Within-farm transmission of bovine paratuberculosis: recent developments

References

• Benedictus , A , Mitchell , RM , Linde-Widmann , M , Sweeney , R , Fyock , T , Schukken , YH and Whitlock , RH . 2008 . Transmission parameters of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in a dairy herd going through a control program . Prev Vet Med , 83 ( 3–4 ) : 215 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berghaus , RD , Farver , TB , Anderson , RJ , Jaravata , CC and Gardner , IA . 2006 . Environmental sampling for detection of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis on large California dairies . J Dairy Sci , 89 ( 3 ) : 963 – 970 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1993. , CEN . Workplace atmospheres – size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles. EN 481
   Google Scholar
• Cetinkaya , B , Erdogan , HM and Morgan , KL . 1997 . Relationships between the presence of Johne's disease and farm and management factors in dairy cattle in England . Prev Vet Med , 32 ( 3–4 ) : 253 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , M and Algers , B . 1986 . Effects of stable dust on farm animals – a review . Vet Res Commun , 10 ( 6 ) : 415 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , MT , Eggleston , V and Manning , EJ . 2010 . Successful control of Johne's disease in nine dairy herds: results of a six-year field trial . J Dairy Sci , 93 ( 4 ) : 1638 – 1643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner , LA , Pfeiffer , DU and Abbott , KA . 2004 . The respiratory tract as a hypothetical route of infection of cattle with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis . Aust Vet J , 82 ( 3 ) : 170 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , CP and Webster , AJ . 1987 . Deposition and clearance of monodisperse aerosols in the calf lung: effects of particle size and a mucolytic agent (bromhexine) . Can J Vet Res , 51 ( 3 ) : 306 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , SW , Koets , AP , Hoeboer , J , Bouman , M , Heederik , D and Nielen , M . 2010 . Presence of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in environmental samples collected on commercial Dutch dairy farms . Appl Environ Microbiol , 76 ( 18 ) : 6310 – 6312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , SW , Koets , AP , Nielen , M , Heederik , D , Mortier , R , De Buck , J and Orsel , K . 2011 . Intestinal infection following aerosol challenge of calves with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis . Vet Res , 42 ( 1 ) : 117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , SW , Nielen , M , Santema , W , Houwers , DJ , Heederik , D and Koets , AP . 2010 . Detection of spatial and temporal spread of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in the environment of a cattle farm through bio-aerosols . Vet Microbiol , 143 ( 2–4 ) : 284 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkinham , JO 3rd . 2003 . Mycobacterial aerosols and respiratory disease . Emerg Infect Dis , 9 ( 7 ) : 763 – 767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fecteau , ME , Whitlock , RH , Buergelt , CD and Sweeney , RW . 2010 . Exposure of young dairy cattle to Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) through intensive grazing of contaminated pastures in a herd positive for Johne's disease . Can Vet J , 51 ( 2 ) : 198 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrouillet , C , Wells , SJ , Hartmann , WL , Godden , SM and Carrier , J . 2009 . Decrease of Johne's disease prevalence and incidence in six Minnesota, USA, dairy cattle herds on a long-term management program . Prev Vet Med , 88 ( 2 ) : 128 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findel , H . 1907 . Vergleichende untersuchungen ueber inhalations- und fuetterungstuberkulose . Med Microbiol Immun , 57 ( 1 ) : 104 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , GM and Kass , EH . 1964 . the role of the alveolar macrophage in the clearance of bacteria from the lung . J Exp Med , 119 : 167 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenendaal , H and Galligan , DT . 2003 . Economic consequences of control programs for paratuberculosis in midsize dairy farms in the United States . J Am Vet Med Assoc , 223 ( 12 ) : 1757 – 1763 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenendaal , H , Nielen , M and Hesselink , JW . 2003 . Development of the Dutch Johne's disease control program supported by a simulation model . Prev Vet Med , 60 ( 1 ) : 69 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman , PM , Wathes , CM and Wray , C . 1991 . Transmission of salmonellae among calves penned individually . Vet Rec , 129 ( 15 ) : 327 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch , TF . 1961 . Distribution and deposition of inhaled particles in respiratory tract . Bacteriol Rev , 25 : 237 – 240 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson-Ifearulundu , YJ and Kaneene , JB . 1998 . Management-related risk factors for M. paratuberculosis infection in Michigan, USA, dairy herds . Prev Vet Med , 37 ( 1–4 ) : 41 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen , JB . 1977 . Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in slurry . Nord Vet Med , 29 ( 6 ) : 267 – 270 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , AF , Fox , MD , Boyce , JM , Anderson , DC , Potter , ME , Martone , WJ and Patton , CM . 1980 . Airborne spread of brucellosis . Ann NY Acad Sci , 353 : 105 – 114 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kluge , JP , Merkal , RS , Monlux , WS , Larsen , AB , Kopecky , KE , Ramsey , FK and Lehmann , RP . 1968 . Experimental paratuberculosis in sheep after oral, intratracheal, or intravenous inoculation lesions and demonstration of etiologic agent . Am J Vet Res , 29 ( 5 ) : 953 – 962 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen , CS , Angen , O , Andreasen , M , Takai , H , Nielsen , JP and Jorsal , SE . 2004 . Demonstration of airborne transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 between simulated pig units located at close range . Vet Microbiol , 98 ( 3–4 ) : 243 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , AB , Merkal , RS and Vardaman , TH . 1956 . Survival time of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis . Am J Vet Res , 17 ( 64 ) : 549 – 551 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard , JE . 2011 . Epidemiology and economics of paratuberculosis . Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract , 27 ( 3 ) : 525 – 535 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard , JE , Wagner , BA , Smith , RL , McCluskey , BJ , Harris , BN , Payeur , JB , Garry , FB and Salman , MD . 2006 . Evaluation of environmental sampling and culture to determine Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis distribution and herd infection status on US dairy operations . J Dairy Sci , 89 ( 11 ) : 4163 – 4171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lugton , I . 1999 . Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues as sites for uptake, carriage and excretion of tubercle bacilli and other pathogenic mycobacteria . Immunol Cell Biol , 77 ( 4 ) : 364 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marce , C , Ezanno , P , Seegers , H , Pfeiffer , DU and Fourichon , C . 2011 . Within-herd contact structure and transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a persistently infected dairy cattle herd . Prev Vet Med , 100 ( 2 ) : 116 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQueen , DS and Russell , EG . 1979 . Culture of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine foetuses . Aust Vet J , 55 ( 4 ) : 203 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muskens , J , Bakker , D , de Boer , J and van Keulen , L . 2001 . Paratuberculosis in sheep: its possible role in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis in cattle . Vet Microbiol , 78 ( 2 ) : 101 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muskens , J , Elbers , AR , van Weering , HJ and Noordhuizen , JP . 2003 . Herd management practices associated with paratuberculosis seroprevalence in Dutch dairy herds . J Vet Med B , 50 ( 8 ) : 372 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Neill , SD , Hanna , J , O’Brien , JJ and McCracken , RM . 1988 . Excretion of Mycobacterium bovis by experimentally infected cattle . Vet Rec , 123 ( 13 ) : 340 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen , SS and Toft , N . 2009 . A review of prevalences of paratuberculosis in farmed animals in Europe . Prev Vet Med , 88 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , JM , Sansom , BF , Garner , RJ , Thomson , AR and Miles , BJ . 1960 . Uptake of small resin particles (1–5 microns diameter) by the alimentary canal of the calf . Nature , 188 : 586 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , JM and Rankin , JD . 1961 . The pathogenesis of experimental Johne's disease in calves . Res Vet Sci , 2 : 167 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , CC and Sharples , TJ . 1995 . Airborne dust concentrations in livestock buildings and the effect of feed . J Agr Eng Res , 60 ( 3 ) : 145 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Pithua , P , Wells , SJ , Godden , SM and Stabel , JR . 2011 . Evaluation of the association between fecal excretion of Mycobacterium avium spp paratuberculosis and detection in colostrum and on teat skin surfaces of dairy cows . J Am Vet Med Assoc , 238 ( 1 ) : 94 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pithua , P , Wells , SJ , Sreevatsan , S and Godden , SM . 2010 . Lack of evidence for fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in calves born to fecal culture positive dams . Prev Vet Med , 93 ( 2–3 ) : 242 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard , DG . 1988 . A century of bovine tuberculosis 1888–1988: conquest and controversy . J Comp Pathol , 99 ( 4 ) : 357 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raizman , EA , Fetrow , J , Wells , SJ , Godden , SM , Oakes , MJ and Vazquez , G . 2007 . The association between Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis fecal shedding or clinical Johne's disease and lactation performance on two Minnesota, USA, dairy farms . Prev Vet Med , 78 ( 3–4 ) : 179 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raizman , EA , Wells , SJ , Godden , SM , Bey , RF , Oakes , MJ , Bentley , DC and Olsen , KE . 2004 . The distribution of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in the environment surrounding Minnesota dairy farms . J Dairy Sci , 87 ( 9 ) : 2959 – 2966 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees , RJ and McDougall , AC . 1977 . Airborne infection with Mycobacterium leprae in mice . J Med Microbiol , 10 ( 1 ) : 63 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees , RJ and Meade , TW . 1974 . Comparison of the modes of spread and the incidence of tuberculosis and leprosy . Lancet , 1 ( 7846 ) : 47 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenbach , H . 1908 . Experimentelle untersuchungen ueber die eintrittswege des tuberkelbacillus . Med Microbiol Immun , 60 ( 1 ) : 446 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Salgado , M , Collins , MT , Salazar , F , Kruze , J , Bolske , G , Soderlund , R , Juste , R , Sevilla , IA , Biet , F Troncoso , F . 2011 . Fate of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis after application of contaminated dairy cattle manure to agricultural soils . Appl Environ Microbiol , 77 ( 6 ) : 2122 – 2129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer , X . 1898 . Ueber die Verbreitung der Leprabacillen . Arch Dermatol Res , 44 : 159 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Schukken , YH , Mitchell , RM , Pradhan , AK , Lu , Z , Smith , R , Cho , J , Dressler , J , Tauer , LW and Grohn , YT . 2009. Elimination of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from dairy farms: fact or fiction? Proceedings of 10th ICP, 9–13 August 2009, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. p. 109–113
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen , O , Rawluk , S , Wu , J , Manninen , K and Ollis , G . 2003 . Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in dairy herds in Alberta . Can Vet J , 44 ( 3 ) : 221 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark , KD . 1999 . The role of infectious aerosols in disease transmission in pigs . Vet J , 158 ( 3 ) : 164 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeter , RN , Hoffsis , GF , Bech-Nielsen , S , Shulaw , WP and Rings , DM . 1995 . Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from colostrum and milk of subclinically infected cows . Am J Vet Res , 56 ( 10 ) : 1322 – 1324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney , RW , Whitlock , RH and Rosenberger , AE . 1992a . Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from milk and supramammary lymph nodes of infected asymptomatic cows . J Clin Microbiol , 30 ( 1 ) : 166 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney , RW , Whitlock , RH and Rosenberger , AE . 1992b . Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from fetuses of infected cows not manifesting signs of the disease . Am J Vet Res , 53 ( 4 ) : 477 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , TK , Wilks , CR and McQueen , DS . 1981 . Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from the milk of a cow with Johne's disease . Vet Rec , 109 ( 24 ) : 532 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorel , MF , Krichevsky , M and Levy-Frebault , VV . 1990 . Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium spp. avium spp. nov., Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis spp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium spp. silvaticum spp. nov . Int J Syst Bacteriol , 40 ( 3 ) : 254 – 260 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Roermund , HJ , Bakker , D , Willemsen , PT and de Jong , MC . 2007 . Horizontal transmission of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in cattle in an experimental setting: calves can transmit the infection to other calves . Vet Microbiol , 122 ( 3–4 ) : 270 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wathes , CM , Miller , BG and Bourne , FJ . 1989 . Cold Stress and post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets inoculated orally or by aerosol . Anim Prod , 49 : 483 – 496 .
   Google Scholar
• Wathes , CM , Zaidan , WA , Pearson , GR , Hinton , M and Todd , N . 1988 . Aerosol infection of calves and mice with Salmonella typhimurium . Vet Rec , 123 ( 23 ) : 590 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , MF and Groenendaal , H . 2012 . Effects of infectious young stock on results of certification, surveillance and control programmes for paratuberculosis in dairy herds . Vet Microbiol , 154 ( 3–4 ) : 272 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , SJ , Hartmann , WL and Anderson , PL . 2008 . Evaluation of progress made by dairy and beef herds enrolled in the Minnesota Johne's Disease Control Program . J Am Vet Med Assoc , 233 ( 12 ) : 1920 – 1926 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington , RJ , Marsh , IB , Taylor , PJ , Marshall , DJ , Taragel , C and Reddacliff , LA . 2003 . Isolation of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis from environmental samples collected from farms before and after destocking sheep with paratuberculosis . Aust Vet J , 81 ( 9 ) : 559 – 563 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington , RJ , Marshall , DJ , Nicholls , PJ , Marsh , IB and Reddacliff , LA . 2004 . Survival and dormancy of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis in the environment . Appl Environ Microbiol , 70 ( 5 ) : 2989 – 3004 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington , RJ and Windsor , PA . 2009 . In utero infection of cattle with Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis: a critical review and meta-analysis . Vet J , 179 ( 1 ) : 60 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , SC , Morrow-Tesch , J , Straus , DC , Cooley , JD , Wong , WC , Mitlohner , FM and McGlone , JJ . 2002 . Airborne microbial flora in a cattle feedlot . Appl Environ Microbiol , 68 ( 7 ) : 3238 – 3242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windsor , PA and Whittington , RJ . 2010 . Evidence for age susceptibility of cattle to Johne's disease . Vet J , 184 ( 1 ) : 37 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar