1,619
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

The Impact of a Pre-Vocational Program on Cognition, Symptoms, and Work Re-Integration in Schizophrenia

, , &
Pages 26-43 | Published online: 06 Feb 2009

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( , 4th Ed. ). Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Association .
  • Anthony , W. A. , & Liberman , R. P. ( 1986 ). The practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: Historical, conceptual, and research base . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 12 ( 4 ), 542 – 559 .
  • Bellack , A. S. , Gold , J. , & Buchanan , R. W. ( 1999 ). Cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenia: Problems, prospects, and strategies . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 ( 2 ), 257 – 274 .
  • Benedict , R. H. B. , & Zgaljardic , D. J. ( 1998 ). Practice effects during repeated administrations of memory tests with and without alternate forms . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 , 339 – 352 .
  • Bond , G. R. , Drake , R. E. , Becker , D. R. , & Mueser , K. T. ( 1999 ). Effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation approaches for employment of people with severe mental illness . Journal of Disability Policy Studies , 10 ( 1 ), 18 – 52 .
  • Bond , G. R. , Kim , H.-W. , Meyer , P. S. , Gibson , P. J. , Tunis , S. , Evans , J. D. , Lysaker , P. , McCoy , M. L. , Dinein , J. , & Xie , H. ( 2004 ). Response to vocational rehabilitation during treatment with first- or second-generation antipsychotics . Psychiatric Services , 55 , 59 – 66 .
  • Breier , A. , Malhotra , A. , Tung-Ping , S. U. , Pinals , D. , Elman , I. , Adler , C. , Todd Lafarge , J. , Clifton , A. , & Pickar , D. ( 1999 ). Clozapine and risperidone in chronic schizophrenia: Effects on symptoms, Parkinsonian side effects, and neuroendocrine response . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 , 294 – 298 .
  • Bryson , G. , Bell , M. D. , Kaplan , E. , & Greig , T. ( 1998 ). The functional consequences of memory impairments on initial work performance in people with schizophrenia . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 186 ( 10 ), 610 – 615 .
  • Bustillo , J. R. , Lauriello , J. , & Keith , S. J. ( 1999 ). Schizophrenia: Improving outcome . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 6 ( 5 ), 229 – 240 .
  • Conners , C. K. ( 1992 ). Multi-health systems staff. Conners' Continuous Performance Test Computer Program 3.0 user's manual . North York , Ontario , Canada : Multi-Health Systems Inc .
  • Cook , J. A. , & Razzano , L. ( 2000 ). Vocational rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia: Recent research and implications for practice . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 26 ( 1 ), 87 – 103 .
  • Drake , R. E. , Becker , D. R. , Biesanz , J. C. , Torrey , W. C. , McHugo , G. J. , & Wysik , P. F. ( 1994 ). Rehabilitative day treatment vs. supported employment: I. Vocational outcomes . Community Mental Health Journal , 30 ( 5 ), 519 – 532 .
  • Drake , R. E. , Becker , D. R. , & Mueser , K. T. ( 1999 ). Effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation approaches for employment of people with severe mental illness . Journal of Disability Policy Studies , 10 ( 1 ), 18 – 52 .
  • Emsley , R. A. , Raniwalla , J. , Bailey , P. J. , & Jones , A. M. ( 2000 ). A comparison of the effects of quetiapine (‘Seroquel’) and haldoperidol in schizophrenic patients with a history of and a demonstrated partial response to conventional antipsychotic treatment . International Clinical Psychopharmacology , 15 , 121 – 131 .
  • Furlong , M. , McCoy , M. L. , Dincin , J. , McClory , K. , & Pavick , D. ( 2002 ). Jobs for people with the most severe psychiatric disorders: Thresholds Bridge North pilot . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 26 ( 1 ), 13 – 22 .
  • Gewurtz , R. , Kirsh , B. , Jacobson , N. , & Rappolt , S. (2006). The influence of mental illnesses on work potential and career development. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , 25(2), 207–220.
  • Green , M. F. , Kern , R. S. , Braff , D. L. , & Mintz , J. ( 2000 ). Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophrenia Bulletin , 26 ( 1 ), 119 – 136 .
  • Heaton , R. K. H., Chelune , G. J. , Talley , J. T. , Kay , G. G. , & Curtis , G. ( 1993 ). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual . San Antonio , TX : Psychological Assessment Resources Inc .
  • Kay , S. R. , Fisbein , A. , & Opler , L. A. ( 1987 ). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 13 ( 2 ), 261 – 276 .
  • Kirsh , B. , Cockburn , L. , & Gewurtz , R. ( 2005 ). Best practice in occupational therapy: Program characteristics that influence program outcomes for people with serious mental illnesses . The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy , 72 ( 5 ), 265 – 279 .
  • Kirsh , B. , Krupa , T. , Cockburn , L. , & Gewurtz , R. ( 2006 ). Work initiatives for persons with severe mental illnesses in Canada: A decade of development . Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , 25 ( 2 ), 173 – 191 .
  • Lee , M. A. , Thompson , P. A. , & Metzer , H. Y. ( 1994 ). Effects of clozapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 55 ( Suppl. B ), 82 – 87 .
  • Lehman , A. F. ( 1999 ). Improving treatment for persons with schizophrenia . Psychiatric Quarterly , 70 ( 4 ), 259 – 268 .
  • Lehman , A. F. ( 1995 ). Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 21 ( 4 ), 645 – 656 .
  • Lehman , A. F. , & Steinwachs , D. M. ( 1998 ). The Co-Investigators of the PORT Project. At issue: Translating research into practice: The schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 24 ( 1 ), 1 – 10 .
  • Lehman , F. L. , Kreyenbuhl , R. W. , Buchanan , F. B. , Dixon , L. B. , Goldberg , R. , Green-Paden , L. D. , Tenhula , W. N. , Boerescu , D. , Tek , C. , Sandson , N. & Steinwachs , D. M. ( 2004 ). The schizophrenia patient outcomes research team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2003 . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 30 ( 2 ), 193 – 217 .
  • Lysaker , P. , Bell , M. , & Beam-Goulet , J. ( 1995 ). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Work Performance in Schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 56 , 45 – 51 .
  • Lysaker , P. , & Bell , M. ( 1995 ). Negative symptoms and vocational impairment in schizophrenia: Repeated measurements of work performance over six months . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 91 , 205 – 208 .
  • Marneros , A. , Deister , A. , & Rohde , A. ( 1992 ). Comparison of long-term outcome of schizophrenic, affective and schizoaffective disorders . British Journal of Psychiatry , 161 ( suppl. 18 ), 44 – 51 .
  • Martinez-Aran , A. , Penades , R. , Colom , F. , Reinares , M. , Benaberre , A. , Salamero , M. , Gasco , C. ( 2002 ). Executive functioning in patients with remitted bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and its relationship with functional outcomes . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 71 , 39 – 46 .
  • Massel , H. K. , Liberman , R. P. , Mintz , J. , Jacobs , H. E. , Rush , T. V. , et al. ( 1990 ). Evaluating the capacity to work of the mentally ill . Psychiatry , 53 , 31 – 43 .
  • McGurk , S. R. (2000). Neurocognition as a determinant of employment status in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Practice , 6(4), 190–196.
  • McGurk , S. R. , & Meltzer , H. Y. ( 2000 ). The role of cognition in vocational functioning in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 45 , 175 – 184 .
  • McGurk , S. R. , Mueser , K. T. , Feldman , K. , Wolfe , R. , & Pascaris , A. ( 2007 ). Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 ( 3 ), 437 – 441 .
  • Meltzer , H. Y. , & McGurk , S. R. ( 1999 ). The effects of Clozapine, Risperidone, and Olanapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 ( 2 ), 233 – 255 .
  • Meyer , P. S. , Bond , G. R. , Tunnis , S. L. , & McCoy , M. L. ( 2002 ). Comparison between the effects of atypical and traditional anti-psychotics on work status for clients in a psychiatric rehabilitation program . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 63 ( 2 ), 108 – 116 .
  • Mitrushina , M. N. , Boone , K. B. , & D'Elia , L. F. ( 1999 ). Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Mowbray , C. T. , Bybee , D. , Harris , S. N. , & McCrohan , N. ( 1995 ). Predictors of work status and future work orientation in people with a psychiatric disability . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 19 ( 2 ), 17 – 28 .
  • Mulkein , V. M. , & Maderscheid , R. W. ( 1989 ). Characteristics of community support program clients in 1980 and 1984 . Hospital & Community Psychiatry , 40 ( 21 ), 165 – 172 .
  • Noordsy , D. L. , & O'Keefe , C. ( 1999 ). Effectiveness of combining atypical antipsychotics and psychosocial rehabilitation in a community mental health center setting . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 60 ( suppl. 19 ), 47 – 53 .
  • Norman , R. M. G. , Malla , A. K. , Cortese , L. , Cheng , S. , Diaz , K. , McIntosh , E. , McLean , T. S. , Rickwood , A. & Voruganti , L. P. ( 1999 ). Symptoms and cognition as predictors of community functioning: A prospective analysis . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 ( 3 ), 400 – 405 .
  • Palmer , B. W. , Heaton , R. K. , Paulsen , J. S. , Kuck , J. , Braff , D. , & Harris , M. J. ( 1997 ). Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal? Neuropsychology , 11 ( 3 ), 437 – 446 .
  • Pépin , M. , & Loranger , M. ( 2006 ). Les logiciels RÉÉDUC: Logiciels d'entraînement cognitif (version 5.0) [Computer software]. Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada: Le réseau Psychotech .
  • Perlick , D. , Mattis , S. , Stastny , P. , & Teresi , J. ( 1992 ). Neuropsychological discriminators of long-term in-patients or outpatients status in chronic schizophrenia . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 4 ( 4 ), 428 – 434 .
  • Purdon , S. E. , Jones , B. D. W. , Stip , E. , Labelle , A. , Addington , D. , David , S. R. , Breier , A. & Tollefson , G. D. for The Canadian Collaborative Group for Research on Cognition in Schizophrenia. ( 2000 ). Neuropsychological change in early phase schizophrenia during 12 months of treatment with Olanzapine, Risperidone, or Haloperidol . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 , 249 – 258 .
  • Reitan , R. M. , & Wolfson , D. ( 1985 ). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery . Tucson , AZ : Neuropsychology Laboratory .
  • Rey , A. ( 1964 ). L'Examen Clinique en Psychologie . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
  • Rollins , A. L. , Mueser , K. T. , Bond , G. R. , & Becker , D. R. (2002). Social relationships at work: Does the employment model make a difference? Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 26(1), 51–61.
  • Sandford , J. A. ( 1989 ). Captain's log cognitive training software. Cognitive Training System BrainTrain. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from Braintrain Website: http://www.braintrain.com
  • Schretlen , D. , Jayaram , G. , Maki , P. , DiCarlo , M. , Park , K. , & Abebe , S. ( 2000 ). Demographic, clinical, and neurocognitive correlates of everyday functional impairment in severe mental illness . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 ( 1 ), 134 – 138 .
  • Siegel , S. ( 1956 ). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : McGraw-Hill .
  • Sirkin , R. M. ( 1999 ). Statistics for the social sciences ( , 2nd ed. ). London : Sage .
  • Smith , T. E. , Hull , J. W. , Goodman , M. , Hedayat-Harris , A. , Willson , D. F. , Israel , L. M. , & Munich , R. L. ( 1999 ). The relative influences of symptoms, insight, and neurocognition on social adjustment in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 187 , 102 – 108 .
  • Spaulding , W. D. , Fleming , S. K. , Reed , D. , Sullivan , M. , Storzbach , D. , & Lam , M. ( 1999 ). Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: Implications for psychiatric rehabilitation . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 ( 2 ), 275 – 289 .
  • Spreen , O. , & Benton , A. L. ( 1977 ). Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia (NCCEA) . British-Columbia , Canada : University of Victoria Neuropsychology Laboratory .
  • Stip , E. , Lussier , I. , Ngan , E. , Mendrek , A. , & Liddle , P. ( 1999 ). Discriminant cognitive factors in responder and non-responder patients with schizophrenia . European Psychiatry , 14 , 442 – 450 .
  • Suslow , T. , Schonauer , K. , & Arolt , V. ( 2001 ). Attention training in the cognitive rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients: A review of efficacy studies . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 103 , 15 – 23 .
  • Townsend , L. A. , Malla , A. K. , & Norman , R. M. G. ( 2001 ). Cognitive functioning in stabilized first-episode psychosis patients . Psychiatry Research , 104 , 119 – 131 .
  • Tran , P. V. , Hamilton , S. H. , Kuntz , A. J. , Potvin , J. H. , Anderson , S. W. , Beasly , C. , & Tollefson , G. D. ( 1997 ). Double blind comparison of Olanzepine versus Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 17 , 407 – 418 .
  • Twamley , E. W. , Doshi , R. R. , Nayak , G. V. , Palmer , B. W. , Golshan , S. , Heaton , R. K. , Patterson , T. L. , & Jeste , D. V. ( 2002 ). Generalized cognitive impairments, everyday functioning ability, and living independence in patients with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 , 2013 – 2020 .
  • Twamley , E. W. , Jeste , D. V. , & Bellack , A. S. ( 2003 ). A review of cognitive training in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 29 ( 2 ), 359 – 382 .
  • Vauth , R. , Corrigan , P. W. , Clauss , M. , Dietl , M. , Dreher-Rudolph , M. , Rolf-Dieter , S. , & Vater , R. ( 2005 ). Cognitive strategies versus self-management skills as an adjunct to vocational rehabilitation . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 31 ( 1 ), 55 – 66 .
  • Velligan , D. I. , & Bow-Thomas , C. C. ( 1999 ). Executive function in schizophrenia . Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 4 ( 1 ), 24 – 33 .
  • Wechsler , D. ( 1981 ). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—revised . New York : Psychological Corporation .
  • Working Group for the Canadian Psychiatric Association and The Canadian Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia. (1998). Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 43 (suppl. 2) revised, 25s–40s.
  • Wykes , T. , & van der Gaag , M. ( 2001 ). Is it time to develop a new cognitive therapy for psychosis: Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT)? Clinical Psychology Review , 21 ( 8 ), 1227 – 1256 .
  • Funds for this study were provided by bursaries for graduate students from the “Faculté des Études Graduées et l'École de réadaptation de la Faculté de Médecine de l'Université de Montréal” and by the research division of the psychiatry department of the Jewish General Hospital-Sir Mortimer B. Davis, Montreal, Canada.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.