New records of the Lyme disease bacterium in ticks collected from songbirds in central and eastern Canada

References

• Adrion ER, Aucott J, Lemke KW, Weiner JP. 2015. Health care costs, utilization and patterns of health care costs following Lyme disease. PLoS One 10:e0116767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JF. 1988. Mammalian and avian reservoirs for Borrelia burgdorferi. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 539:180–191. doi:10.1111/nyas.1988.539.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JF, Johnson RC, Magnarelli LA, Hyde FW. 1986. Involvement of birds in the epidemiology of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi. Infection and Immunity 51:394–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA. 1980. Vertebrate host relationships and distribution of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Connecticut, USA. Journal of Medical Entomology 17:314–323. doi:10.1093/jmedent/17.4.314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA. 1984. Avian and mammalian hosts for spirochete-infected ticks and insects in a Lyme disease focus in Connecticut. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 57:627–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA, Stafford III. KC. 1990. Bird-feeding ticks transstadially transmit Borrelia burgdorferi that infect Syrian hamsters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26:1–10. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-26.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee SN, Banerjee M, Fernando K, Dong MY, Smith JA, Cook D. 1995. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete from rabbit ticks, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris from Alberta. Journal of Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Diseases 2:23–24.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson A. 1976. Clinical Pathology of the Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 133:696–704. doi:10.1093/infdis/133.6.696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgdorfer W, Barbour AG, Hayes SF, Benach JL, Grunwaldt E, Davis JP. 1982. Lyme disease—a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216:1317–1319. doi:10.1126/science.7043737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron DJ, Johnson LB, Maloney EL. 2014. Evidence assessments and guideline recommendations in Lyme disease: the clinical management of known tick bites, erythema migrans rashes and persistent disease. Expert Reviews Anti Infection Therapeutics 12:1103–1135. doi:10.1586/14787210.2014.940900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford CM, Anastos G, Elbl A. 1961. The larval ixodid ticks of the eastern United States. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 2:213–237.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan MC, Lacombe EH, Piesman J. 2000. Vector competence of Ixodes muris (Acari: ixodidae) for Borrelia burgdorferi. Journal of Medical Entomology 37:766–768. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-37.5.766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorward DW, Fischer ER, Brooks DM. 1997. Invasion and cytopathic killing of human lymphocytes by spirochetes causing Lyme disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases 25:52–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durden LA, Keirans JE. 1996. Nymphs of the genus Ixodes (Acari: ixodidae) of the United States: taxonomy, identification key, distribution, hosts, and medical/veterinary importance. Lanham (MD): Monographs, Thomas Say Publications in Entomology. Entomological Society of America.
   Google Scholar
• Durden LA, Oliver Jr. JH, Kinsey AA. 2001. Ticks (Acari: ixodidae) and spirochetes (Spirochaetaceae: Spirochaetales) recovered from birds on a Georgia barrier island. Journal of Medical Entomology 38:231–236. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-38.2.231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durovska J, Bazovska S, Ondrisova M, Pancak J. 2010. Our experience with examination of antibodies against antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with suspected Lyme disease. Bratisl Lek Listy 111:153–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Embers ME, Hasenkampf NR, Jacobs MB, Philipp MT. 2012. Dynamic longitudinal antibody responses during Borrelia burgdorferi infection and antibiotic treatment of rhesus macaques. Clinical Vaccine Immunology 19:1218–1226. doi:10.1128/CVI.00228-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fein L, Tilton RC. 1997. Bone marrow as a source of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA. Journal of Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Diseases 4:58–60.
   Google Scholar
• Frey M, Jaulhac B, Piemont Y, Marcellin L, Boohs P-M, Vautravers P, Jesel M, Kuntz J-L, Monteil H, Sibilia J. 1998. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in muscle of patients with chronic myalgia related to Lyme disease. The American Journal of Medicine 104:591–594. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00112-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson JD. 1956. The ixodoidea of Canada. Science Service, Entomology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture; p. 92. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Publication 930.
   Google Scholar
• Hamer SA, Goldberg TL, Kitron UD, Brawn JD, Anderson TK, Loss SR, Walker ED, Hamer GL. 2012. Wild birds and urban ecology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2005–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18:1589–1595. doi:10.3201/eid1810.120511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer SA, Hickling GJ, Sidge JL, Rosen ME, Walker ED, Tsao JI. 2011. Diverse Borrelia burgdorferi strains in a bird-tick cryptic cycle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77:1999–2007. doi:10.1128/AEM.02479-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastey CJ, Elsner RA, Barthold SW, Baumgarth N. 2012. Delays and diversions mark the development of B cell responses to Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 188:5612–5622. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1103735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häupl T, Hahn G, Rittig M, Krause A, Schoerner C, Schönherr U, Kalden JR, Burmester GR. 1993. Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in ligamentous tissue from a patient with chronic Lyme borreliosis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 36:1621–1626. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1529-0131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodzic E, Imai D, Feng S, Barthold SW. 2014. Resurgence of persisting non-cultivable Borrelia burgdorferi following antibiotic treatment in mice. PLoS One 9:e86907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyland KE, Bernier J, Markowski D, MacLachlan A, Amr Z, Pitocchelli J, Myers J, Hu R. 2000. Records of ticks (Acari: ixodidae) parasitizing birds (Aves) in Rhode Island, USA. International Journal of Acarology 26:183–192. doi:10.1080/01647950008684185
   Google Scholar
• Keirans JE, Durden LA. 1998. Illustrated key to nymphs of the tick genus Amblyomma (Acari: ixodidae) found in the United States. Journal of Medical Entomology 35:489–495. doi:10.1093/jmedent/35.4.489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klempner MS, Noring R, Rogers RA. 1993. Invasion of human skin fibroblasts by the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 167:1074–1081. doi:10.1093/infdis/167.5.1074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraiczy P, Skerka C, Kirschfink M, Brade V, Zipfel PF. 2001. Immune evasion of Borrelia burgdorferi by acquisition of human complement regulators FHL-1/reconectin and Factor H. European Journal of Immunology 31:1674–1684. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, McHugh GA, Damle N, Sikand VK, Glickstein L, Steere A. 2011. Burden and viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in skin and joints of patients with erythema migrans or Lyme arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 63:2238–2247. doi:10.1002/art.30384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liegner KB, Duray P, Agricola M, Rosenkilde C, Yannuzzi LA, Ziska M, Tilton RC, Hulinska D, Hubbard J, Fallon BA. 1997. Lyme disease and the clinical spectrum of antibiotic responsive chronic meningoencephalomyelitides. Journal Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Diseases 4:61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Sturrock A, Weis JJ. 1991. Intracellular localization of Borrelia burgdorferi within human endothelial cells. Infection and Immunity 59:671–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald AB. 2007. Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes. Medical Hypotheses 68:822–825. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.08.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meriläinen L, Herranen A, Schwarzbach A, Gilbert L. 2015. Morphological and biochemical features of Borrelia burgdorferi pleomorphic forms. Microbiology 161:516–527. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middelveen MJ, Burke J, Sapi E, Bandoski C, Filush KR, Wang Y, Franco A, Timmaraju A, Schlinger HA, Mayne PJ, et al. 2015. Culture and identification of Borrelia spirochetes in human vaginal and seminal secretions. F1000Research 3:309. doi:10.12688/f1000research.5778.2
   Google Scholar
• Middelveen MJ, McClain SA, Bandoski C, Israel JR, Burke J, MacDonald AB, Timmaraju A, Sapi E, Wang Y, Franco A, et al. 2014. Granulomatous hepatitis associated with chronic Borrelia burgdorferi infection: a case report. Research 1:875. doi:10.13070/rs.en.1.875
   Google Scholar
• Miklossy J. 2011. Alzheimer’s disease — a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria. Journal of Neuroinflammation 8:90. Available from: http://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/8/90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morshed MG, Scott JD, Fernando K, Beati L, Mazerolle DF, Geddes G, Durden LA. 2005. Migratory songbirds disperse ticks across Canada, and first isolation of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, from the avian tick, Ixodes auritulus. Journal of Parasitology 91:780–790. doi:10.1645/GE-3437.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morshed MG, Scott JD, Fernando K, Geddes G, McNabb A, Mak S, Durden LA. 2006. Distribution and characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi isolates from Ixodes scapularis and presence in mammalian hosts in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology 43:762–773. doi:10.1093/jmedent/43.4.762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller KE. 2012. Damage of collagen and elastic fibres by Borrelia burgdorferi — known and new clinical and histopathological aspects. The Open Neurology Journal 6:179–186. doi:10.2174/1874205X01206010179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Hanincova K, Barker IK, Bigras-Poulin M, Charron DF, Heagy A, Francis CM, O’Callaghan CJ, Schwartz I, et al. 2008. Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74:1780–1790. doi:10.1128/AEM.01982-07 [Erratum: 2008. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 3919].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksi J, Kalimo H, Marttila RJ, Marjamaki M, Sonninen P, Nikoskelainen J, Viljanen MK. 1996. Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme borreliosis: a report on three patients and review of literature. Brain 119:2143–2154. doi:10.1093/brain/119.6.2143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksi J, Mertsola J, Reunanen M, Marjamaki M, Viljanen M. 1994. Subacute multiple-site osteomyelitis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Clinical Infectious Diseases 19:891–896. doi:10.1093/clinids/19.5.891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver JH, Jr., Lin T, Gao L, Clark KL, Banks CW, Durden LA, James AM, and Chandler FW. 2003. An enzootic transmission cycle of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the southeastern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:11642–11645. doi:10.1073/pnas.1434553100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persing DH, Telford III SR, Spielman A, Barthold SW. 1990a. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Ixodes dammini ticks with the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:566–572. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1969867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persing DH, Telford SR, Rys PN, Dodge DE, White TJ, Malawista SE, Spielman A. 1990b. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in museum specimens of Ixodes dammini ticks. Science 249:1420–1423. doi:10.1126/science.2402635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preac-Mursic V, Pfister HW, Spiegel H, Burk R, Wilske B, Reinhardt S, Böhmer R. 1993. First isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from an iris biopsy. Journal of Clinical Neuroophthalmology 13:155–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Priem S, Burmester GR, Kamradt T, Wolbart K, Rittig MG, Krause A. 1998. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by polymerase chain reaction in synovial membrane, but not in synovial fluid from patients with persisting Lyme arthritis after antibiotic therapy. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 57:118–121. doi:10.1136/ard.57.2.118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh G, Borda JT, Dufour J, Kaushal D, Ramamoorthy R, Lackner AA, Philipp MT. 2008. Interaction of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi with brain parenchyma elicits inflammatory mediators from glial cells as well as glial and neuronal apoptosis. The American Journal of Pathology 173:1415–1427. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.080483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh G, Santana-Gould L, Inglis FM, England JD, Philipp MT. 2013. The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi induces inflammation and apoptosis in cells from dorsal root ganglia. Journal Neuroinflammation 10:88. Available from: http://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/10/1/88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter D, Spielman A, Komar N, Matuschka F-R. 2000. Competence of American robins as reservoir hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes. Emerging Infectious Diseases 6:133–138. doi:10.3201/eid0602.000205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapi E, Bastian SL, Mpoy CM, Scott S, Rattelle A, Pabbati N, Poruri A, Burugu D, Theophilus PAS, Pham TV, et al. 2012. Characterization of biofilm formation by Borrelia burgdorferi in vitro. PLoS One 7:e48277. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapi E, Kaur N, Anyanwu S, Luecke DF, Datar A, Patel S, Rossi M, Stricker RB. 2011. Evaluation of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of different morphological forms of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infection and Drug Resistance 4:97–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scharf WC. 2004. Immature ticks on birds: temporal abundance and reinfestation. Northeastern Naturalist 11:143–150. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2004)011[0143:ITOBTA]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidli J, Hunziker T, Moesli P, Schaad UB. 1988. Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from joint fluid three months after treatment of facial palsy due to Lyme borreliosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 158:905–906. doi:10.1093/infdis/158.4.905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JD. 2015. Birds widely disperse pathogen-infected ticks. In: Mahala G, editor. Seabirds and Songbirds: Habitat Preferences, Conservation and Migratory Behavior. New York (NY): Nova Science; p. 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Anderson JF, Durden LA. 2012. Widespread dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks collected from songbirds across Canada. Journal of Parasitology 98:49–59. doi:10.1645/GE-2874.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Anderson JF, Durden LA. 2013. First detection of Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks collected from a raptor in Canada. Journal of Veterinary Science & Medical Diagnosis 2:4. doi:10.4172/2325-9590.1000123
   Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Durden LA. 2009. First isolation of Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, from ticks collected from songbirds in Ontario, Canada. North American Bird Bander 34:97–101.
   Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Durden LA. 2015a. Songbird-transported tick Ixodes minor (Ixodida: Ixodidae) discovered in Canada. The Canadian Entomologist 147:46–50 doi:10.4039/tce.2014.34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Durden LA. 2015b. First record of Amblyomma rotundatum tick (Acari: ixodidae) parasitizing a bird collected in Canada. Systematic & Applied Acarology 20:155–161. doi:10.11158/saa.20.2.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Fernando K, Banerjee SN, Durden LA, Byrne SK, Banerjee M, Mann RB, Morshed MG. 2001. Birds Disperse Ixodid (Acari: ixodidae) and Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks in Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology 38:493–500. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-38.4.493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Lee M-K, Fernando K, Durden LA, Jorgensen DR, Mak S, Morshed MG. 2010. Detection of Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, including three novel genotypes in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from songbirds (Passeriformes) across Canada. Journal of Vector Ecology 35:124–139. doi:10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00068.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JD, Scott CM, Anderson JF. 2014. The establishment of a blacklegged tick population by migratory songbirds in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Veterinary Science & Medicine 2:5. doi:10.13188/2325-4645.1000005
   Google Scholar
• Smith Jr. RP, Rand PW, Lacombe EH, Morris SR, Holmes DW, Caporale DA. 1996. Role of bird migration in the long-distance dispersal of Ixodes dammini, the vector of Lyme disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 174:221–224. doi:10.1093/infdis/174.1.221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperling JLH, Middelveen MJ, Klein D, Sperling FAH. 2012. Evolving perspectives on Lyme borreliosis in Canada. The Open Neurology Journal 6:94–103. doi:10.2174/1874205X01206010094
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stricker RB, Johnson L. 2014. Lyme disease: call for a “Manhattan Project” to combat the epidemic. PLoS Pathogens 10:e1003796. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stricker RB, Winger EE. 2001. Decreased CD57 lymphocyte subset in patients with chronic Lyme disease. Immunology Letters 76:43–48. doi:10.1016/S0165-2478(00)00316-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve A, Goring J, Marcotte L, Overvelde S. 2011. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Dirofilaria immitis among dogs in Canada. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 52:527–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajkowska JM, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T. 2002. New aspects of the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Przeglad Epidemiologiczny 56 Suppl. 1:57–67. http://www.ncbl.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar