1,345
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A Triad of Physical Masculinities: Examining Multiple ‘Hegemonic’ Bodybuilding Identities in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Online Discussion Groups

Pages 1498-1516 | Received 11 Jan 2023, Accepted 03 May 2023, Published online: 21 May 2023

References

  • Adams, N.N. 2022. “‘Scraping’ Reddit Posts for Academic Research? Addressing Some Blurred Lines of Consent in Growing internet-based Research Trend during the Time of Covid-19.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 1–16.
  • Anawalt, B. D. 2019. “Diagnosis and Management of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 104(7): 2490–500. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01882.
  • Andreasson, J. and T. Johansson. 2019. “Bodybuilding and Fitness Doping in Transition. Historical Transformations and Contemporary Challenges.” Social Sciences 8(3): 80. doi:10.3390/socsci8030080.
  • Barbonetti, A., S. D’Andrea, and S. Francavilla. 2020. “Testosterone Replacement Therapy.” Andrology 8(6): 1551–66. doi:10.1111/andr.12774.
  • Barile, F. A. 2019. “Anabolic–Androgenic Steroids.” Pp. 287–98 in Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 3rd. Florida: CRC Press.
  • Bassil, N., S. Alkaade, and J. E. Morley. 2009. “The Benefits and Risks of Testosterone Replacement Therapy: A Review.” Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 5(3): 427. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s3025.
  • Börjesson, A. (2021). Side Effects and Experiences of Doping with Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Men and Women. Inst för laboratoriemedicin/Dept of Laboratory Medicine. Doctoral Thesis: Karolinska Institutet (Sweden).
  • Bowler, G. M., Jr. 2010. “Netnography: A Method Specifically Designed to Study Cultures and Communities Online.” The Qualitative Report 15(5): 1270.
  • BPS - British Psychological Society. 2017. Ethics Guidelines for internet-mediated Research. Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society.
  • Braun, V. and V. Clarke. 2019. “Reflecting on Reflexive Thematic Analysis.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 11(4): 589–97. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806.
  • Brewer, J. 2000. Ethnography. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Bricout, V. and F. Wright. 2004. “Update on Nandrolone and Norsteroids: How Endogenous or Xenobiotic are These Substances?” European Journal of Applied Physiology 92(1): 1–12. doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1051-3.
  • BSA - British Sociological Association (2016). Researching Online Forums. Ethics Case Study (1). First accessed on 1st March 2020, from: https://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/24834/j000208_researching_online_forums_-cs1-_v3.pdf
  • Catlin, D. H. and T. H. Murray. 1996. “Performance-enhancing Drugs, Fair Competition, and Olympic Sport.” Jama 276(3): 231–37. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540030065034.
  • Cheah, Y. W., D. Paine, D. Ghoshal, and L. Ramakrishnan (2018, October). Bringing Data Science to Qualitative Analysis. In 2018 IEEE 14th International Conference on e-Science (e-Science) (pp. 325–26). IEEE. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • Chen, H. L. 2012. “Cross-national Qualitative Research into the long-term Care of Older People: Some Reflections on Method and Methodology.” European Journal of Social Work 15(4): 449–66. doi:10.1080/13691457.2012.708903.
  • Christiansen, A. V., A. S. Vinther, and D. Liokaftos. 2017. “Outline of a Typology of Men’s Use of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Fitness and Strength Training Environments. Drugs.” Education, Prevention and Policy 24(3): 295–305. doi:10.1080/09687637.2016.1231173.
  • Connell, R. W. 2005. “Masculinities.” in Polity, Cambridge, UK.
  • Devine, J. W. 2019. “Gender, Steroids, and Fairness in Sport.” Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 13(2): 161–69. doi:10.1080/17511321.2017.1404627.
  • Fink, J., B. J. Schoenfeld, A. C. Hackney, M. Matsumoto, T. Maekawa, K. Nakazato, and S. Horie. 2019. “Anabolic-androgenic Steroids: Procurement and Administration Practices of Doping Athletes.” The Physician and Sportsmedicine 47(1): 10–14. doi:10.1080/00913847.2018.1526626.
  • Ghaznavi, J. and L. D. Taylor. 2015. “Bones, Body Parts, and Sex Appeal: An Analysis of #thinspiration Images on Popular Social Media.” Body Image 14: 54–61. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.006.
  • Gilmore, H., S. Shannon, G. Leavey, M. Dempster, S. Gallagher, and G. Breslin. 2020. “Help-Seeking Beliefs Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users Experiencing Side Effects: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis.” Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 1(aop): 1–17.
  • Goldman, A. L., H. G. Pope Jr, and S. Bhasin. 2019. “The Health Threat Posed by the Hidden Epidemic of Anabolic Steroid Use and Body Image Disorders among Young Men.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 104(4): 1069–74. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01706.
  • Gramsci, A. 2011. Prison Notebooks Volume 2. Vol. 2 U.S.: Columbia University Press.
  • Greenway, C. and C. Price. 2020. “Muscle Dysmorphia and Self-esteem in Former and Current Users of anabolic-androgenic Steroids.” Performance Enhancement & Health 7(3–4): 100154. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2019.100154.
  • Griffiths, S., S. B. Murray, I. Krug, and S. A. McLean. 2018. “The Contribution of Social Media to Body Dissatisfaction, Eating Disorder Symptoms, and Anabolic Steroid Use among Sexual Minority Men.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 21(3): 149–56. doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0375.
  • Hammersley, M. 2006. “Ethnography: Problems and Prospects.” Ethnography and Education 1(1): 3–14. doi:10.1080/17457820500512697.
  • Harvey, O. 2019. “‘Shades of Grey’: The Ethics of Social Work Practice in Relation to Un-prescribed Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use.” Practice 31(4): 239–58. doi:10.1080/09503153.2018.1510480.
  • Hauger, L. E., D. Sagoe, A. Vaskinn, E. A. Arnevik, S. Leknes, M. L. Jørstad, and A. Bjørnebekk. 2019. “Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Dependence Is Associated with Impaired Emotion Recognition.” Psychopharmacology 236(9): 2667–76. doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05239-7.
  • Heggie, V. 2010. “Testing Sex and Gender in Sports; Reinventing, Reimagining and Reconstructing Histories.” Endeavour 34(4): 157–63. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.09.005.
  • Hengge, U. R., M. Baumann, R. Maleba, N. H. Brockmeyer, and M. Goos. 1996. “Oxymetholone Promotes Weight Gain in Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Infection.” British Journal of Nutrition 75(1): 129–38. doi:10.1079/BJN19960116.
  • Hilkens, L., M. Cruyff, L. Woertman, J. Benjamins, and C. Evers. 2021. “Social Media, Body Image and Resistance Training: Creating the Perfect ‘Me’ with Dietary Supplements, Anabolic Steroids and SARM’s.” Sports Medicine-Open 7(1): 81. doi:10.1186/s40798-021-00371-1.
  • Hoberman, J. M. and C. E. Yesalis. 1995. “The History of Synthetic Testosterone.” Scientific American 272(2): 76–81. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0295-76.
  • Iles, K. A. and R. J. King. 2019. “Burns Management.” Pp. 747–49 in Clinical Algorithms in General Surgery. Cham: Springer.
  • Kanayama, G., J. I. Hudson, and H. G. Pope Jr. 2020. “Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use and Body Image in Men: A Growing Concern for Clinicians.” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 89(2): 65–73. doi:10.1159/000505978.
  • Kennedy-Clark, S. 2012.“Design Research and the Solo Higher Degree Research Student: Strategies to Embed Trustworthiness and Validity into the Research Design.“Australian Association for Research in Education (NJ1).
  • Kozinets, R. V. 2002. “The Field behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities.” Journal of Marketing Research 39(1): 61–72. doi:10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935.
  • Kozinets, R. V. 2015. “Netnography.” The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society 1–8.
  • Larsen, H. G. 2014. “The Emerging Shanghai City Brand: A Netnographic Study of Image Perception among Foreigners.” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 3(1): 18–28. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.12.003.
  • Lebron, C. N., S. M. St. George, D. G. Eckembrecher, and L. M. Alvarez. 2020. ““Am I Doing This Wrong?” Breastfeeding Mothers’ Use of an Online Forum.” Maternal & Child Nutrition 16(1): e12890. doi:10.1111/mcn.12890.
  • Mancini, A., A. M. R. Fuvuzzi, C. Bruno, M. A. Nicolazzi, E. Vergani, N. Ciferri, and A. Cittadini. 2020. “Anabolic Hormone Deficiencies in Heart Failure with Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction and Correlation with Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity.” International Journal of Endocrinology 2020.
  • Marks, L. D. 2015. “A Pragmatic, step-by-step Guide for Qualitative Methods: Capturing the Disaster and long-term Recovery Stories of Katrina and Rita.” Current Psychology 34(3): 494–505. doi:10.1007/s12144-015-9342-x.
  • Marshall, K., K. Chamberlain, and D. Hodgetts. 2020. “Male Bodybuilders on Instagram: Negotiating Inclusive Masculinities through Hegemonic Masculine Bodies.” Journal of Gender Studies 1–20.
  • McBride, J. A., C. C. Carson III, and R. M. Coward. 2018. “The Availability and Acquisition of Illicit Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Testosterone Preparations on the Internet.” American Journal of Men’s Health 12(5): 1352–57. doi:10.1177/1557988316648704.
  • Mehta, S., L. K. Goyal, R. Parmar, G. L. Dhayal, and G. Jain. 2018. “Anemia in Elderly: A Review.” Journal of the Indian Academy of Geriatrics 14(2): 74–78. doi:10.35262/jiag.v14i2.74-78.
  • Melki, J. P., E. A. Hitti, M. J. Oghia, and A. A. Mufarrij. 2015. “Media Exposure, Mediated Social Comparison to Idealized Images of Muscularity, and Anabolic Steroid Use.” Health Communication 30(5): 473–84. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.867007.
  • Messerschmidt, J. W. 2019. “The Salience of “Hegemonic Masculinity.”” Men and Masculinities 22(1): 85–91. doi:10.1177/1097184X18805555.
  • Milne, G. W. 2017. “Ashgate Handbook of Endocrine Agents and Steroids.” in Routledge, Oxford, UK.
  • Mintz, I., A. Weisman, S. Springer, and U. Gottlieb. 2020. “Individuals with Back and Neck Pain on Medical Forums: What Do They Mention? What Do They Fear?” European Journal of Pain 24(10): 1915–22. doi:10.1002/ejp.1639.
  • Modica, C. A. 2020. “The Associations between Instagram Use, Selfie Activities, Appearance Comparison, and Body Dissatisfaction in Adult Men.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 23(2): 90–99. doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0434.
  • Morris, E. A. (2019). The Effect of an Anabolic Steroid on the Proteome of Developing Muscle Cells. Honors Project, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/2160
  • Mottram, D. R. 1999. “Banned Drugs in Sport.” Sports Medicine 27(1): 1–10. doi:10.2165/00007256-199927010-00001.
  • Pan, W., B. Feng, and C. Shen. 2020. “Examining Social Capital, Social Support, and Language Use in an Online Depression Forum: Social Network and Content Analysis.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22(6): e17365. doi:10.2196/17365.
  • Pascoe, C. J. 2005. “‘Dude, You’re a Fag’: Adolescent Masculinity and the Fag Discourse.” Sexualities 8(3): 329–46. doi:10.1177/1363460705053337.
  • Pascoe, C. J. 2011. “Dude, You’re a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School.” in Univ of California Press, California, US.
  • Patt, M., K. R. Beck, T. Di Marco, M. C. Jäger, V. González-Ruiz, J. Boccard, M. Grill, R W. Hartmann, M. Salah, and C J. van Koppen. 2020. “Profiling of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators for Interference with Adrenal Steroidogenesis.” Biochemical Pharmacology 172: 113781. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113781.
  • Ricciardelli, R., K. A. Clow, and P. White. 2010. “Investigating Hegemonic Masculinity: Portrayals of Masculinity in Men’s Lifestyle Magazines.” Sex Roles 63(1–2): 64–78. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9764-8.
  • Sagoe, D., J. McVeigh, A. Bjørnebekk, M. S. Essilfie, C. S. Andreassen, and S. Pallesen. 2015. “Polypharmacy among anabolic-androgenic Steroid Users: A Descriptive Metasynthesis.” Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 10(1): 12. doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0006-5.
  • Sagoe, D. and S. Pallesen. 2018. “Androgen Abuse Epidemiology.” Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes and Obesity 25(3): 185–94. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000403.
  • Sano, K. 2018. “Exploring How Travel Blogs Influence Solo Chinese Tourists to Visit Japan: A Netnographic Study of Chinese Tourist’s Travel Blogs.” CAUTHE 2018: Get Smart: Paradoxes and Possibilities in Tourism, Hospitality and Events Education and Research 728.
  • Smith, C. P., J. W. Atkinson, D. C. McClelland, and J. Veroff, Eds. 1992. Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Strauss, A. L. 1987. “Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists.” in Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Underwood, M. 2018. “‘We’re All Gonna Make It Brah’: Homosocial Relations, Vulnerability and Intimacy in an Online Bodybuilding Community.” Pp. 161–76 in Digital Intimate Publics and Social Media. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Vallet, G. 2017. “The Gendered Economics of Bodybuilding.” International Review of Sociology 27(3): 525–45.
  • Vokey, M., B. Tefft, and C. Tysiaczny. 2013. “An Analysis of hyper-masculinity in Magazine Advertisements.” Sex Roles 68(9–10): 562–76. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0268-1.
  • Walker, D. M. and H. E. Joubert. 2011. “Attitudes of Injecting Male Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users to Media Influence, Health Messages and Gender Constructs.” Drugs and Alcohol Today 11(2): 56–70. doi:10.1108/17459261111174019.