perceived Community Policing Activities, and Perceived Risks in a Megalopolis.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
- Karakus, Onder, Edmund F. McGarrell, and Oguzhan Basibuyuk. 2010. “Fear of Crime among Citizens of Turkey.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (2):174–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.02.006.
- Kawachi, Ichiro. 2010. “Social Capital and Health.” Pp. 18–32. in Handbook of Medical Sociology, 6thed., edited by C. Bird, A. Fremont, S. Timmermans, and P. Conard. TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
- Kim, Daniel and Ichiro Kawachi. 2006. “A Multilevel Analysis of Key Forms of Community- and Individual-Level Social Capital as Predictors.” Journal of Urban Health 83:813–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-006-9082-1.
- Kim, Dong-Sik, Gyeong-Suk Jeon, and Soong-Nang Jang. 2010. “Socioeconomic Status, Social Support and Self-Rated Health among Lone Mothers in South Korea.” International Journal of Public Health 55 (6):551–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0169-9.
- Kim, HH-S. 2018. “Particularized Trust, Generalized Trust, and Immigrant Self-Rated Health: Cross-National Analysis of World Values Survey.” Public Health 158:93–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.01.039.
- Knack, Stephen. 2002. “Social Capital and the Quality of Government: Evidence from the States.” American Journal of Political Science 46:772–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3088433.
- LaGrange, Randy L. and Kenneth F. Ferraro. 1989. “Assessing Age and Gender Differences in Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime.” Criminology 27 (4):697–720. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01051.x.
- Lin, Nan. 1999. “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.” Connections 22 (1):28–51.
- Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
- Lindström, Martin and Mohabbat Mohseni. 2009. “Social Capital, Political Trust and Self-Reported Psychological Health: A Population-Based Study.” Social Science & Medicine 68 (3):436–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.11.004.
- Lorenc, Theo, Stephen Clayton, David Neary, Margaret Whitehead, Mark Petticrew, Hilary Thomson, Steven Cummins, Amanda Sowden, and Adrian Renton. 2012. “Crime, Fear of Crime, Environment, and Mental Health and Wellbeing: Mapping Review of Theories and Causal Pathways.” Health & Place 18 (4):757–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.04.001.
- Merlo, Juan, Basile Chaix, Min Yang, John Lynch, and Råstam Lennart. 2005a. “A Brief Conceptual Tutorial of Multilevel Analysis in Social Epidemiology: Linking the Statistical Concept of Clustering to the Idea of Contextual Phenomenon.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59 (6):443–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.023473.
- Merlo, Juan, Basile Chaix, Min Yang, John Lynch, and Råstam. Lennart. 2005b. “A Brief Conceptual Tutorial of Multilevel Analysis in Social Epidemiology: Interpreting Neighbourhood Differences and the Effect of Neighbourhood Characteristics on Individual Health.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59 (12):1022–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.028035.
- Messner, Steven F., Richard Rosenfeld, and Eric P. Baumer. 2004. “Dimensions of Social Capital and Rates of Criminal Homicide.” American Sociological Review 69 (6):882–903. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240406900607.
- Moore, Matthew D. and Nicholas L. Recker. 2017. “Social Capital Groups and Crime in Urban Counties.” Deviant Behavior 38 (6):655–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1197609.
- Özbay, Özden. 2008. “Does Social Capital Deter Youth from Cheating, Alcohol Use, and Violence in Turkey?: Bringing Torpil In.” Journal of Criminal Justice 36 (5):403–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.07.006.
- Pearson, Amber L. and Gregory D. Breetzke. 2014. “The Association between the Fear of Crime, and Mental and Physical Wellbeing in New Zealand.” Social Indicators Research 119 (1):281–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0489-2.
- Poortinga, Wouter. 2006. “Social Capital: An Individual or Collective Resource for Health?” Social Science & Medicine 62 (2):292–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.008.
- Portes, Alejandro. 1998. “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1.
- Putnam, Robert D. 1995. “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital.” Journal of Democracy 6:65–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002.
- Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
- Raudenbush, Stephen W. and Robert J. Sampson. 1999. “Ecometrics: Toward a Science of Assessing Ecological Settings, with Application to the Systematic Social Observation of Neighborhoods.” Sociological Methodology 29 (1):1–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00059.
- Roh, Sunghoon, Eunyoung Kim, and Minwoo Yun. 2010. “Criminal Victimization in South Korea: A Multilevel Approach.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (3):301–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.03.004.
- Roh, Sunghoon, Dae-Hoon Kwak, and Eunyoung Kim. 2013. “Community Policing and Fear of Crime in Seoul: A Test of Competing Models.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 36 (1):199–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511311302542.
- Roh, Sunghoon and Ju-Lak Lee. 2013. “Social Capital and Crime: A Cross-National Multilevel Study.” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 41 (1):58–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2012.11.004.
- Rosenfeld, Richard, Eric P. Baumer, and Steven F. Messner. 2001. “Social Capital and Homicide.” Social Forces 80 (1):283–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0086.
- Rountree, Pamela Wilcox and Kenneth C. Land. 1996. “Perceived Risk versus Fear of Crime: Empirical Evidence of Conceptually Distinct Reactions in Survey Data.” Social Forces 74 (4):1353–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2580354.
- Sampson, Robert J., Stephen W. Raudenbush, and Felton Earls. 1997. “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.” Science 277 (5328):918–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5328.918.
- Scarborough, Brittney K., Toya Z. Like-Haislip, Kenneth J. Novak, Wayne L. Lucas, and Leanne F. Alarid. 2010. “Assessing the Relationship between Individual Characteristics, Neighborhood Context, and Fear of Crime.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (4):819–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.010.
- Seoul Statistics. 2011. Seoul Statistical Yearbook. Seoul: South Korea.
- Shaw, Clifford Robe and Henry Donald McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press.
- Swatt, Marc L., Sean P. Varano, Craig D. Uchida, and Shellie E. Solomon. 2013. “Fear of Crime, Incivilities, and Collective Efficacy in Four Miami Neighborhoods.” Journal of Criminal Justice 41 (1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.09.004.
- Takagi, Daisuke, Ken’ichi Ikeda, and Ichiro Kawachi. 2012. “Neighborhood Social Capital and Crime Victimization: Comparison of Spatial Regression Analysis and Hierarchical Regression Analysis.” Social Science & Medicine 75 (10):1895–902. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.07.039.
- Villarreal, Andrés and Braulio FA Silva. 2006. “Social Cohesion, Criminal Victimization and Perceived Risk of Crime in Brazilian Neighborhoods.” Social Forces 84 (3):1725–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0073.
- Warr, Mark. 1984. “Fear of Victimization: Why are Women and the Elderly More Afraid?” Social Science Quarterly 65 (3):681–702.
- Zhao, Jihong Solomon, Brian Lawton, and Dennis Longmire. 2015. “An Examination of the Micro-Level Crime–Fear of Crime Link.” Crime & Delinquency 61 (1):19–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128710386203.
- Zhu, Yushu and Qiang Fu. 2017. “Deciphering the Civic Virtue of Communal Space: Neighborhood Attachment, Social Capital, and Neighborhood Participation in Urban China.” Environment & Behavior 49 (2):161–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916515627308.