The Impact of a Pre-Vocational Program on Cognition, Symptoms, and Work Re-Integration in Schizophrenia

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( , 4th Ed. ). Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Anthony , W. A. , & Liberman , R. P. ( 1986 ). The practice of psychiatric rehabilitation: Historical, conceptual, and research base . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 12 ( 4 ), 542 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellack , A. S. , Gold , J. , & Buchanan , R. W. ( 1999 ). Cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenia: Problems, prospects, and strategies . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 ( 2 ), 257 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. H. B. , & Zgaljardic , D. J. ( 1998 ). Practice effects during repeated administrations of memory tests with and without alternate forms . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 20 , 339 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , G. R. , Drake , R. E. , Becker , D. R. , & Mueser , K. T. ( 1999 ). Effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation approaches for employment of people with severe mental illness . Journal of Disability Policy Studies , 10 ( 1 ), 18 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , G. R. , Kim , H.-W. , Meyer , P. S. , Gibson , P. J. , Tunis , S. , Evans , J. D. , Lysaker , P. , McCoy , M. L. , Dinein , J. , & Xie , H. ( 2004 ). Response to vocational rehabilitation during treatment with first- or second-generation antipsychotics . Psychiatric Services , 55 , 59 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breier , A. , Malhotra , A. , Tung-Ping , S. U. , Pinals , D. , Elman , I. , Adler , C. , Todd Lafarge , J. , Clifton , A. , & Pickar , D. ( 1999 ). Clozapine and risperidone in chronic schizophrenia: Effects on symptoms, Parkinsonian side effects, and neuroendocrine response . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 , 294 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryson , G. , Bell , M. D. , Kaplan , E. , & Greig , T. ( 1998 ). The functional consequences of memory impairments on initial work performance in people with schizophrenia . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 186 ( 10 ), 610 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustillo , J. R. , Lauriello , J. , & Keith , S. J. ( 1999 ). Schizophrenia: Improving outcome . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 6 ( 5 ), 229 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners , C. K. ( 1992 ). Multi-health systems staff. Conners' Continuous Performance Test Computer Program 3.0 user's manual . North York , Ontario , Canada : Multi-Health Systems Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , J. A. , & Razzano , L. ( 2000 ). Vocational rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia: Recent research and implications for practice . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 26 ( 1 ), 87 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , R. E. , Becker , D. R. , Biesanz , J. C. , Torrey , W. C. , McHugo , G. J. , & Wysik , P. F. ( 1994 ). Rehabilitative day treatment vs. supported employment: I. Vocational outcomes . Community Mental Health Journal , 30 ( 5 ), 519 – 532 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drake , R. E. , Becker , D. R. , & Mueser , K. T. ( 1999 ). Effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation approaches for employment of people with severe mental illness . Journal of Disability Policy Studies , 10 ( 1 ), 18 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Emsley , R. A. , Raniwalla , J. , Bailey , P. J. , & Jones , A. M. ( 2000 ). A comparison of the effects of quetiapine (‘Seroquel’) and haldoperidol in schizophrenic patients with a history of and a demonstrated partial response to conventional antipsychotic treatment . International Clinical Psychopharmacology , 15 , 121 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlong , M. , McCoy , M. L. , Dincin , J. , McClory , K. , & Pavick , D. ( 2002 ). Jobs for people with the most severe psychiatric disorders: Thresholds Bridge North pilot . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 26 ( 1 ), 13 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gewurtz , R. , Kirsh , B. , Jacobson , N. , & Rappolt , S. (2006). The influence of mental illnesses on work potential and career development. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , 25(2), 207–220.
   Google Scholar
• Green , M. F. , Kern , R. S. , Braff , D. L. , & Mintz , J. ( 2000 ). Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophrenia Bulletin , 26 ( 1 ), 119 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. H., Chelune , G. J. , Talley , J. T. , Kay , G. G. , & Curtis , G. ( 1993 ). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual . San Antonio , TX : Psychological Assessment Resources Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , S. R. , Fisbein , A. , & Opler , L. A. ( 1987 ). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 13 ( 2 ), 261 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsh , B. , Cockburn , L. , & Gewurtz , R. ( 2005 ). Best practice in occupational therapy: Program characteristics that influence program outcomes for people with serious mental illnesses . The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy , 72 ( 5 ), 265 – 279 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirsh , B. , Krupa , T. , Cockburn , L. , & Gewurtz , R. ( 2006 ). Work initiatives for persons with severe mental illnesses in Canada: A decade of development . Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , 25 ( 2 ), 173 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. A. , Thompson , P. A. , & Metzer , H. Y. ( 1994 ). Effects of clozapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 55 ( Suppl. B ), 82 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman , A. F. ( 1999 ). Improving treatment for persons with schizophrenia . Psychiatric Quarterly , 70 ( 4 ), 259 – 268 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehman , A. F. ( 1995 ). Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 21 ( 4 ), 645 – 656 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehman , A. F. , & Steinwachs , D. M. ( 1998 ). The Co-Investigators of the PORT Project. At issue: Translating research into practice: The schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 24 ( 1 ), 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman , F. L. , Kreyenbuhl , R. W. , Buchanan , F. B. , Dixon , L. B. , Goldberg , R. , Green-Paden , L. D. , Tenhula , W. N. , Boerescu , D. , Tek , C. , Sandson , N. & Steinwachs , D. M. ( 2004 ). The schizophrenia patient outcomes research team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2003 . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 30 ( 2 ), 193 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lysaker , P. , Bell , M. , & Beam-Goulet , J. ( 1995 ). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Work Performance in Schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 56 , 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Lysaker , P. , & Bell , M. ( 1995 ). Negative symptoms and vocational impairment in schizophrenia: Repeated measurements of work performance over six months . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 91 , 205 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marneros , A. , Deister , A. , & Rohde , A. ( 1992 ). Comparison of long-term outcome of schizophrenic, affective and schizoaffective disorders . British Journal of Psychiatry , 161 ( suppl. 18 ), 44 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez-Aran , A. , Penades , R. , Colom , F. , Reinares , M. , Benaberre , A. , Salamero , M. , Gasco , C. ( 2002 ). Executive functioning in patients with remitted bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and its relationship with functional outcomes . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 71 , 39 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massel , H. K. , Liberman , R. P. , Mintz , J. , Jacobs , H. E. , Rush , T. V. , et al. ( 1990 ). Evaluating the capacity to work of the mentally ill . Psychiatry , 53 , 31 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGurk , S. R. (2000). Neurocognition as a determinant of employment status in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Practice , 6(4), 190–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGurk , S. R. , & Meltzer , H. Y. ( 2000 ). The role of cognition in vocational functioning in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 45 , 175 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGurk , S. R. , Mueser , K. T. , Feldman , K. , Wolfe , R. , & Pascaris , A. ( 2007 ). Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 ( 3 ), 437 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer , H. Y. , & McGurk , S. R. ( 1999 ). The effects of Clozapine, Risperidone, and Olanapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 ( 2 ), 233 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , P. S. , Bond , G. R. , Tunnis , S. L. , & McCoy , M. L. ( 2002 ). Comparison between the effects of atypical and traditional anti-psychotics on work status for clients in a psychiatric rehabilitation program . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 63 ( 2 ), 108 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitrushina , M. N. , Boone , K. B. , & D'Elia , L. F. ( 1999 ). Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mowbray , C. T. , Bybee , D. , Harris , S. N. , & McCrohan , N. ( 1995 ). Predictors of work status and future work orientation in people with a psychiatric disability . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 19 ( 2 ), 17 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulkein , V. M. , & Maderscheid , R. W. ( 1989 ). Characteristics of community support program clients in 1980 and 1984 . Hospital & Community Psychiatry , 40 ( 21 ), 165 – 172 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noordsy , D. L. , & O'Keefe , C. ( 1999 ). Effectiveness of combining atypical antipsychotics and psychosocial rehabilitation in a community mental health center setting . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 60 ( suppl. 19 ), 47 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , R. M. G. , Malla , A. K. , Cortese , L. , Cheng , S. , Diaz , K. , McIntosh , E. , McLean , T. S. , Rickwood , A. & Voruganti , L. P. ( 1999 ). Symptoms and cognition as predictors of community functioning: A prospective analysis . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 ( 3 ), 400 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , B. W. , Heaton , R. K. , Paulsen , J. S. , Kuck , J. , Braff , D. , & Harris , M. J. ( 1997 ). Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal? Neuropsychology , 11 ( 3 ), 437 – 446 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pépin , M. , & Loranger , M. ( 2006 ). Les logiciels RÉÉDUC: Logiciels d'entraînement cognitif (version 5.0) [Computer software]. Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada: Le réseau Psychotech .
   Google Scholar
• Perlick , D. , Mattis , S. , Stastny , P. , & Teresi , J. ( 1992 ). Neuropsychological discriminators of long-term in-patients or outpatients status in chronic schizophrenia . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 4 ( 4 ), 428 – 434 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purdon , S. E. , Jones , B. D. W. , Stip , E. , Labelle , A. , Addington , D. , David , S. R. , Breier , A. & Tollefson , G. D. for The Canadian Collaborative Group for Research on Cognition in Schizophrenia. ( 2000 ). Neuropsychological change in early phase schizophrenia during 12 months of treatment with Olanzapine, Risperidone, or Haloperidol . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 , 249 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. , & Wolfson , D. ( 1985 ). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery . Tucson , AZ : Neuropsychology Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Rey , A. ( 1964 ). L'Examen Clinique en Psychologie . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
   Google Scholar
• Rollins , A. L. , Mueser , K. T. , Bond , G. R. , & Becker , D. R. (2002). Social relationships at work: Does the employment model make a difference? Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 26(1), 51–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandford , J. A. ( 1989 ). Captain's log cognitive training software. Cognitive Training System BrainTrain. Retrieved November 10, 2007, from Braintrain Website: http://www.braintrain.com
   Google Scholar
• Schretlen , D. , Jayaram , G. , Maki , P. , DiCarlo , M. , Park , K. , & Abebe , S. ( 2000 ). Demographic, clinical, and neurocognitive correlates of everyday functional impairment in severe mental illness . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 ( 1 ), 134 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , S. ( 1956 ). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Sirkin , R. M. ( 1999 ). Statistics for the social sciences ( , 2nd ed. ). London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , T. E. , Hull , J. W. , Goodman , M. , Hedayat-Harris , A. , Willson , D. F. , Israel , L. M. , & Munich , R. L. ( 1999 ). The relative influences of symptoms, insight, and neurocognition on social adjustment in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 187 , 102 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaulding , W. D. , Fleming , S. K. , Reed , D. , Sullivan , M. , Storzbach , D. , & Lam , M. ( 1999 ). Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: Implications for psychiatric rehabilitation . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 25 ( 2 ), 275 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. , & Benton , A. L. ( 1977 ). Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia (NCCEA) . British-Columbia , Canada : University of Victoria Neuropsychology Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Stip , E. , Lussier , I. , Ngan , E. , Mendrek , A. , & Liddle , P. ( 1999 ). Discriminant cognitive factors in responder and non-responder patients with schizophrenia . European Psychiatry , 14 , 442 – 450 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suslow , T. , Schonauer , K. , & Arolt , V. ( 2001 ). Attention training in the cognitive rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients: A review of efficacy studies . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 103 , 15 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend , L. A. , Malla , A. K. , & Norman , R. M. G. ( 2001 ). Cognitive functioning in stabilized first-episode psychosis patients . Psychiatry Research , 104 , 119 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran , P. V. , Hamilton , S. H. , Kuntz , A. J. , Potvin , J. H. , Anderson , S. W. , Beasly , C. , & Tollefson , G. D. ( 1997 ). Double blind comparison of Olanzepine versus Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 17 , 407 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twamley , E. W. , Doshi , R. R. , Nayak , G. V. , Palmer , B. W. , Golshan , S. , Heaton , R. K. , Patterson , T. L. , & Jeste , D. V. ( 2002 ). Generalized cognitive impairments, everyday functioning ability, and living independence in patients with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 , 2013 – 2020 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twamley , E. W. , Jeste , D. V. , & Bellack , A. S. ( 2003 ). A review of cognitive training in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 29 ( 2 ), 359 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vauth , R. , Corrigan , P. W. , Clauss , M. , Dietl , M. , Dreher-Rudolph , M. , Rolf-Dieter , S. , & Vater , R. ( 2005 ). Cognitive strategies versus self-management skills as an adjunct to vocational rehabilitation . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 31 ( 1 ), 55 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velligan , D. I. , & Bow-Thomas , C. C. ( 1999 ). Executive function in schizophrenia . Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 4 ( 1 ), 24 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1981 ). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—revised . New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Working Group for the Canadian Psychiatric Association and The Canadian Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia. (1998). Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 43 (suppl. 2) revised, 25s–40s.
   Google Scholar
• Wykes , T. , & van der Gaag , M. ( 2001 ). Is it time to develop a new cognitive therapy for psychosis: Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT)? Clinical Psychology Review , 21 ( 8 ), 1227 – 1256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funds for this study were provided by bursaries for graduate students from the “Faculté des Études Graduées et l'École de réadaptation de la Faculté de Médecine de l'Université de Montréal” and by the research division of the psychiatry department of the Jewish General Hospital-Sir Mortimer B. Davis, Montreal, Canada.
   Google Scholar