45,429
Views
231
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies

&
Pages 143-161 | Received 27 Jun 2011, Accepted 04 Jul 2011, Published online: 23 Aug 2011

References

  • Adams , LB , Hibbs , JB , Taintor , RR and Krahenbuhl , JL . 1990 . Microbiostatic effect of murine-activated macrophages for Toxoplasma gondii: role for synthesis of inorganic nitrogen oxides from L-arginine . J Immunol , 14 : 2725 – 2729 .
  • Allen , PC . 1997a . Nitric oxide production during Eimeria tenella infections in chickens . Poult Sci , 76 : 810 – 813 .
  • Allen , PC . 1997b . Production of free radical species during Eimeria maxima infections in chickens . Poult Sci , 78 : 1506 – 1509 .
  • Allen , PC . 2003 . Dietary supplementation with Echinacea and development of immunity to challenge infection with coccidia . Parasitol Res , 91 : 74 – 78 .
  • Allen , PC , Danforth , HD and Augustine , PC . 1998 . Dietary modulation of avian coccidiosis . Int J Parasitol , 28 : 1121 – 1140 .
  • Allen , PC and Fetterer , RH . 2002 . Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites in poultry . Clin Microbiol Rev , 15 : 58 – 65 .
  • Allen , PC , Lydin , J and Danforth , HD . 1997 . Effects of components of Artemisia annua on coccidia infections in chickens . Poult Sci , 76 : 1156 – 1163 .
  • Ammon , HPT , Safayhi , H , Mack , T and Sabieraj , J . 1993 . Mechanism of anti-inflammatory of curcumine and boswellic acids . J Ethnopharmacol , 38 : 113 – 119 .
  • Arab , HA , Rahbari , S , Rassouli , A , Moslemi , MH and Khosravirad , F . 2006 . Determination of artemisinin in Artemisia sieberi and anticoccidial effects of the plant extracts in broiler chickens . Trop Anim Health Prod , 38 : 497 – 503 .
  • Augustine , PC and Danforth , HD . 1999 . Influence of betaine and salinomycin on intestinal absorption of methionine and glucose and on the ultrastructure of intestinal cells and parasite development stages in chicks infected with E. acervulina . Avian Dis , 43 : 89 – 97 .
  • Augustine , PC , McNaughton , JL , Virtanen , E and Rosi , L . 1997 . Effect of betaine on the growth performance of chicks inoculated with mixed cultures of Avian Eimeria species and on invasion and development of Eimeria tenella and Eimeria acervulina in vivo and in vitro . Poult Sci , 79 : 802 – 809 .
  • Beach , JR and Corl , JC . 1925 . Studies in the control of avian coccidiosis . Poult Sci , IV : 83 – 93 .
  • Berger , J , Rachlin , AI , Scott , EE , Sternbach , LH and Goldberg , MW . 1951 . The isolation of three new crystalline antibiotics from Streptomyces . J Am Chem Soc , 73 : 5295 – 5298 .
  • Bhogal , BS , Miller , GA , Anderson , AC , Jessee , SJ , Strausberg , S and McCandliss , R . 1992 . Potential of a recombinant antigen as a prophylactic vaccine for day-old broiler chickens against Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections . Vet Immunol Immunopathol , 31 : 323 – 335 .
  • Borchers , AT , Keen , CL and Gershwin , ME . 2004 . Mushroom, tumors, and immunity: an update . Exp Biol Med , 229 : 393 – 406 .
  • Brother , VM , Kuhn , I , Paul , LS , Gabe , JD , Andrew , WH , Sias , SR , McCaman , MT , Dragon , EA and Files , JG . 1988 . Characterisation of a surface antigen of Eimeria tenella sporozoites and synthesis from a cloned cDNA in Escherichia coli . Mol Biochem Parasitol , 28 : 235 – 247 .
  • Brouet , I and Ohshima , H . 1995 . Curcumin, an anti-tumour promoter and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 206 : 533 – 540 .
  • Burger , RA , Torres , AR , Warren , RP , Caldwell , VD and Highs , BG . 1997 . Echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages . Int J Immunopharmacol , 19 : 371 – 379 .
  • Challey , JR and Jeffers , TK . 1973 . Synergism between 4-hydroxyquinoline and pyridone coccidiostats . J Parasitol , 59 : 502 – 504 .
  • Chapman , HD . 1978 . Drug resistance in coccidia , Paper presented at 13th Poultry Science Symposium. . Proceedings of the 13th Poultry Science Symposium; Edinburgh, UK, p. 387–412
  • Chapman , HD . 1982 . “ Anticoccidial drug resistance ” . In The biology of the coccidia , Edited by: Long , PL . 430 – 451 . Baltimore, MD : Baltimore University Park Press . Chapter 2
  • Chapman , HD . 1984 . Drug resistance in avian coccidia (review) . Vet Parasitol , 15 : 11 – 27 .
  • Chapman , HD . 1994 . Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria to monensin following the use of a coccidiosis vaccine in broiler chickens . Poult Sci , 73 : 476 – 478 .
  • Chapman , HD . 1996 . Restoration of drug sensitivity following the use of live coccidiosis vaccines , World Poultry, Special Supplement Coccidiosis 2. . Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier. p. 20–21
  • Chapman , HD . 1997 . Biochemical, genetic and applied aspects of drug resistance in Eimeria parasites of the fowl . Avian Pathol , 26 : 221 – 244 .
  • Chapman , HD . 1998 . Evaluation of the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs against Eimeria species in the fowl . Int J Parasitol , 28 : 1141 – 1144 .
  • Chapman , HD . 1999a . The development of immunity to Eimeria species in broilers given anticoccidial drugs . Avian Pathol , 28 : 155 – 162 .
  • Chapman , HD . 1999b . Anticoccidial drugs and their effects upon the development of immunity to Eimeria infections in poultry . Avian Pathol , 28 : 521 – 535 .
  • Chapman , HD . 2000 . Practical use of vaccines for the control of coccidiosis in the chicken . World's Poult Sci J , 56 : 7 – 20 .
  • Chapman , HD . 2003 . Origins of coccidiosis research in the fowl – the first fifty years . Avian Dis , 47 : 1 – 20 .
  • Chapman , HD , Cherry , TE , Danforth , HD , Richards , G , Shirley , MW and Williams , RB . 2002 . Sustainable coccidiosis control in poultry production: the role of live vaccines . Int J Parasitol , 32 : 617 – 629 .
  • Chapman , HD and Hacker , AB . 1993 . The effects of shuttle programs upon the growth of broilers and the development of immunity to Eimeria species . Poult Sci , 72 : 658 – 663 .
  • Christaki , E , Florou-Paneri , P , Giannenas , I , Papazahariadou , M , Botsoglou , NA and Spais , AB . 2004 . Effect of a mixture of herbal extracts on broiler chickens with Eimeria tenella . Anim Res , 53 : 137 – 144 .
  • Chroustova , E and Pinka , K . 1987 . The efficacy of disinfectants on the oocysts of Eimeria tenella . Acta Vet BRNO , 56 : 141 – 149 .
  • COM 2008 . COM/2008/0233. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the use of coccidiostats and histomonostats as feed additives, submitted pursuant to article 11 of regulation (EC) no 1831/2003 of the European parliament and the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for the use in animal nutrition. Available from: http://www.ipex.eu/ipex/cms/home/Ducuments/dossier_COM20080233 (accessed 23 December 2009)
  • Conney , AH , Lysz , T , Ferraro , T , Abidi , TF , Manchand , PS , Laskin , JD and Huang , MT . 1991 . Inhibitory effect of curcumin and some related dietary compounds on tumour promotion and arachidonic metabolism in mouse skin . Adv Enzyme Regul , 31 : 385 – 396 .
  • Conway , DP and Mckenzie , ME . 2007 . Poultry coccidiosis: diagnostic and testing procedures, , 3rd , Ames, IA : Blackwell Publishing Professional .
  • Crane , MSJ , Goggin , B , Pellegrino , RM , Ravino , OJ , Lange , C , Karkhanis , YD , Kirk , KE and Chakraborty , PR . 1991 . Crossprotection against four species of chicken coccidia with a single recombinant antigen . Infect Immun , 59 : 1271 – 1277 .
  • Currier , NL and Miller , SC . 2001 . Echinacea purpurea and melatonin augment natural-killer cells in leukemic mice and prolong life span . J Altern Complement Med , 7 : 241 – 251 .
  • Dalloul , RA and Lillehoj , HS . 2006 . Poultry coccidiosis: recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development . Expert Rev Vaccines , 5 : 143 – 163 .
  • Dalloul , RA , Lillehoj , HS , Lee , JS , Lee , SH and Chung , KS . 2006 . Immunopotentiating effect of a Formitella fraxinea-derived lectin on chicken immunity and resistance to coccidiosis . Poult Sci , 85 : 446 – 451 .
  • Dalloul , RA , Lillehoj , HS , Shellum , TA and Doerr , JA . 2003a . Intestinal immunomodulation by vitamin A deficiency and lactobacillus-based probiotic in Eimeria acervulina infected broiler chickens . Avian Dis , 47 : 1313 – 1320 .
  • Dalloul , RA , Lillehoj , HS , Shellum , TA and Doerr , JA . 2003b . Enhanced mucosal immunity against Eimeria acervulina in broilers fed a Lactobacillus-based probiotic . Poult Sci , 82 : 62 – 66 .
  • Dalloul , RA , Lillehoj , HS , Shellum , TA and Doerr , JA . 2005 . Induction of local protective immunity to Eimeria acervulina by Lactobacillus-based probiotic . Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis , 28 : 351 – 361 .
  • Daugschies , A , Böse , R , Marx , J , Teich , K and Freidhoff , KT . 2002 . Development and application of a standardized assay for chemical disinfection of coccidia oocysts . Vet Parasitol , 103 : 299 – 308 .
  • Dougherty , HW . 1974 . Inhibition of mitochondrial energy transduction of carbanilides . Fed Proc , 33 : 1657
  • Dowling , L . 1992 . Ionophore toxicity in chickens: a review of pathology and diagnosis . Avian Pathol , 21 : 355 – 368 .
  • Du , A and Hu , S . 2004 . Effects of a herbal complex against Eimeria tenella infection in chickens . J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health , 51 : 194 – 197 .
  • Dutta , GN and Devriese , LA . 1984 . Observations on the in vitro sensitivity of Gram-positive intestinal bacteria of farm animals to growth promoting antibacterials . J Appl Bacteriol , 56 : 117 – 123 .
  • Edgar , SA . 1955 . Sporulation of oocysts at specific temperatures and notes on the prepatent period of several species of avian coccidia . J Parasitol , 41 : 214 – 216 .
  • Edgar , SA and King , DE . 1952. Breeding and immunizing chickens for resistance to coccidiosis. 62nd and 63rd Annu rep Alabama Agr Exp Stat. p. 36–37
  • Elmusharaf , MA , Bautista , V , Nollet , L and Beynen , AC . 2006 . Effect of a mannaoligosaccharide preparation on Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens . Int J Poult Sci , 5 : 583 – 588 .
  • Elmusharaf , MA , Peek , HW , Nollet , L and Beynen , AC . 2007 . The effect of and in-feed mannaoligosaccharide preparation (MOS) on a coccidiosis infection in broilers . Anim Feed Sci Technol , 134 : 347 – 354 .
  • Elwinger , K , Schneitz , C , Berndtson , E , Fossum , O , Teglöf , B and Engström , B . 1992 . Factors affecting the incidence of necrotic enteritis, ceacal carriage of Clostridium perfringes and bird performance in broiler chickens . Acta Vet Scand , 33 : 369 – 378 .
  • FAO/WHO. 2002. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Report of a joint FAO/WHO working group on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Available from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdf
  • Fetterer , RH , Augustine , PC , Allen , PC and Barfield , RC . 2003 . The effect of dietary betaine on intestinal and plasma levels of betaine in uninfected and coccidia-infected broiler chicks . Parasitol Res , 90 : 343 – 348 .
  • Finger , A and Michael , A . 2005. Maternal protection against Eimeria challenge of CoxAbic® vaccinated chickens. Proceedings of the IXth International Coccidiosis Conference; 2005 Sep 19–23; Foz do Iguassu, Brasil. p. 146
  • Ford , AM , Fagerberg , DJ , Quarles , CL , George , BA and McKinley , GA . 1981 . Influence of salinomycin on incidence, shedding, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected broiler chicks . Poult Sci , 60 : 2442 – 2453 .
  • George , BA , Ford , AM , Fagerberg , DJ and Quarles , CL . 1982 . Influence of salinomycin on antimicrobial resistance of coliforms and streptococci from broiler chickens . Poult Sci , 61 : 1842 – 1852 .
  • Giannenas , I , Florou-Paneri , P , Papazahariadou , M , Christaki , E , Botsoglou , A and Spais , AB . 2003 . Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with E. tenella . Arch Anim Nutr , 57 : 99 – 106 .
  • Gibson , GR and Roberfroid , M . 1995 . Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics . J Nutr , 125 : 1401 – 1412 .
  • Goel , V , Chang , C , Slama , JV , Barton , R , Bauer , R , Gahler , R and Basu , TK . 2002 . Alkylimides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats . Int Immunopharmacol , 2–3 : 381 – 387 .
  • Graat , EAM , Henken , AM , Ploeger , HW , Noordhuizen , JPTM and Vertommen , MH . 1994 . Rate and course of sporulation of oocysts of Eimeria acervulina under different environmental conditions . Parasitology , 108 : 497 – 502 .
  • Greif , G . 2000 . Immunity to coccidiosis after treatment with toltrazuril . Parasitol Res , 86 : 787 – 790 .
  • Greif , G and Haberkorn , A . 1997 . Enhancement of immunity and protection against coccidiosis during therapeutic medication with toltrazuril , Paper presented at Control of Coccidiosis into the Next Millennium. . Proceedings of the VIIth International Coccidiosis Conference; 1997 Sep 1–5; Oxford (UK): Keble, p. 42
  • Greif , G , Harder , A and Haberkorn , A . 2001 . Chemotherapeutic approaches to protozoa: coccidiae – current level of knowledge and outlook . Parasitol Res , 87 : 973 – 975 .
  • Gumarães Jr , JS , Bogado , ALG , da Cunha , TCB and Garcia , JL . 2007 . In vitro evaluation of the disinfection efficacy on Eimeria tenella unsporulated oocysts isolated from broilers . Rev Bras Parasitol Vet , 16 : 67 – 71 .
  • Guo , FC , Kwakkel , RP , Williams , BA , Paramentier , HK , Li , WK , Yang , ZQ and Verstegen , MW . 2004 . Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides on cellular and humoral immune responses of E. tenella-infected chickens . Poult Sci , 83 : 1124 – 1132 .
  • Guo , FC , Kwakkel , RP , Williams , BA , Suo , X , Li , WK and Verstegen , MW . 2005 . Coccidiosis immunization: effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides on immune responses of chickens with Eimeria tenella . Avian Dis , 4 : 70 – 73 .
  • Hackstein , JHP , Mackenstedt , U , Mehlhorn , H , Meijerink , JPP , Schubert , H and Leunissen , JAM . 1995 . Parasitic apicomplexans harbor a chlorophyll a-D1 complex, the potential target for therapeutic triazines . Parasitol Res , 81 : 207 – 216 .
  • Hamet , N . 1986 . Resistance to anticoccidial drugs in poultry farms in France from 1975 to 1984 , Paper presented at Research in Avian Coccidiosis. . Proceedings of the Georgia Coccidiosis Conference; 1985 Nov 18–20; Athens, GA, USA
  • Hammer , KA , Carson , CF and Riley , TV . 1999 . Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts . J Appl Microbiol , 86 : 985 – 990 .
  • Harder , A and Haberkorn , A . 1989 . Possible mode of action of toltrazuril: studies on two Eimeria species and mammalian and Ascaris suum enzymes . Parasitol Res , 76 : 8 – 12 .
  • Hayat , B , Jabeen , F , Hayat , CS and Akhtar , M . 1996 . Comparative prophylactic effects of salinomycin and some indigenous preparations against coccidiosis in broiler chicks . Pakistan Vet J , 16 : 164 – 167 .
  • Houdek , Z , Hortvikova , M and Cernik , F . 2002 . Efficacy of Neopredisan® 135-1 on the viability of chicken coccidian oocysts , Paper presented at Czech Section Soc Protozool. . Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting
  • James , S . 1980 . Thiamine uptake in isolated schizonts of Eimeria tenella and the inhibitory effects of amprolium . Parasitology , 80 : 313 – 322 .
  • Jang , IJ , Jun , M , Lillehoj , HS , Dalloul , RA , Kong , IK , Kim , S and Min , W . 2007 . Anticoccidial effect of green tea-based diets against Eimeria maxima . Vet Parasitol , 144 : 172 – 175 .
  • Jeffers , TK . 1974a . Eimeria tenella. Incidence and anticoccidial drug resistance of isolants in major broiler producing areas . Avian Dis , 18 : 74 – 84 .
  • Jeffers , TK . 1974b . Eimeria acervulina and E. maxima. Incidence and anticoccidial drug resistance of isolants in major broiler producing areas . Avian Dis , 18 : 331 – 342 .
  • Jeffers , TK . 1975 . Attenuation of Eimeria tenella through selection for precociousness . J Parasitol , 61 : 1083 – 1090 .
  • Jeffers , TK . 1976 . Reduction of anticoccidial drug resistance by massive introduction of drug-sensitive coccidia . Avian Dis , 20 : 649 – 653 .
  • Jeffers , TK . 1986 . Attenuation of coccidia-a review , Paper presented at Research in Avian Coccidiosis. . Proceedings of the Georgia Coccidiosis Conference; 1985 Nov 18–20; Athens, GA, USA
  • Jeffers , TK . 1989 . Anticoccidial drug resistance: a review with emphasis on the polyether ionophores , Paper presented at Coccidia and Intestinal Coccidiomorphs. . Proceedings of the Vth International Coccidiosis Conference; 1989 October 17–20; Tours, France. p. 295–308
  • Jenkins , MC . 1998 . Progress of developing a recombinant coccidiosis vaccine . Int J Parasitol , 28 : 1111 – 1119 .
  • Jenkins , MC . 2001 . Advances and prospects for subunit vaccines against protozoa of veterinary importance . Vet Parasitol , 101 : 291 – 310 .
  • Jenkins , MC , Danforth , HD , Lillehoj , HS and Fetterer , RH . 1989 . cDNA encoding an immunogenic region of a 22 kilodalton surface protein of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites . Mol Biochem Parasitol , 32 : 153 – 161 .
  • Jenkins , MC , Lillehoj , HS , Barta , JR , Danforth , HD and Strohlein , DA . 1990 . Eimeria acervulina: cloning of a cDNA encoding an immunogenic region of several related merozoite surface and rhoptry proteins . Exp Parasitol , 70 : 353 – 362 .
  • Jeston , PJ , Blight , GW , Anderson , GR , Molloy , JB and Jorgensen , WK . 2002 . Comparison of infectivity of Eimeria tenella oocysts maintained at 4, 12 or 28°C up to 10 months . Aust Vet J , 80 : 91 – 92 .
  • Joyner , LP and Norton , CC . 1973 . The immunity arising from continuous low-level infections with Eimeria tenella . Parasitology , 67 : 907 – 913 .
  • Joyner , LP and Norton , CC . 1976 . The immunity arising from continuous low-level infections with Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina . Parasitology , 72 : 271 – 278 .
  • Kabir , SML , Rahman , MM , Rahman , MB , Rahman , MM and Ahmed , SU . 2004 . The dynamics of probiotics on growth performance and immune response in broilers . Int J Poult Sci , 3 : 361 – 364 .
  • Kendall , SB and Joyner , LP . 1956 . The potentiation of coccidiostatic drugs by Pyrimethamine . Vet. Rec , 68 : 119 – 121 .
  • Kheysin , YM . 1972 . Life cycles of coccidia of domestic animals , London : William Heinerman Medical Books Ltd .
  • Klasing , KC , Adler , KL , Remus , JC and Calvert , CC . 2002 . Dietary betaine increases intraepithelial lymphocytes in the duodenum of coccidial-infected chicks and increases functional properties of phagocytes . J Nutr , 132 : 2274 – 2282 .
  • Kleynen , J , Knipschild , P and Ter Riet , G . 1991 . Clinical trails of homeopathy . Br Med J , 302 : 316 – 323 .
  • Koenen , ME , Kramer , J , van der Hulst , R , Heres , L , Jeurissen , SHM and Boersma , WJA . 2004 . Immunomodulation by probiotic lactobacilli in layer and meat-type chickens . Br Poult Sci , 45 : 355 – 366 .
  • Kunin , CM and Rudy , J . 1991 . Effect of NaCl induced osmotic stress on intracellular concentrations of glycine betaine and potassium in Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and staphylococci . J Lab Clin Med , 118 : 217 – 224 .
  • Lee , SH , Lillehoj , HS , Dalloul , RA , Park , DW , Hong , YH and Lin , JJ . 2007a . Influence of Pediococcus-based probiotic on coccidiosis in broiler chickens . Poult Sci , 86 : 63 – 66 .
  • Lee , SH , Lillehoj , HS , Park , DW , Hong , YH and Lin , JJ . 2007b . Effects of Pediococcus-based probiotic (MitoMax®) on coccidiosis in broiler chickens . Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis , 30 : 261 – 268 .
  • Linde , K , Jonas , WB , Melchart , D and Willich , S . 2001 . The methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of homeopathy, herbal medicines and acupuncture . Int J Epidemiol , 30 : 526 – 531 .
  • Line , EJ , Bailey , SJ , Cox , NA , Stern , NJ and Tompkins , T . 1998 . Effect of yeast-supplemented feed on Salmonella and Campylobacter populations in broilers . Poult Sci , 77 : 405 – 410 .
  • Litjens , JB . 1986 . The relationship between coccidiosis and the use of anticoccidials in broilers in the southern part of the Netherlands , Paper presented at Research in Avian Coccidiosis. . Proceedings of Georgia Coccidiosis Conference; 1985 Nov 18–20; Athens, GA. p. 442–448
  • Long , PL and Jeffers , TK . 1982 . Studies on the stage of action of ionophorous antibiotics against Eimeria . J Parasitol , 68 : 363 – 371 .
  • Long , PL , Johnson , J , McKenzie , ME , Perry , E , Crane , MS and Murray , PK . 1986 . Immunization of young broiler chickens with low level infections of Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, or E. maxima . Avian Pathol , 15 : 271 – 278 .
  • Mandal , SC , Sasma , NK and Ray , S . 1994 . Effect of IHP-250C (Zycox) on lesion scores of Eimeria necatrix infected chicks . Indian Vet J , 71 : 119 – 120 .
  • Martel , A , Devriese , LA , Cauwerts , K , De Gussem , K , Decostere , A and Haesebrouck , F . 2004 . Susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens strains from broilers chickens to antibiotics and anticoccidials . Avian Pathol , 33 : 3 – 7 .
  • Mathis , GF and Broussard , C . 2006 . Increased level of Eimeria sensitivity to diclazuril after using a live coccidial vaccine . Avian Dis , 50 : 321 – 326 .
  • Mathis , GF , Froyman , R and Kennedy , T . 2004 . Coccidiosis control by administrating toltrazuril in the drinking water for a 2-day period . Vet Parasitol , 121 : 1 – 9 .
  • Mathis , GF and McDougald , LR . 1989 . Restoration of drug sensitivity on turkey farms after introduction of sensitive coccidia during controlled exposure immunization , Paper presented at Coccidia and Intestinal Coccidiomorphs. . Proceedings of the Vth International Coccidiosis Conference; 1989 Oct 17–20; Tours, France, p. 17–20
  • Matthews , JO , Ward , TL and Southern , LL . 1997 . Interactive effects of betaine and monensin in uninfected and Eimeria acervulina-infected chicks . Poult Sci , 76 : 1014 – 1019 .
  • McCann , MEE , Newell , E , Preston , C and Forbes , K . 2006 . The use of Mannan-oligosaccharides and/or Tannin in broiler diets . Int J Poult Sci , 5 : 873 – 879 .
  • McDonald , V and Shirley , MW . 1984 . Eimeria mitis: a comparison of the endogenous development stages of a line selected by early maturation of the parent strain . Parasitology , 88 : 37 – 44 .
  • McDonald , V , Shirley , M and Millard , B . 1986 . A comparative study of two lines of Eimeria tenella attenuated either by selection for precocious development in the chicken or by growth in chicken embryos . Avian Pathol , 15 : 323 – 335 .
  • McDougald , LR . 2003 . Coccidiosis , Diseases of Poultry. . 12th ed. Chapter 28, Ames (IA): Iowa State University Press. p. 1076–1085
  • McDougald , LR , Da Silva , JM , Solis , J and Braga , M . 1987 . A survey of sensitivity to anticoccidial drugs in 60 isolates of coccidia from broiler chickens in Brazil and Argentina . Avian Dis , 31 : 287 – 292 .
  • McDougald , LR , Fuller , AL and Solis , J . 1986 . Drug sensitivity of 99 isolates of coccidia from broiler farms . Avian Dis , 30 : 690 – 694 .
  • McDougald , LR and Shirley , MW . 2009 . Past and future: vaccination against Eimeria . Parasitology , 136 : 1477 – 1489 .
  • Mehlhorn , H , Ortmann-Falkenstein , A and Haberkorn , A . 1984 . The effects of symmetrical triazinetrione on developmental stages of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina: a light and electron microscopical study . Z Parasitenkd , 70 : 173 – 182 .
  • Mehlhorn , H , Schmahl , G and Haberkorn , A . 1988 . Toltrazuril effective against a broad spectrum of protozoan parasites . Parasitol Res , 75 : 64 – 66 .
  • Mellouk , S , Green , SJ , Nacy , CA and Hoffmann , SL . 1991 . IFN-gamma inhibits development of Plasmodium berghei exoerythrocytic stages in hepatocytes by an L-arginine dependent effector mechanism . J Immunol , 146 : 3971 – 1976 .
  • Michael , A . 2003 . The practical use of a maternal vaccine against coccidiosis , World Poultry 19. . Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier. p. 24–26
  • Michael , A . 2007 . Maternal vaccination against coccidiosis is an option , World Poultry 23. . Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier. p. 36–37
  • Milhau , G , Valentin , A , Benoit , F , Mallie , M , Bastide , JM , Pelissier , Y and Bessiere , JN . 1997 . In vitro antimalarial activity of eight essential oils . J Essent Oil Res , 9 : 329 – 333 .
  • Miller , GA , Bhogal , BS , McCandliss , R , Strausberg , RL , Jessee , EJ , Anderson , AC , Fuchs , CK , Nagle , J , Likel , MH and Strasser , JM . 1989 . Characterization and vaccine potential of a novel recombinant coccidial antigen . Infect Immunol , 57 : 2014 – 2020 .
  • Mukhopadhyay , A , Basu , N , Ghatak , N and Gujral , PK . 1982 . Anti-inflammatory and irritant activities of curcumin analogues in rats . Agents Actions , 12 : 508 – 515 .
  • Newman , LJ and Danforth , HD . 2000 . Improved sensitivity of field oocyst populations to coccidiostat following vaccination with live oocyst vaccine . Poult Sci , 79 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 4
  • Oh , HG , Youn , HG , Noh , HJ , Jang , JW and Kang , YB . 1995 . Anticoccidial effects of artemisin on the Eimeria tenella . Korean J Vet Res , 35 : 123 – 130 .
  • Oviedo-Rondón , EO , Clemente-Hernández , S , Salvador , F , Williams , P , Losa , R and Stephan , F . 2006 . Essential oils on mixed coccidia vaccination and infection in broilers . Int J Poult Sci , 5 : 723 – 730 .
  • Pascual , M , Hugas , M , Badiola , JI , Monfort , JM and Garriga , M . 1999 . Lactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 prevents Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens . Appl Environ Microbiol , 65 : 4981 – 4986 .
  • Patterson , JA and Burkholder , KM . 2003 . Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production . Poult Sci , 82 : 627 – 631 .
  • Peek , HW and Landman , WJM . 2003 . Resistance to anticoccidial drugs of Dutch avian Eimeria spp. field isolates originating from 1996, 1999 and 2001 . Avian Pathol , 32 : 391 – 401 .
  • Peek , HW and Landman , WJM . 2004 . Gevoeligheidsprofielen van Spaanse, Duitse en Nederlandse Eimeria spp. veldisolaten voor anticoccidiose middelen . Tijdschr Diergeneeskd , 129 : 210 – 214 .
  • Peek , HW and Landman , WJM . 2006 . Higher incidence of Eimeria spp. field isolates sensitive for diclazuril and monensin associated with the use of live coccidiosis vaccinating with Paracox™-5 in broiler farms . Avian Dis , 50 : 434 – 439 .
  • Pittler , MH , Abbot , NC , Harkness , EF and Ernst , E . 2000 . Location bias in controlled trials of complementary/alternative therapies . J Clin Epidemiol , 53 : 485 – 489 .
  • Rada , V and Rychly , I . 1995 . The effect of Lactobacillus salivarius administration on coliforms and enterococci in the crop and ceca of chicken broilers . Vet Med (Praha) , 40 : 311 – 315 .
  • Reid , WM . 1973 . Anticoccidials: differences in day of peak against Eimeria tenella , Paper presented at Symposium Coccidia and Related Organisms. . Proceedings of the Symposium Coccidia and related Organism; 1973; Guelph, Ontario, Canada, p. 119–134
  • Reid , WM . 1975 . Progress in the control of coccidiosis with anticoccidials and planned immunization . Am J Vet Res , 36 : 593 – 596 .
  • Roberfroid , MR . 2005 . Introducing inulin-type fructans . Br J Nutr , 93 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 513 – 525 .
  • Rogers , EF , Clark , RL , Becker , HJ , Pessolano , AA , Leanza , WJ , McManus , EC , Andriuli , FL and Cuckler , AC . 1964 . Antiparasitic drugs V. Anticoccidial activity of 4-amino-2-theoxybenzoic acid and related compounds . Proc. Soc Exp Biol Med , 117 : 488 – 492 .
  • Rose , M and Long , P . 1962 . Immunity to four species of Eimeria in fowls . Immunology , 5 : 79 – 92 .
  • Rudolph , AS , Crowe , JH and Crowe , LM . 1986 . Effects of three stabilizing agents – praline, betaine and trehalose – on membrane phospholipids . Arch Biochem Biophys , 245 : 134 – 143 .
  • Ryley , JF . 1980 . Drug resistance in coccidia . Adv Vet Sci Comp Med , 24 : 99 – 120 .
  • Ryley , JF and Betts , MJ . 1973 . Chemotherapy of chicken coccidiosis . Adv Pharmacol Chemother , II : 221 – 293 .
  • Saine , A . 2000 . Seminar homeopathy, the method: lectures on pure classical homeopathy II, part II: case handling , 52 Eindhoven, , The Netherlands : Lutra Services B.V .
  • Schneider , D , Ayeni , AO and Dürr , U . 1979 . Sammelreferat: Zur physikalischen Resistenz der Kokzidienoocysten . Dtsch Tierärztl Wochenschr , 79 : 561 – 569 .
  • See , DM , Broumand , N , Sahl , L and Tilles , JG . 1997 . In vitro effects of Echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue synchrome or acquired immunodeficiency patients . Immunopharmacology , 35 : 229 – 235 .
  • Sharkey , DL . 1978 . Evaluation of coccidiosis in the presence of a mold inhibitor . Dissert Abstr Int , 39B : 2032
  • Shimura , K and Isobe , T . 1994 . Pathogenicity and drug resistance of a recombinant line between a precocious line and a drug resistant field isolate of E. tenella , Paper presented at Asian Conference on Coccidiosis . Proceedings of the 2nd Asian Conference on Coccidiosis; 1994; Guangzhou, China, p. 119–123
  • Shirley , MW . 1988 . Control of coccidiosis with vaccines . Post graduate committee in veterinary science. Proceedings of the 2nd Asian/Pacific Poultry Health Conference; 1988 Sep 23–25; University of Sydney . 1988 , Sydney, NSW. Australia p. 129–157
  • Shirley , MW and Bedrnik , P . 1997 . Live attenuated vaccines against avian coccidiosis: success with precocious and egg-adapted lines of Eimeria . Parasitol Today , 13 : 481 – 484 .
  • Shirley , M , Bushell , A , Bushell , J , McDonald , V and Roberts , B . 1995 . A live attenuated vaccine for the control of avian coccidiosis: trials in broiler breeders and replacements layer flocks in the United Kingdom . Vet Rec , 137 : 453 – 457 .
  • Shirley , M and Millard , B . 1986 . Studies on the immunogenicity of seven attenuated lines of Eimeria given as a mixture to chickens . Avian Pathol , 15 : 629 – 638 .
  • Shirley , MW , Smith , AL and Blake , DP . 2007 . Challenges in the successful control of the avian coccidia . Vaccine , 25 : 5540 – 5547 .
  • Shirley , MW , Smith , AL and Tomley , FM . 2005 . The biology of avian Eimeria with an emphasis on their control by vaccination . Adv Parasitol , 60 : 285 – 330 .
  • Shumard , RF and Callender , ME . 1967 . Monensin, a new biologically active compound. VI. Anticoccidial activity . Antimicrob Agents Chemother , 7 : 369 – 377 .
  • Spring , P , Wenk , C , Dawson , KA and Newman , KE . 2000 . The effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on the cecal parameters and concentration of enteric bacteria in the ceca of salmonella-challenged broiler chicks . Poult Sci , 79 : 205 – 211 .
  • Srinivasan , K . 2005 . Species as influences of body metabolism: an overview of three decades of research . Food Res Int , 38 : 77 – 86 .
  • Stimple , M , Proksch , A , Wagner , H and Lohmann-Matthes , ML . 1984 . Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytoxicity by purified polysaccharides fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea . Infect Immun , 46 : 845 – 849 .
  • Stipkovits , L , Kobulej , T , Varga , Z and Juhasz , S . 1987 . In vitro testing of the anti-mycoplasma effect of some anti-coccidial drugs . Vet Microbiol , 15 : 65 – 70 .
  • Sun , LZ , Currier , NL and Miller , SC . 1999 . The American corneflower: a prophylactic role involving nonspecific immunity . J Altern Complement Med , 5 : 437 – 446 .
  • Tamasaukas , R , Ruiz , H , Theis , W and De Basillio , V . 1996 . Evaluation of the efficacy of Salstop and Digestor broilers (Citrate C): products derived from the seeds of citrus fruits for the control of avian coccidiosis: floor pen studies. (Esp.) . Parasitología al día , 20 : 118 – 124 .
  • Tamasaukas , R , Ruiz , H , Theis , W and De Basillio , V . 1997 . Efficacy of a disinfectant composed by citric extracts in a floor-pen trail with broilers in Venezuela . Arch Latinoam Prod Anim , 5 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 612 – 615 .
  • Tipu , MA , Pasha , TN and Ali , Z . 2002 . Comparative efficacy of salinomycin sodium and neem fruit (Azadirachta indica) as feed additive anticoccidials in broilers . Int J Poult Sci , 1 : 91 – 93 .
  • Umemura , T , Nakamura , H , Goryo , M and Itakura , EA . 1984 . Histopathology of monensin-tiamulin myopathy in broiler chickens . Avian Pathol , 13 : 459 – 468 .
  • Van Loo , J , Cummings , J , Delzenne , N , Englyst , H , Franck , A , Hopkins , M , Kok , N , Macfarlane , G , Newton , D Quigley , M . 1999 . Functional food properties of non-digestible oligosaccharides: a consensus report from the ENDO project (DGXII AIRII-CT94-1095) . Br J Nutr , 2 : 121 – 132 .
  • Velkers , FC , Loo , AJH , Madin , F and van Eck , JHH . 2005 . Isopathic and pluralist homeopathic treatment of commercial broilers with experimentally induced colibacillosis . Res Vet Sci , 78 : 77 – 83 .
  • Verheyen , A , Maes , L , Coussement , W , Vanparijs , O , Lauwers , F and Marsboom , R . 1989 . Ultrastructural evaluation of the effects of diclazuril on the endogenous stages of Eimeria maxima and E. brunetti in experimentally inoculated chickens . Parasitol Res , 75 : 604 – 610 .
  • Verheyen , A , Maes , L , Coussement , W , Vanparijs , O , Lauwers , F , Vlaminckx , E , Borgers , M and Marsboom , R . 1988 . In vivo action of the anticoccidial diclazuril (Clinacox®) on the development stages of Eimeria tenella an ultrastructural evaluation . J Parasitol , 74 : 939 – 949 .
  • Vermeulen , AN . 1998 . Progress in recombinant vaccine development against coccidiosis: a review and prospects into the next millennium . Int J Parasitol , 28 : 1121 – 1130 .
  • Vermeulen , AN , Schaap , DC and Schetters , TP . 2001 . Control of coccidiosis in chickens by vaccination . Vet Parasitol , 100 : 13 – 20 .
  • Vissiennon , T , Kröger , H , Khöler , T and Kliche , R . 2000 . Effect of avilamycin, tylosin, and ionophore anticoccidials on Clostridium perfringens entertoxaemia in chickens . Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr , 113 : 9 – 13 .
  • Von Wendt , M , Büsing , S and Bollwahn , W . 1997 . Zur Toxizität der Kombination van Salinomycin and Tiamutilin beim Schwein . Dtsch Tierärtzl Wochenschr , 104 : 405 – 410 .
  • Waldenstedt , L , Elwinger , K , Lunden , A , Thebo , P and Uggla , A . 1999 . Effect of betaine supplement on broiler performance during an experimental coccidial infection . Poult Sci , 78 : 182 – 189 .
  • Waldenstedt , L , Elwinger , K , Lunden , A , Thebo , P and Uggla , A . 2001 . Sporulation of Eimeria maxima oocysts in litter with different moisture contents . Poult Sci , 80 : 1412 – 1415 .
  • Wallach , M . 1997 . The importance of transmission-blocking immunity in the control of infections by apicomplexa parasites . Int J Parasitol , 27 : 1159 – 1167 .
  • Wallach , M , Smith , NC , Petracca , M , Miller , CM , Eckert , J and Braun , R . 1995 . Eimeria maxima gametocyte antigens: potential use in a sub-unit maternal vaccine against coccidiosis in chickens . Vaccine , 13 : 347 – 354 .
  • Wang , CC . 1975 . Studies of the mitchondria from Eimeria tenella and inhibition of the electron transport by quinolone coccidiostats . Biochim Biophys Acta , 396 : 210 – 219 .
  • Wang , CC . 1982 . “ Biochemistry and physiology of coccidia ” . In The biology of the coccidia , Edited by: Long , PL . 167 – 228 . Baltimore, MD : Baltimore University Park Press .
  • Williams , RB . 1992 . The development, efficacy and epidemiological aspects of Paracox®, a new coccidiosis vaccine for chickens , Harefield, , Europe : Pittman-Moore .
  • Williams , RB . 1995 . Epidemiological studies of coccidiosis in the domesticated fowl (Gallus gallus): II. Physical condition and survival of Eimeria acervulina oocysts in poultry-house litter . Appl Parasitol , 36 : 90 – 96 .
  • Williams , RB . 1996 . The epidemiology of coccidiosis of chickens . World Poultry, Special Supplement Coccidiosis , 2 : 9 – 11 .
  • Williams , RB . 1998 . Epidemiological aspects of the use of live anticoccidial vaccines for chickens . Int J Parasitol , 28 : 1089 – 1098 .
  • Williams , RB . 1999 . Anticoccidial vaccines: the story so far . World Poultry, Special Supplement Coccidiosis , 3 : 20 – 22 .
  • Williams , RB . 2002a . Anticoccidial vaccines for broiler chickens: pathway for success . Avian Pathol , 31 : 317 – 353 .
  • Williams , RB . 2002b . Fifty years of anticoccidial vaccines for Poultry (1952–2002) . Avian Dis , 46 : 775 – 802 .
  • Williams , RB , Johnson , JD and Andrew , SJ . 2000 . Anticoccidial vaccination of broiler chickens in various management programmes: relationship between oocyst accumulation in litter and the development of protective immunity . Vet Res Commun , 24 : 309 – 325 .
  • Wong , DT , Horng , JS and Wilkinson , JR . 1972 . Robenidine, an inhibitor of phosphorylation . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 46 : 621 – 627 .
  • World Health Organization. 1965. Resistance of malaria parasites to drugs. WHO Technical Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Vol. 296, p. 1–65
  • Youn , HJ and Noh , JW . 2001 . Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extracts against Eimeria tenella . Vet Parasitol , 96 : 257 – 263 .
  • Yvoré , P . 1968 . Chimioprévention des coccidiosis aviaries . Rec Med Vet , 144 : 485 – 503 .
  • Zeng , M and Hu , Z . 1996 . The sensitivities of Eimeria tenella to three polyether ionophores antibiotics . Chin J Vet Sci , 16 : 390 – 393 .
  • Zhou , R , Nie , K and Wang , J . 2000 . The sensitivity test of Eimeria tenella to four anticoccidial drugs . J Sichuan Inst Anim Husb Vet Med , 14 : 20 – 23 .
  • Ziomko , I , Karamon , J , Cencek , T , Gornowicz , E , Skoracki , A and Ashash , U . 2005 . Prevention of broiler chick coccidiosis using the inactivated subunit vaccine CoxAbic® . Bull Vet Inst Pulawy , 49 : 299 – 302 .
  • Zulkifli , I , Abdullah , N , Azrin , NM and Ho , YW . 2000 . Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions . Br Poult Sci , 41 : 593 – 597 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.