193
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Illegal Wildlife Trades and Ecological Consequences: A Case Study of the Bird Market in Fereydunkenar, Iran

, , &
Pages 110-125 | Received 26 Nov 2022, Accepted 16 Jul 2023, Published online: 31 Jul 2023

References

  • Aghilinejhad, S. M., S. Gorgin, D. van Uhm, R. Joolaie, R. Ghorbani, S. Y. Paighambari, Mohammadi, S. M., and Jalali, A. 2018. “What are the Drivers of the Occurrence of Illegal Fishing and Conservation Barriers of Sturgeons in the Caspian Sea?” Aquatic Conservation: Marine & Freshwater Ecosystems 28(3):690–701. doi:10.1002/aqc.2897.
  • Agnew, R. 1992. “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminology 30 (1):47–88. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x.
  • Agnew, R. 2011. Toward a Unified Criminology: Integrating Assumptions About Crime, People, and Society. New York and London: New York University Press.
  • Beirne, P. 2002. “Criminology and Animal Studies: A Sociological View.” Society & Animals 10(4):381–86. doi:10.1163/156853002320936845.
  • Beirne, P. 2018. Murdering Animals: Writings on Theriocide, Homicide and Nonspeciesist Criminology. UK: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57468-8.
  • Birks, M. and J. Mills. 2011. Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide. London: Sage.
  • Brisman, A. and E. Carrabine. 2017. “Deterrence”. Pp. 83–86. in The Routledge Companion to Criminological Theory and Concepts. in E. C. a. N. S. Avi Brismanedited by, London and New York:Routledge.10.4324/9781315744902-19
  • Brisman, A. and N. South. 2014. Green Cultural Criminology: Constructions of Environmental Harm, Consumerism, and Resistance to Ecocide. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge.
  • Brisman, A. and N. South. 2015. “An Assessment of Tonry and Farrington’s Four Major Crime Prevention Strategies as Applied to Environmental Crime and Harm.” Journal of Criminal Justice and Security 17 (2):127–51.
  • Brisman, A. and N. South. 2017. “Green Criminology.” in Pp. 329–49 in The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 6th edition, edited by S. M. a. L. M. A. Liebling. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/he/9780198719441.003.0015.
  • Brisman, A. and N. South. 2020. The Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology. 2nd edition. Abingdon: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315207094
  • Brisman, A., N. South, and R. Walters. 2018. “Southernizing Green Criminology: Human Dislocation, Environmental Injustice and Climate Apartheid.” Justice, Power & Resistance 2 (1):1–21.
  • Bryant, C. D. 1979. “The Zoological Connection: Animal-Related Human Behavior.” Social Forces 58 (2):399–421. doi:10.2307/2577598.
  • Cao Ngoc, A. and T. Wyatt. 2013. “A Green Criminological Exploration of Illegal Wildlife Trade in Vietnam. [Journal Article].” Asian Journal of Criminology 8 (2):129–42. doi:10.1007/s11417-012-9154-y.
  • Carrington, K., R. Hogg, J. Scott, and M. Sozzo. 2018. The Palgrave Handbook on Criminology and the Global South. London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65021-0.
  • Central-bank-Iran. 2018. Statistical Yearbook. Tehran: Central bank publication.
  • Corbin, J. M. and A. Strauss. 1990. “Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria.” Qualitative Sociology 13 (1):3–21. doi:10.1007/BF00988593.
  • Dey, I. 1993. Qualitative Data Analysis: A User-Friendly Guide for Social Scientists. London: Routledge.
  • Elliott, L. 2011. “Transnational Environmental Crime: Applying Network Theory to an Investigation of Illegal Trade, Criminal Activity and Law Enforcement Responses.” Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs: Transnational Environmental Crime Project 1:1–75.
  • Enticott, G. 2011. “Techniques of Neutralising Wildlife Crime in Rural England and Wales.” Journal of Rural Studies 27(2):200–08. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.01.005.
  • France-24. 2015. Iran’s Wetlands: A ‘Real massacre’ for Migratory Birds. Paris: France Observers.
  • Gandiwa, E., I. M. A. Heitkönig, A. M. Lokhorst, H. H. T. Prins, and C. Leeuwis. 2013. “Illegal Hunting and Law Enforcement During a Period of Economic Decline in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Northern Gonarezhou National Park and Adjacent Areas.” Journal for Nature Conservation 21 (3):133–42. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2012.11.009.
  • Glaser, B. and A. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New Brunswick (U.S.A) and London: Aldintransaction a Division of Transaction Publishers.
  • Goyes, D. R. and N. South. 2017. “Green Criminology Before ‘Green Criminology’: Amnesia and Absences.” Critical Criminology 25 (2):165–81. doi:10.1007/s10612-017-9357-8.
  • Grasmick, H. G., R. J. Bursik, and J. K. Cochran. 1991. ““Render Unto Caesar What is Caesar’s”: Religiosity and Taxpayers’ Inclinations to Cheat.” The Sociological Quarterly 32(2):251–66. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00356.x.
  • Horton, P. and B. P. Horton. 2019. “Re-Defining Sustainability: Living in Harmony with Life on Earth.” One Earth 1(1):86–94. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.019.
  • INTERPOL (2014). Environmental Crime. Lyon, France: INTERPOL crime report.
  • Iran.Front.Page (2022). Migratory Birds Market Permanently Closed in Northern Iran. April 26th: https://ifpnews.com/migratory-birds-market-permanently-closed-in-northern-iran/.
  • Iran.Front.Page (2023). Omid Single Surviving West-Siberian Crane No Longer Alone. https://ifpnews.com/omid-single-surviving-west-siberian-crane-no-longer-alone/.
  • Jacoby, K. 2001. Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conswervation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Kavian, A. (2023). Dream Separated from Hope. http://fna.ir/1ut1vb. Accessed March 15 2023.
  • Kelley, M. S., M. Fukushima, A. L. Spivak, and D. Payne. 2009. “Deterrence Theory and the Role of Shame in Projected Offending of College Students Against a Ban on Alcohol.” Journal of Drug Education 39 (4):419–37. doi:10.2190/DE.39.4.e.
  • Kolbert, E. 2014. The Sixth Extinction. An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
  • Kurland, J., S. F. Pires, S. C. McFann, and W. D. Moreto. 2017. “Wildlife Crime: A Conceptual Integration, Literature Review, and Methodological Critique.” Crime Science 6 (1):4. doi:10.1186/s40163-017-0066-0.
  • Lemieux, A. M. and R. V. Clarke. 2009. “The International Ban on Ivory Sales and Its Effects on Elephant Poaching in Africa.” The British Journal of Criminology 49 (4):451–71. doi:10.1093/bjc/azp030.
  • Maher, J. and R. Sollund. 2016. “Law Enforcement of the Illegal Wildlife Trafficking: A Comparative Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis of the UK and Norway.” Journal of Trafficking, Organised Crime and Security 2 (1):82–99.
  • Mansoori, J. 2009. “The Avian Community of Five Iranian Wetlands, Miankaleh, Fereidoon-Kenar, Bujagh, Anzali and Lavandevil, in the South Caspian Lowlands.” Podoces 4 (1):44–59.
  • Mirande, C. 2023. “A Dream for Hope.” Quotefancy 15:1–3 .
  • Mir Mohamad Tabar, S. A. 2017. Sociological Explanation Environmental Crimes with an Emphasis on Market-Oriented Approaches (Case Study: Bird Hunting and Fishing in Iran). Mashhad, Iran: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
  • Mir Mohamad Tabar, S. A., M. Mazlom Khorasani, and M. Noghani. 2020. “Climate Change, General Strain and Illegal Fishing: An Empirical Test of Agnew’s Criminology of Climate Change Theory in Iran.” The Social Science Journal 1–16. doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1750843.
  • Mir Mohamad Tabar, S. A. and M. Noghani. 2019. “Unemployment and Crime in Developing Countries: A Meta-Analysis in Iran.” Crime, Law and Social Change 72 (3):327–38. doi:10.1007/s10611-019-09823-y.
  • Mir Mohamad Tabar, S. A., G. A. Petrossian, M. Mazlom Khorasani, and M. Noghani. 2021a. “Market Demand, Routine Activity, and Illegal Fishing: An Empirical Test of Routine Activity Theory in Iran.” Deviant Behavior 42(6):762–76. doi:10.1080/01639625.2021.1927885.
  • Mir Mohamad Tabar, S. A., G. A. Petrossian, M. Mazlom Khorasani, and M. Noghani. 2021b. “Market Demand, Routine Activity, and Illegal Fishing: An Empirical Test of Routine Activity Theory in Iran.” Deviant Behavior 42(6):1–15. doi:10.1080/01639625.2021.1927885.
  • Mir Mohamad Tabar, S. A., J. B. Rizzolo, M. Mazlom Khorasani, and M. Noghani. 2023. “Social Learning, Neutralization, and Environmental Crimes: An Empirical Test of Differential Association and Neutralization Theories in Iran.” Society & Natural Resources 36(2):149–69. doi:10.1080/08941920.2022.2139442.
  • Mirrasooli, E., R. Ghorbani, S. Gorgin, S. M. Aghilinejhad, and A. Jalali. 2019. “Factors Associated with Illegal Fishing and Fisher Attitudes Toward Sturgeon Conservation in the Southern Caspian Sea.” Marine Policy 100:107–15. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.028.
  • Moreto, W. D. 2018. Wildlife Crime: From Theory to Practice. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Nurse, A. and T. Wyatt. 2021. Wildlife Criminology. Bristol: Bristol University Press. doi:10.1332/policypress/9781529204346.001.0001.
  • OECD. 2012. Illegal Trade in Environmentally Sensitive Goods. Paris: OECD publishing.
  • Parchizadeh, J., J. Belant, and J. Sills. 2020. “Mass Mortality of Migratory Birds in Iran.” Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 367(6483):1203–04. doi:10.1126/science.abb4887.
  • Parchizadeh, J. and S. T. Williams. 2018. “Waterbirds Targeted in Iran’s Wetlands.” Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 359 (6378):877–78. doi:10.1126/science.aar8560.
  • Paternoster, R. 2010. “How Much Do We Really Know About Criminal Deterrence?” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 100 (3):765–824.
  • Payne, G. and J. Payne. 2004. Key Concepts in Social Research. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd. doi:10.4135/9781849209397.
  • Phelps, J. and E. L. Webb. 2015. ““Invisible” Wildlife Trades: Southeast Asia’s Undocumented Illegal Trade in Wild Ornamental Plants.” Biological Conservation 186:296–305. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.030.
  • Pires, S. and R. Clarke. 2011. “Are Parrots CRAVED? An Analysis of Parrot Poaching in Mexico.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 49(1):122–46. doi:10.1177/0022427810397950.
  • Pires, S. and G. A. Petrossian. 2016. “Understanding Parrot Trafficking Between Illicit Markets in Bolivia: An Application of the CRAVED Model.” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 40 (1):63–77. doi:10.1080/01924036.2015.1028951.
  • Reuter, P. 2004. The Organization of Illegal Markets: An Economic Analysis. Hillsboro: University Press of the Pacific.
  • Savage, C. 1963. “Wildfowling in Northern Iran.” Wildfowl 14:30–46.
  • Schneider, J. L. 2008. “Reducing the Illicit Trade in Endangered Wildlife: The Market Reduction Approach.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 24 (3):274–95. doi:10.1177/1043986208318226.
  • Slater, D. and F. Tonkiss. 2013. Market Society: Markets and Modern Social Theory. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Sollund, R. 2012. “Speciesism as Doxic Practice versus Valuing Difference and Plurality.” Pp. 85–109 in Eco-Global Crimes, edited by R. Sollund and R. Ellefsen. London: Routledge.
  • Sollund, R. 2019. The Crimes of Wildlife Trafficking: Issues of Justice, Legality and MoralityVol. 1. London & New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315550428-1.
  • Sosnowski, M. C. and G. A. Petrossian. 2020. “Luxury Fashion Wildlife Contraband in the USA.” EcoHealth 17(1):94–110. doi:10.1007/s10393-020-01467-y.
  • South, N. and T. Wyatt. 2011. “Comparing Illicit Trades in Wildlife and Drugs: An Exploratory Study.” Deviant Behavior 32 (6):538–61. doi:10.1080/01639625.2010.483162.
  • Stoddart, H. 2012. A Pocket Guide to Sustainable Development Governance. Brighton: Stakeholder Forum.
  • Sutton, M., J. Schneider, and S. Hetherington. 2001. “Tackling Theft with the Market Reduction Approach.” Pp. 1–4 in Crime Reduction Series, edited by Barry, W. Vol. 8. London: Home Office.
  • Sykes, G. M. and D. Matza. 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency.” American Sociological Review 22 (6):664–70. doi:10.2307/2089195.
  • Symes, W. S., F. L. McGrath, M. Rao, and L. R. Carrasco. 2018. “The Gravity of Wildlife Trade.” Biological Conservation 218:268–76. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.11.007.
  • Thiel, D. and N. South. 2022. “Criminal Ignorance, Environmental Harms and Processes of Denial”. Pp. 334–44. in Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies. in M. Gross and L. McGoeyedited by, Abingdon:Routledge.10.4324/9781003100607-37
  • UNEP. 2018. Conserving Iran and Iraq’s Wetlands. New York: United Nations. Access link (https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/conserving-iran-and-iraqs-wetlands).
  • van Swaaningen, R. 2021. Cultural Bias in International Criminology. Oxford University Press.
  • van Uhm, D. 2018. “Talking About Illegal Business: Approaching and Interviewing Poachers, Smugglers, and Traders.” Pp. 173–196 in Wildlife Crime: From Theory to Practice, edited by W. Moreto. Pennsylvania: Temple University Press.
  • van Uhm, D. and D. Siegel. 2016. “The Illegal Trade in Black Caviar.” Trends in Organized Crime 19 (1):67–87. doi:10.1007/s12117-016-9264-5.
  • van Uhm, D., N. South, and T. Wyatt. 2021. “Connections Between Trades and Trafficking in Wildlife and Drugs.” Trends in Organized Crime 24 (4):425–46. doi:10.1007/s12117-021-09416-z.
  • Walters, R. 2010. “Toxic Atmospheres Air Pollution, Trade and the Politics of Regulation.” Critical Criminology 18 (4):307–23. doi:10.1007/s10612-010-9119-3.
  • Warchol, G. L., L. L. Zupan, and W. Clack. 2003. “Transnational Criminality: An Analysis of the Illegal Wildlife Market in Southern Africa.” International Criminal Justice Review 13 (1):1–27. doi:10.1177/105756770301300101.
  • White, R. 2013. Transnational Environmental Crime. Oxon, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Wong, R. W. Y. 2015. “A Note on Fieldwork in ‘Dangerous’ Circumstances: Interviewing Illegal Tiger Skin Suppliers and Traders in Lhasa.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 18(6):695–702. doi:10.1080/13645579.2015.1020187.
  • Wyatt, T. 2009. “Exploring the Organization of Russia Far East’s Illegal Wildlife Trade: Two Case Studies of the Illegal Fur and Illegal Falcon Trades.” Global Crime 10 (1–2):144–54. doi:10.1080/17440570902783947.
  • Wyatt, T. 2011. “The Illegal Trade of Raptors in the Russian Federation.” Contemporary Justice Review 14 (2):103–23. doi:10.1080/10282580.2011.565969.
  • Wyatt, T. 2013. Wildlife Trafficking: A Deconstruction of the Crime, the Victims and the Offenders. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9781137269249.
  • Wyatt, T. 2014. “The Russian Far East’s Illegal Timber Trade: An Organized Crime? [Journal Article].” Crime, Law and Social Change 61 (1):15–35. doi:10.1007/s10611-013-9461-y.
  • Wyatt, T. 2016. “Victimless Venison? Deer Poaching and Black Market Meat in the UK.” Contemporary Justice Review 19 (2):188–200. doi:10.1080/10282580.2016.1169700.
  • Wyatt, T. 2022. Wildlife Trafficking: A Deconstruction of the Crime, Victims and Offenders. London: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83753-2.
  • Wyatt, Tanya and Avi Brisman. 2017. “The Role of Denial in the ‘Theft of Nature’: A Comparison of Biopiracy and Climate Change.” Critical Criminology: An International Journal 25 (3):325–41. doi:10.1007/s10612-016-9344-5.
  • Wyatt, T., K. Johnson, L. Hunter, R. George, and R. Gunter. 2018. “Corruption and Wildlife Trafficking: Three Case Studies Involving Asia.” Asian Journal of Criminology 13 (1):35–55. doi:10.1007/s11417-017-9255-8.
  • Zabyelina, Y. G. 2014. “The “Fishy” Business: A Qualitative Analysis of the Illicit Market in Black Caviar.” Trends in Organized Crime 17 (3):181–98. doi:10.1007/s12117-014-9214-z.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.