75,098
Views
136
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Rabies – epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review

, , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 212-251 | Received 24 Sep 2016, Accepted 13 Jun 2017, Published online: 23 Jun 2017

References

  • Abelseth MK. 1964. An attenuated rabies vaccine for domestic animals produced in tissue culture. Can Vet J. 5:279–286.
  • ACPA (Asia Canine Protection Alliance). 2013. Risk assessment-the risk the dog meat trade poses to rabies transmission and the ASEAN plus 3 countries’ pledge to eliminate rabies by 2020. 1–13. Available from: http://www.acpagroup.org/images/resources/Risk%20Assessment_TheIllegalTradeinDogsandRabiesTransmission_ACPA.pdf.
  • Aghahowa SE, Ogbevoen RN. 2010. Incidence of dog bite and anti-rabies vaccine utilization in the, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria: a 12-year assessment. Vaccine. 28(30):4847–50.
  • Ahmed K, Wimalaratne O, Dahal N, Khawplod P, Nanayakkara S, Rinzin K, Perera D, Karunanayake D, Matsumoto T, Nishizono A. 2012. Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based rapid immunochromatographic test for direct detection of rabies virus in the brain of humans and animals. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 86(4):736–740.
  • Ajoke E, Solomon A, Ikhide E. 2014. The role of dog trading and slaughter for meat in rabies epidemiology with special reference to Nigeria – a review. J Exp Biol Agric Sci. 2(2):130–136.
  • Albertini AA, Ruigrok RW, Blondel D. 2011. Rabies virus transcription and replication. Adv Virus Res. 79:1–22.
  • Albertini AA, Schoehn G, Weissenhorn W, Ruigrok RW. 2008. Structural aspects of rabies virus replication. Cell Mol Life Sci. 65(2):282–294.
  • Amann R, Rohde J, Wulle U, Conlee D, Raue R, Martinon O, Rziha HJ. 2013. A new rabies vaccine based on a recombinant Orf virus (Parapoxvirus) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. J Virol. 87(3):1618–1630.
  • Anilionis A, Wunner WH, Curtis P. 1981. Structure of the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus. Nature (London). 294:275–278.
  • Anindita PD, Sasaki M, Nobori H, Sato A, Carr M, Ito N, Sugiyama M, Orba Y, Sawa H. 2016. Generation of recombinant rabies viruses encoding NanoLuc luciferase for antiviral activity assays. Virus Res. 215:121–128.
  • Arai YT. 2005. Epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses. Nippon rinsho Jpn J Clin Med. 63:2167–2172.
  • Arai YT, Kuzmin IV, Kameoka Y, Botvinkin AD. 2003. New lyssavirus genotype from the lesser mouse-eared bat (Myotis blythi), Kyrghyzstan. Emerg Infect Dis. 9(3):333–337.
  • Arai YT, Yamada K, Kamecka Y, Horimoto T, Yamamoto K, Yabe S, Nakayama M, Tashiro M. 1997. Nucleoprotein gene analysis of fixed and street rabies virus variants using RT-PCR. Arch Virol. 142:1787–1796.
  • AravindhBabu RP, Manoharan S, Ramadass P. 2014. Diagnostic evaluation of RT-PCR–ELISA for the detection of rabies virus. Indian J Virol. 25(1):120–124.
  • Ares E, Burke M. 2015. Dog meat trade. House of Commons Library. Number 07360, 3 November 2015. Available from: http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7360/CBP-7360.pdf.
  • Artois M, Guittre C, Thomas I, Leblois H, Brochier B, Barrat J. 1992. Potential pathogenicity for rodents of vaccines intended for oral vaccination against rabies: a comparison. Vaccine. 10:524–528.
  • Atuman YJ, Ogunkoya AB, Adawa DAY, Nok AJ, Biallah MB. 2014. Dog ecology, dog bites and rabies vaccination rates in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Int J Vet Sci Med. 2:41–45.
  • Avieli N. 2011. Dog meat politics in a Vietnamese town. Ethnology. 50(1):59–78.
  • Baba SS. 1999. Detection of rabies virus RNA and antigen in tissues from naturally infected Nigerian dogs: in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies. Revue - d, Elevage -et-de-Medecine - Vetenrinaire-des-Pays-Tropicaux. 52:85–91.
  • Babu RA, Manoharan S, Ramadass P, Chandran NDJ. 2012. Evaluation of RT-PCR assay for routine laboratory diagnosis of Rabies in post mortem brain samples from different species of animals. Indian J Virol. 23(3):392–396.
  • Badrane H, Tordo N. 2001. Host switching in lyssavirus history from the Chiroptera to the Carnivora orders. J Virol. 75:8096–8104.
  • Baer GM, editor. 1991. The natural history of rabies. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
  • Baer GM, Abelseth MK, Debbie JG. 1971. Oral vaccination of foxes against rabies. Am J Epidemiol. 93:487–490.
  • Baloul L, Lafon M. 2003. Apoptosis and rabies virus neuroinvasion. Biochem. 85:777–788.
  • Banerjee AK. 1987. Transcription and replication of rhabdovirus. Microbiol Rev. 51:66–87.
  • Banyard AC, Horton DL, Freuling C, Müller T, Fooks AR. 2013. Control and prevention of canine rabies: the need for building laboratory-based surveillance capacity. Antiviral Res. 98(3):357–364.
  • Barrat J, Picard-Meyer E, Cliquet F. 2006. Rabies diagnosis. Dev Biol. 125:71–77.
  • Bedeković T, Šimić I, Krešić N, Lojkić I, Mihaljević Ž, Sučec I, Janković IL, Hostnik P. 2016. Evaluation of ELISA for the detection of rabies virus antibodies from the thoracic liquid and muscle extract samples in the monitoring of fox oral vaccination campaigns. BMC Vet Res. 12:76.
  • Bender J, Schulman, S. 2004. Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in such settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 224:1105–1109.
  • Beran GW. 1993. Zoonoses in practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 23:1085–1097.
  • Black EM, Lowings JP, Smith J, Heaton PR, Mc Elhinney M. 2002. A rapid RT-PCR method to differentiate six established genotypes of rabies and rabies-related viruses using TaqMan technology. J Virol Methods. 105:25–35.
  • Black EM, McElhinney LM, Lowings JP, Smith J, Johnstone P, Heaton PR. 2000. Molecular methods to distinguish between classical rabies and the rabies related European bat lyssa viruses. J Virol Methods. 87:123–131.
  • Blackwood JC, Streicker DG, Altizer S, Rohani P. 2013. Resolving the roles of immunity, pathogenesis, and immigration for rabies persistence in vampire bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110(51):20837–20842.
  • Blancou J. 2003. History of surveillance and control of transmissible animal diseases. Paris: Office International des Epizootics; p. 193–219.
  • Blancou J. 2008. The control of rabies in Eurasia: overview, history and background. Dev Biol (Basel). 131:3–15.
  • Blanton JD, Kis Robertson MPH, Palmer D, Rupprecht CE. 2009. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2008. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 235(6):676–689.
  • Blanton JD, Palmer D, Christian KA, Rupprecht CE. 2008. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2007. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 233:884–897.
  • Blanton JD, Palmer D, Christian KA, Rupprecht CE. 2010. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2009. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 237(6):646–657.
  • Blenden DC, Bell JF, Tsao AT, Umoh JU. 1983. Immunofluorescent examination of the skin of rabies-infected animals as a means of early detection of rabies virus antigen. J Clin Microbiol. 18(3):631–636.
  • Blenden DC, Creech W, Torres-Anjel MJ. 1986. Use of immunofluorescence examination to detect rabies virus antigen in the skin of humans with clinical encephalitis. J Infect Dis. 154(4):698–701.
  • Both L, Banyard AC, van Dolleweerd C, Horton DL, Ma JK, Fooks AR. 2012. Passive immunity in the prevention of rabies. Lancet Infect Dis. 12(5):397–407.
  • Bourhy H, Kissi B, Audry L, Smreczak M, Sadkowska-Todys M, Kulonen K, Tordo N, Zmudzinski JF, Holmes EC. 1999. Ecology and evolution of rabies virus in Europe. J Gen Virol. 80(10):2545–2557.
  • Bourhy H, Reynes JM, Dunham EJ, Dacheux L, Larrous F, Huong VTQ, Xu G, Yan J, Miranda MEG, Holmes EC. 2008. The origin and phylogeography of dog rabies virus. J Gen Virol. 89:2673–2681.
  • Bouzamondo E, Ladogana A, Tsiang H. 1993. Alteration of potassium-evoked 5-HT release from virus-infected rat cortical synaptosomes. Neuroreport. 4:555–558.
  • Brochier B, Kieny MP, Costy F, Coppens P, Bauduin B, Lecocq JP, Languet B, Chappuis G, Desmetre P, Afiademanyo K, et al. 1991. Large-scale eradication of rabies using recombinant vaccinia rabies vaccine. Nature. 354:520–522.
  • Bronnert J, Wilde H, Tepsumethanon V, Lumlertdacha B, Hemachudha T. 2007. Organ transplantations and rabies transmission. J Travel Med. 14:177–180.
  • Brun A, Duret C, Devaux B, Calmels D. 1980. Simple, simultaneous or combined vaccinations of horses against equine influenza, rabies and tetanus (author's transl). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 3:93–99.
  • Brzozka K, Finke S, Conzelmann KK. 2006. Inhibition of interferon signaling by rabies virus phosphoprotein P: activation-dependent binding of STAT1 and STAT2. J Virol. 80:2675–2683.
  • Camelo S, Lafage M, Galelli A, Lafon M. 2001. Selective role for the p55 Kd TNF-alpha receptor in immune unresponsiveness induced by an acute viral encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol. 113:95–108.
  • Campbell JB, Charlton KM, editors. 1988. Rabies. Boston (MA): Kluwer Academic Publications.
  • Carrara P, Parola P, Brouqui P, Gautret P. 2013. Imported human rabies cases worldwide, 1990–2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7(5):e2209.
  • Castrodale L, Walker V, Baldwin J, Hofmann J, Hanlon C. 2008. Rabies in a puppy imported from India to the USA, March 2007. Zoonoses Public Health. 55(8–10):427–430.
  • CDC. 1999. Mass treatment of humans who drank unpasteurized milk from rabid cows. Morb Mort Wkly Rep. 48:228–230.
  • CDC. 2004. Investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients – Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, 2004. Morb Mort Wkly Rep. 53:1–3.
  • Ceccaldi PE, Fillion MP, Ermine A, Tsiang H, Fillion G. 1993. Rabies virus selectively alters 5-HT1 receptor subtypes in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 245:129–138.
  • Cherian S, Singh R, Singh KP, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Anjaneya  , Ravi Kumar GV, Sumithra TG, Singh RP. 2015. Phylogenetic analysis of Indian rabies virus isolates targeting the complete glycoprotein gene. Infect Genet Evol. 36:333–338.
  • Chhabra M, Bhardwaj M, Ichhpujani RL, Lal S. 2005. Comparative evaluation of commonly used laboratory tests for post-mortem diagnosis of rabies. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 48(2):190–193.
  • Chhabra M, Ichhpujani RL. 2003. Animal bites: the current management guidelines. Indian J Pediatr. 70(1):S11–S16.
  • Chopy D, Detje CN, Lafage M, Kalinke U, Lafon M. 2011b. The type I interferon response bridles rabies virus infection and reduces pathogenicity. J Neurovirol. 17(4):353–367.
  • Chopy D, Pothlichet J, Lafage M, Mégret F, Fiette L, Si-Tahar M, Lafon M. 2011a. Ambivalent role of the innate immune response in rabies virus pathogenesis. J Virol. 85(13):6657–6668.
  • Cleaveland S, Hampson K, Kaare M. 2007. Living with rabies in Africa. Vet Rec. 161:293–294.
  • Cleaveland S, Kaare M, Knobel D, Laurenson MK. 2006. Canine vaccination-providing broader benefits for disease control. Vet Microbiol. 117:43–50.
  • Clifton M. 2003. Four shelter serving Beijing. Anim People. 12:18–19.
  • Cliquet F, Aubert M. 2004. Elimination of terrestrial rabies in Western European countries. Dev Biol (Basel). 119:185–204.
  • Cliquet F, Aubert M, Sagné L. 1998. Development of a fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test (FAVN test) for the quantitation of rabies-neutralising antibody. J Immunol Methods. 212(1):79–87.
  • Cliquet F, Guiot AL, Munier M, Bailly J, Rupprecht CE, Barrat J. 2006. Safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in raccoon dogs. Vaccine. 24:4386–4892.
  • Cliquet F, Gurbuxani JP, Pradhan HK, Pattnaik B, Patil SS, Regnault A, Begouen H, Guiot AL, Sood R, Mahl P, et al. 2007. The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in Indian stray dogs. Vaccine. 25:3409–3418.
  • Coertse J, Weyer J, Nel LH, Merkotter W. 2010. Improved PCR methods for detection of African rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 48(11):3949–3955.
  • Coleman PG, Fevre EM, Cleaveland S. 2004. Estimating the public health impact of rabies. Emerg Infect Dis. 10(1):140–142.
  • Condori-Condori RE, Streicker DG, Cabezas-Sanchez C, Velasco-Villa A. 2013. Enzootic and epizootic rabies associated with Vampire bats, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 19(9):1463–1469.
  • Consales CA, Bolzan VL. 2007. Rabies review: immunopathology, clinical aspects and treatment. J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis. 13(1):5–38.
  • Consales CA, Mendonea RZ, Gallina NMF, Pereira CA. 1990. Cytopathic effect induced by rabies virus in McCoy cells. J Virol Methods. 27:277–285.
  • Constantine DG. 1962. Rabies transmission by non-bite route. Public Health Rep. 77:287–295.
  • Conzelmann KK. 2005. Transcriptional activation of alpha/beta interferon genes: interference by nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. J Virol. 79:5241–5248.
  • Coulon P, Rollin PE, Flamand A. 1983. Molecular basis of rabies virus virulence. II. Identification of a site on the CVS glycoprotein associated with virulence. J Gen Virol. 64(3):693–696.
  • Cox JH, Dietzschold B, Schneider LG. 1977. Rabies virus glycoproteins. II. Biological and serological characterization. Infect Immun. 16:754–759.
  • da Rosa EST, Kotait I, Barbosa TFS, Carrieri ML, Brandão PE, Pinheiro AS, Begot AL, Wada MY, de Oliveira RC, Grisard EC, et al. 2006. Bat-transmitted human rabies outbreaks, Brazilian Amazon. Emerg Infect Dis. 12(8):1197–1202.
  • Dacheux L, Delmas O, Bourhy H. 2012. Human rabies encephalitis prevention and treatment: progress since Pasteur's discovery. Biologicals. 40:251–299.
  • Daffis S, Samuel MA, Suthar MS, Gale M Jr, Diamond MS. 2008. Toll-like receptor 3 has a protective role against West Nile virus infection. J Virol. 82(21):10349–10358.
  • Dandale M, Singh CK, Ramneek V, Deka D, Bansal K, Sood NK. 2013. Sensitivity comparison of nested RT-PCR and TaqMan real time PCR for intravitam diagnosis of rabies in animals from urine samples. Vet World. 6(4):189–192.
  • Dandale M, Singh CK, Ramneek V, Deka D, Sandhu BS, Bansal K, Sood NK. 2012. Ante mortem diagnosis of rabies from body secretion/excretion by TaqMan real time PCR. Int J Agro Vet Med Sci. 6(4):257–262.
  • Dantas-Torres F. 2008. Bats and their role in human rabies epidemiology in the Americas. J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis. 14(2):193–202.
  • David D. 2012. Role of the RT-PCR method in ante-mortem and post-mortem rabies diagnosis. Indian J Med Res. 135(6):809.
  • David D, Yakobson B, Smith JS, Stram Y. 2000. Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from Israel and other middle and near eastern countries. J Clin Microbiol. 38:755–762.
  • Davis A, Gordy P, Rudd R, Jarvis JA, Bowen RA. 2012. Naturally acquired rabies virus infections in wild-caught bats. Vector-Borne Zoonot Dis. 12(1):55–60.
  • Davis AD, Jarvis JA, Pouliott CE, Shannon MD, Rudd RJ. 2013. Susceptibility and pathogenesis of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) to heterologous and homologous rabies viruses. J Virol. 87(16):9008–9015.
  • Davis C, Neil S, Pushker R. 1997. Microwave fixation of rabies specimens for fluorescent antibody testing. J Virol Methods. 68:177–182.
  • De Benedictis P, De Battisti C, Marciano S, Mutinelli F, Capua I, Cattoli G. 2013. Pyrosequencing of the rabies virus glycoprotein gene to demonstrate absence of vaccine-associated rabies cases following oral vaccination. Veterinary J. 195(3):388–390.
  • De Benedictis P, Sow A, Fusaro A, Veggiato C, Talbi C, Kaboré A, Dundon WG, Bourhy H, Capua I. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses from Burkina Faso, 2007. Zoonoses Public Health. 57(7–8):e42–e46.
  • De Oviedo  , Valdes F. 1950. Sumario de la Natural historia de las Indias, 1526. Mexico City: Fond de Cultura Economica. (Spanish)
  • Deb R, Chakraborty S, Singh U, Kumar S, Sharma A. 2012. Infectious diseases of cattle. New Delhi: Satish Serial Publishing House; p. 224.
  • Dendle C, Looke D. 2008. Review article: Animal bites: an update for management with a focus on infections. Emerg Med Australas. 20:458–467.
  • Devleesschauwer B, Pruvot M, Joshi DD, De Craeye S, Jennes M, Ale A, Welinski A, Lama S, Aryal A, Victor B, et al. 2013. Seroprevalence of zoonotic parasites in pigs slaughtered in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13(12):872–876.
  • Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Mahima  , Wani, MY, Verma AK, Deb R, Tiwari R, Kapoor S. 2013. Novel and emerging therapies safeguarding health of humans and their companion animals: A review. Pak J Biol Sci. 16(3):101–111.
  • Dhama K, Mahendran M, Gupta PK, Rai A. 2008. DNA Vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives. Vet Res Commun. 32:341–356.
  • Dhingra V, Li X, Liu Y, Fu ZF. 2007. Proteomic profiling reveals that rabies virus infection results in differential expression of host proteins involved in ion homeostasis and synaptic physiology in the central nervous system. J Neurovirol. 13(2):107–111.
  • Diaz AM, Papo S, Rodriguez A, Smith JS. 1994. Antigenic analysis of rabies-virus 281 isolates from Latin America and the Caribbean. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 41:153–160.
  • Dietzschold B, Faber M, Schnell MJ. 2003. New approaches to the prevention and eradication of rabies. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2:399–406.
  • Dietzschold B, Koprowski H. 2004. Rabies transmission from organ transplants in the USA. Lancet. 364:648–649.
  • Dietzschold B, Koprowski H. 2005. Screening of organ and tissue donors for rabies. Lancet. 365:1305.
  • Dietzschold B, Wunner WH, Wiktor TJ, Lopes AD, Lafon M, Smith CL, Koprowski H. 1983. Characterization of an antigenic determinant of the glycoprotein that correlates with pathogenicity of rabies virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 80:70–74.
  • Dorfmeier CL, Lytle AG, Dunkel AL, Gatt A, McGettigan JP. 2012. Protective vaccine-induced CD4+ T cell-independent B cell responses against rabies infection. J Virol. 86(21):11533–11540.
  • Dorfmeier CL, Shen S, Tzvetkov EP, McGettigan JP. 2013a. Reinvestigating the role of IgM in rabies virus postexposure vaccination. J Virol. 87(16):9217–9222.
  • Dorfmeier CL, Tzvetkov EP, Gatt A, James P. McGettigan JP. 2013b. Investigating the role for IL-21 in rabies virus vaccine-induced Immunity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7(3):e2129.
  • Dupuis M, Brunt S, Appler K, Davis A, Rudd R. 2015. Comparison of automated quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and direct fluorescent-antibody detection for routine rabies diagnosis in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 53(9):2983–2989.
  • Dutta JK. 1998. Rabies transmission by oral and other non-bite routes. J Indian Med Assoc. 96:359.
  • Dutta JK, Dutta TK. 1994. Rabies in endemic countries. Br Med J. 308:488–489.
  • Dutta MK, Saha V, Sarkar P. 1992. Effect of experimentally inoculation of rabies fixed virus in mice using intra-cerebral and subcutaneous route. Indian J Anim Health. 31:15–20.
  • Dwyer JP, Douglas TS, van As AB. 2007. Dog bite injuries in children-a review of data from a South African paediatric trauma unit. S Afr Med J. 97(8):597–600.
  • Dyer JL, Niezgoda M, Orciari LA, Yager PA, Ellison JA, Rupprecht CE. 2013. Evaluation of an indirect rapid immunohistochemistry test for the differentiation of rabies virus variants. J Virol Methods. 190(1):29–33.
  • Dzikwi AA, Ibrahim AS, Umoh JU. 2012. Knowledge, attitude and practice about rabies among children receiving formal and informal education in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Glob J Health Sci. 4(5):132–139.
  • Ekanem EE, Eyong KI, Philip-Ephraim EE, Eyong ME, Adams EB, Asindi AA. 2013. Stray dog trade fuelled by dog meat consumption as a risk factor for rabies infection in Calabar, southern Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 13:1170–1173.
  • Ellison JA, Johnson SR, Kuzmina N, Gilbert A, Carson WC, Vercauteren KC, Rupprecht CE. 2013. Multidisciplinary approach to epizootiology and pathogenesis of bat rabies viruses in the United States. Zoonoses Public Health. 60(1):46–57.
  • Escobar LE, Peterson AT, Favi M, Yung V, Pons DJ, Medina-Vogel G. 2013. Ecology and geography of transmission of two bat-borne rabies lineages in Chile. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7(12):e2577.
  • Esterhuysen JJ, Prehaud C, Thomson GR. 1995. A liquid phases blocking ELISA for the detection of antibodies to rabies virus. J Virol Methods. 51:31–42.
  • Etessami R, Conzelmann KK, Fadai-Ghotbi B, Natelson B, Tsiang H, Ceccaldi PE. 2000. Spread and pathogenic characteristics of a G-deficient rabies virus recombinant: an in vitro and in vivo study. J Gen Virol. 81:2147–2153.
  • Faber M, Faber ML, Papaneri A, Bette M, Weihe E, Dietzschold B, Schnell MJ. 2005. A single amino acid change in rabies virus glycoprotein increases virus spread and enhances virus pathogenicity. J Virol. 79:14141–14148.
  • Faber M, Pulmanausahakul R, Hodawadekar SS, Spitsin S, McGettigan JP, Schnell MJ, Dietzschold B. 2002. Overexpression of the rabies virus glycoprotein results in enhancement of apoptosis and antiviral immune response. J Virol. 76:3374–3381.
  • Faizee N, Hailat NQ, Ababneh MMK, Hananeh WM, Muhaidat A. 2012. Pathological, immunological and molecular diagnosis of rabies in clinically suspected animals of different species using four detection techniques in Jordan. Transbound Emerg Dis. 59(2):154–164.
  • Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA. 2004. Virus taxonomy: the classification and nomenclature of viruses. Eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; p. 623–631.
  • Feder Jr HM, Petersen BW, Robertson KL, Rupprecht CE. 2012. Rabies: still a uniformly fatal disease? Historical occurrence, epidemiological trends, and paradigm shifts. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 14(4):408–422.
  • Fekadu M, Endeshaw T, Wondimagegnehu A, Teshager T, Olson JG. 1992. Possible human-to-human transmission of rabies in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 34:123–127.
  • Finke S, Conzelmann KK. 2003. Dissociation of rabies virus matrix protein functions in regulation of viral RNA synthesis and virus assembly. J Virol. 77(22):12074–12082.
  • Finke S, Cox JH, Conzelmann KK. 2000. Differential transcription attenuation of rabies virus genes by intergenic regions: generation of recombinant viruses overexpressing the polymerase gene. J Virol. 74(16):7261–7269.
  • Fischer L, Minke J, Dufay N, Baudu Ph, Audonnet JC. 2003. Rabies DNA vaccine in the horse: strategies to improve serological responses. Vaccine. 21:4593–4596.
  • Fisman DN. 2014. Taking the bite out of rabies, putting teeth into one health. Ann Intern Med. 160(2):132–133.
  • Fitzpatrick MC, Hampson K, Cleaveland S, Meyers LA, Townsend JP, Galvani AP. 2012. Potential for rabies control through dog vaccination in wildlife-abundant communities of Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6(8):e1796.
  • Fooks AR. 2007. Rabies – the need for a ‘one medicine’ approach. Vet Rec. 161:289–290.
  • Fooks AR, Johnson N, Freuling CM, Wakeley PR, Banyard AC, McElhinney LM, Marston DA, Dastjerdi A, Wright E, Weiss RA, et al. 2009. Emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 3:e530.
  • Fooks AR, McElhinney LM, Pounder DJ, Finnegan CJ, Mansfield K, Johnson N, Brookes SM, Parsons G, White K, McIntyre PG, et al. 2003. Case report: isolation of a European bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis. J Med Virol. 71(2):281–289.
  • Frana TS, Clough NE, Gatewood DM, Rupprecht CE. 2008. Postmarketing surveillance of rabies vaccines for dogs to evaluate safety and efficacy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 232:1000–1002.
  • Francis JR, Nourse C, Vaska VL, Calvert S, Northill JA, McCall B, Mattke AC. 2014. Australian bat lyssavirus in a child: the first reported case. Pediatrics. 133(4):e1063–e1067.
  • Franka R, Smith TG, Dyer JL, Wu X, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE. 2013. Current and future tools for global canine rabies elimination. Antiviral Res. 100(1):220–225.
  • Freuling CM, Beer M, Conraths FJ, Finke S, Hoffmann B, Keller B, Kliemt J, Mettenleiter TC, Mühlbach E, Teifke JP, et al. 2011. Novel lyssavirus in Natterer's bat, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 17(8):1519–1522.
  • Fu ZF, Weihe E, Zheng YM, Schafer MK, Sheng H, Corisdeo S, Rauscher FJ, 3rd, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B. 1993. Differential effects of rabies and borna disease viruses on immediate-early- and late-response gene expression in brain tissues. J Virol. 67(11):6674–6681.
  • Galelli A, Baloul L, Lafon M. 2000. Abortive rabies virus central nervous infection is controlled by T lymphocyte local recruitment and induction of apoptosis. J Neurovirol. 6(5):359–372.
  • Ganesh V, Jayakumar R. 1999. Dot blot hybridization for diagnosis of rabies virus in animals. Indian J Virol. 15:77–79.
  • Garba A, Dzikwi AA, Okewole PA, Chitunya-Wilson BB, Tirmidhi AB, Kazeem HM, Umoh JU. 2013. Evaluation of dog slaughter and consumption practices related to the control of rabies in Nigeria. J Exp Biol Agric Sci. 1:125–130.
  • Gaudin Y, Tuffereau C, Segretain D, Knossow M, Flamand A. 1991. Reversible conformational changes and fusion activity of rabies virus glycoprotein. J Virol. 65:4853–4859.
  • Gautret P, Parola P. 2012. Rabies pretravel vaccination. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 25(5):500–506.
  • Gautret P, Parola P. 2013. Intradermal route for rabies vaccination should be generalized in travelers. Clin Infect Dis. 56(10):1508–1509.
  • Gibbons RV. 2002. Cryptogenic rabies, bats, and the question of aerosol transmission. Ann Emerg Med. 39:528–536.
  • Gigant B, Iseni F, Gaudin Y, Knossow M, Blondel D. 2000. Neither phosphorylation nor the amino-terminal part of rabies virus phosphoprotein is required for its oligomerization. J Gen Virol. 81(7):1757–1761.
  • Gongal G, Wright AE. 2011. Human rabies in the WHO Southeast Asia Region: forward steps for elimination. Adv Prev Med. 2011:383870.
  • Gongal G. 2005. Anti-rabies drive in Nepal. In: Proceedings of Medicine and Health in the Tropics, IVth European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health. Marseille; p. 45.
  • Gould AR, Hyatt AD, Lunt R, Kattenbelt JA, Hengstberger S, Blackwell SD. 1998. Characterization of novel lyssa virus from Pteropid bats in Australia. Virus Res. 54:165–187.
  • Green SL. 1993. Equine rabies. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 9:337–347.
  • Green SL. 1997. Rabies. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 13:1–11.
  • Greene CE, Rupprecht CE. 2006. Rabies and other lyssavirus infections. In: Greene CE, editor. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. St Louis: Elsevier Saunders; p. 167–183.
  • Gruzdev KN. 2008. The rabies situation in Central Asia. Dev Biol (Basel). 131:37–42.
  • Gupta PK, Sonwane AA, Singh NK, Meshram CD, Dahiya SS, Pawar SS, Gupta SP, Chaturvedi VK, Saini M. 2012. Intracerebral delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) using adenoviral vector protects mice against lethal peripheral rabies challenge. Virus Res. 163(1):11–18.
  • Hambolu SE, Dzikwi AA, Kwaga JKP, Kazeem HM, Umoh JU, Hambolu DA. 2013. Rabies and dog bites cases in Lagos State Nigeria: A prevalence and retrospective studies (2006-2011). Glob J Health Sci. 6:2014.
  • Hamir AN, Moser G. 1994. Immunoperoxidase test for rabies: utility as diagnostic test. J Vet Diagn Invest. 6:148–152.
  • Hampson K, Cleaveland S, Maganga S, Coudeville L. 2011. Reassessment of the socio-economic global burden of rabies: Human and animal cost of global rabies. In: Global Conference on Rabies Control: Towards Sustainable Prevention at Source: Incheon (Republic of Korea). 7–9 September 2011. Incheon: OIE; 26.
  • Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, Barrat J, Blanton JD, Briggs DJ, Cleaveland S, et al. 2015. Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9(4):e0003709.
  • Hankins DG, Rosekrans JA. 2004. Overview, prevention and treatment of rabies. Mayo Clin Proc. 79:671–676.
  • Hanlon C, Childs J. 2013. Epidemiology. In: Jackson A, editor. Rabies scientific basis of the disease and its management. Oxford: Elsevier; p. 61–122.
  • Hanlon CA, Niezgoda MN, Rupprecht CE. 2002. Postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 63:1096–1100.
  • Hanna JN, Carney IK, Smith GA, Tannenberg AE, Deverill JE, Botha JA, Serafin IL, Harrower BJ, Fitzpatrick PF, Searle JW. 2000. Australian bat lyssavirus infection: a second human case, with a long incubation period. Med J Aust. 172(12):597–599.
  • Hatz CF, Kuenzli E, Funk M. 2012. Rabies: relevance, prevention, and management in travel medicine. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 26(3):739–753.
  • Haupt H, Rehaag B. 1921. Durch Fledermäuse verbreitete seuchenhafte Tolwut unter Viehbeständen in Santa Catharina (Süd-Brasilien) (German) Ztschr. F Infectionskr. 22:104–127.
  • Heaton PR, McElhinney LM, Lowings JP. 1999. Detection and identification of rabies and rabies related viruses using rapid - cycle PCR. J Virol Methods. 81:63–69.
  • Hellenbrand W, Meyer C, Rasch G, Steffens I, Ammon A. 2005. Cases of rabies in Germany following organ transplantation. Eurosurveillance Weekly Release. 10:050217.
  • Helmick CG, Tauxe RV, Vernon AA. 1987. Is there a risk to contracts of patients with rabies? Rev Infect Dis. 9:511–518.
  • Hemachudha T, Laothamatas J, Rupprecht CE. 2002. Human rabies: a disease of complex neuropathogenic mechanism and diagnostic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 1:101–109.
  • Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J. 2013. Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol. 12(5):498–513.
  • Hicks DJ, Fooks AR, Johnson N. 2012. Development in rabies vaccines. Clin Exp Immunol. 169:199–204.
  • Hicks DJ, Nunez A, Healy DM, Brookes SM, Johnson N, Fooks AR. 2009. Comparative pathological study of the murine brain after experimental infection with classical rabies virus and European bat lyssaviruses. J Comp Pathol. 140(2–3):113–126.
  • Hooper DC, Morimoto K, Bette M, Weihe M, Koprowski H, Dietshchold B. 1998. Collaboration of antibody and inflammation in the clearance of rabies virus from the CNS. J Virol. 72:3711–3719.
  • Hooper DC, Roy A, Kean RB, Phares TW, Barkhouse DA. 2011. Therapeutic immune clearance of rabies virus from the CNS. Future Virol. 6(3):387–397.
  • Hostnik P, Picard-Meyer E, Rihtaric D, Toplak I, Cliquet F. 2014. Vaccine-induced rabies in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes): isolation of vaccine virus in brain tissue and salivary glands. J Wildl Dis. 50:397–401.
  • Ito N, Moseley GW, Blondel D, Shimizu K, Rowe CL, Ito Y, Masatani T, Nakagawa K, Jans DA, Sugiyama M. 2010. Role of interferon antagonist activity of rabies virus phosphoprotein in viral pathogenicity. J Virol. 84(13):6699–6710.
  • Iwasaki Y, Gerhad W, Clark HF. 1997. Role of host immune response in the development of either encephalitic or paralytic disease after experimental rabies infection in mice. Infect Immun. 18:220–225.
  • Iwasaki Y, Tobita M. 2002. Pathology. In: Rabies. Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; p. 283–306.
  • Iwata M, Komori S, Unno T, Minamoto N, Ohashi H. 1999. Modification of membrane currents in mouse neuroblastoma cells following infection with rabies virus. Br J Pharmacol. 126:1691–1698.
  • Jackson AC. 2000. Rabies in the critical care unit: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Can J Neurol Sci. 27:278–282.
  • Jackson AC. 2002. Pathogenesis. In: Rabies. Jackson AC and Wunner WH, editors. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; p. 245–282.
  • Jackson AC. 2003a. Neuronal apoptosis in experimental rabies: role of the route of viral entry. Neurology. 60:A102.
  • Jackson AC. 2003b. Rabies virus infection: an update. J NeuroVirol. 9:253–258.
  • Jackson AC. 2007a. Human disease. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors. Rabies. 2nd ed. London: Elsevier Academic Press; p. 309–340.
  • Jackson AC. 2007b. Pathogenesis. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors. Rabies. 2nd ed. London: Elsevier Academic Press; p. 341–381.
  • Jackson AC. 2008. Rabies. Neurol Clin. 26(3):717–26, ix.
  • Jackson AC. 2010. Rabies pathogenesis update. Rev Pan-Amaz Saude. 1(1):167–172.
  • Jackson AC. 2016. Human rabies: a 2016 Update. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 18(11):38.
  • Jackson AC, Park H. 1998. Apoptotic cell death in experimental rabies in suckling mice. Acta Neuropathol. 95(2):159–164.
  • Jackson AC, Randle E, Lawrance G, Rossiter JP. 2008. Neuronal apoptosis does not play an important role in human rabies encephalitis. J Neurovirol. 14(5):368–375.
  • Jackson AC, Reimer DL. 1989. Pathogenesis of experimental rabies in mice: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol. 78(2):159–165.
  • Jackson AC, Rossiter JP. 1997. Apoptosis plays an important role in experimental rabies virus infection. J Virol. 71:5603–5607.
  • Jackson AC, Wunner WH. 1991. Detection of rabies virus genomic RNA and mRNA in mouse and human brains by using in situ hybridization. J Virol. 65:2839–2844.
  • Jacob Y, Badrane H, Ceccaldi PE, Tordo N. 2000. Cytoplasmic dynein LC8 interacts with lyssavirus phosphoprotein. J Virol. 74:10217–10222.
  • Javadi M, Fayaz A, Mirdehghan SA, Ainollahi B. 1996. Transmission of rabies by corneal graft. Cornea. 15:431–433.
  • Jayakumar R, Nachimuthu K, Padmanaban VD. 1995. A comparison between avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) and unlabelled antibody (PAP) procedures in rabies diagnosis. Indian Vet J. 71:866–869.
  • Jayakumar R, Padmanaban VD, Jayakumar R. 1994. A dipstick dot ELISA immunoassay for detection of rabies antigen. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 280:382–385.
  • Jayakumar R, Ramadas P. 1991. Evaluation of diagnostic test for rabies in dogs. Indian Vet J. 68:765–768.
  • Jayakumar R, Ramadas P, Raghavan N. 1989. Comparison of enzyme immunodiagnosis with immunofluorescence for rapid diagnosis of rabies in dogs. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 271:501–503.
  • Jindal N, Narang G. 1998. An outbreak of rabies in buffaloes in Haryana. Indian Vet J. 75:839–840.
  • John TJ. 2005. What is appropriate post-exposure rabies prophylaxis? Indian Pediatr. 42(10):1062–1063.
  • Joob S. 2013. Rabies vaccination in special scenarios: a review. Adv Trop Med Pub Health Int. 3(1):1–4.
  • Joseph J, Sangeetha N, Khan AM, Rajoura OP. 2013. Determinants of delay in initiating post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies prevention among animal bite cases: Hospital based study. Vaccine. 32(1):74–77.
  • Kang B, Oh J, Lee C, Park BK, Park Y, Hong K, Lee K, Cho B, Song D. 2007. Evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for rabies virus. J Virol Methods. 145:30–36.
  • Karki S, Thakuri KC. 2010. Epidemiological situation of animal rabies and its control strategy in Nepal. In: Proceedings of the 9th Conference of Nepal Veterinary Association. Kathmandu; p. 105–110.
  • Kasempimolporn S, Saengseesom W, Lumlertdacha B, Sitpriga V. 2000. Detection of rabies virus antigen in dog saliva using a latex agglutination test. J Clin Microbiol. 38:3098–3099.
  • Katayama S, Yamanaka M, Ota S, Shimizu Y. 1999. A new quantitative method for rabies virus by detection of nucleoprotein in virion using ELISA. J Virol Methods. 77:69–74.
  • Kelly RM, Strick PL. 2000. Rabies as a transneuronal tracer ofcircuits in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Methods. 103(1):63–71.
  • Kieny MP, Lathe R, Drillien R, Spehner D, Skory S, Sschmitt D, Wiktor T, Koprowski H, Lecocq JP. 1984. Expression of rabies virus glycoprotein from a recombinant vaccinia virus. Nature. 312:163–166.
  • Kim JH, Hwang EK, Sohn HJ, Kim DY, So BJ, Jean YH. 2005. Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in South Korea from 1993 to 2001. Vet Rec. 157:3–56.
  • Kissi B, Tordo N, Bourhy H. 1995. Genetic polymorphism in the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene. Virology. 209:526–537.
  • Klingen Y, Conzelmann KK, Finke S. 2008. Double-labeled rabies virus: live tracking of enveloped virus transport. J Virol. 82:237–245.
  • Knobel DL, Cleaveland S, Coleman PG, Fevre EM, Meltzer MI, Miranda ME, Shaw A, Zinsstag J, Meslin FX. 2005. Reevaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia. Bull World Health Organ. 83:360–368.
  • Kobayashi Y, Okuda H, Nakamura K, Sato G, Itou T, Carvalho AA, Silva MV, Mota CS, Ito FH, Sakai T. 2007. Genetic analysis of phosphoprotein and matrix protein of rabies viruses isolated in Brazil. J Vet Med Sci. 69(11):1145–1154.
  • Kojima D, Park CH, Satoh Y, Inoue S, Noguchi A, Oyamada T. 2009. Pathology of the spinal cord of C57BL/6J mice infected with rabies virus (CVS-11 strain). J Vet Med Sci. 71(3):319–324.
  • Kojima D, Park CH, Tsujikawa S, Kohara K, Hatai H, Oyamada T, Noguchi A, Inoue S. 2010. Lesions of the central nervous system induced by intracerebral inoculation of BALB/c mice with rabies virus (CVS-11). J Vet Med Sci. 72(8):1011–1016.
  • Kono H, Rock KL. 2008. How dying cells alert the immune system to danger. Nat Rev Immunol. 8:279–289.
  • Kotwal S, Narayan KG, Deva AK. 1988. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase test in the diagnosis of rabies. Indian J Comp Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis. 9:154–155.
  • Krebs JW, Mandel EJ, Swerdlow DL, Rupprecht CE. 2005. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 227:1912–1925.
  • Krebs JW, Wilson ML, Childs JE. 1995. Rabies- Epidemiology, prevention, and future research. J Mammal. 76(3):681–694.
  • Kuang Y, Lackay SN, Zhao L, Fu ZF. 2009. Role of chemokines in the enhancement of BBB permeability and inflammatory infiltration after rabies virus infection. Virus Res. 144(1–2):18–26.
  • Kucera P, Dolivo M, Coulon P, Flamand A. 1985. Pathways of the early propagation of virulent and avirulent rabies strains from the eye to the brain. J Virol. 55:158–162.
  • Kulonen K, Fakadu M, Whitfield S, Warner CK. 1999. An evaluation of immunofluoresence and PCR. Methods for detection of rabies in archival Carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue. J Vet Med Series B. 46(3):151–155.
  • Kuzmin IV, Hughes GJ, Botvinkin AD, Orciari LA, Rupprecht CE. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of Irkut and West Caucasian bat viruses within the Lyssavirus genus and suggested quantitative criteria based on the N gene sequence for lyssavirus genotype definition. Virus Res. 111:28–43.
  • Kuzmin IV, Orciari LA, Arai YT, Smith JS, Hanlon CA, Kameoka Y, Rupprecht CE. 2003. Bat lyssaviruses (Aravan and Khujand) from Central Asia: phylogenetic relationships according to N, P and G gene sequences. Virus Res. 97(2):65–79.
  • Kuzmin IV, Shi M, Orciari LA, Yager PA, Velasco-Villa A, Kuzmina N A, Streicker DG, Bergman DL, Rupprecht CE. 2012. Molecular inferences suggest multiple host shifts of rabies viruses from bats to mesocarnivores in Arizona during 2001–2009. PLoS Pathog. 8(6):e1002786.
  • Kuzmina NA, Kuzmin IV, Ellison JA, Taylor ST, Bergman DL, Dew B, Rupprecht CE. 2013b. A reassessment of the evolutionary timescale of bat rabies viruses based upon glycoprotein gene sequences. Virus Genes. 47(2):305–310.
  • Kuzmina NA, Lemey P, Kuzmin IV, Mayes BC, Ellison JA, Orciari LA, Hightower D, Taylor ST, Rupprecht CE. 2013a. The phylogeography and spatiotemporal spread of South-central skunk rabies virus. PloS One. 8(12):e82348.
  • Lafay F, Benejean J, Tuffereau C, Flamand A, Coulon P. 1994. Vaccination against rabies: construction and characterization of SAG2, a double avirulent derivative of SADBern. Vaccine. 12:317–320.
  • Lafon M. 2005. Modulation of the immune response in the nervous system by rabies virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 289:239–258.
  • Lafon M. 2008. Immune evasion, a critical strategy for rabies virus. Dev Biol (Basel). 131:413–419.
  • Lafon M. 2011. Evasive strategies in rabies virus infection. Adv Virus Res. 79:33–53.
  • Lafon M, Megret F, Lafage M, Prehaud C. 2006. The innate immune facet of brain: human neurons express TLR-3 and sense viral dsRNA. J Mol Neurosci. 29(3):185–194.
  • Lafon M, Megret F, Meuth SG, Simon O, Velandia Romero ML, Lafage M, Chen L, Alexopoulou L, Flavell RA, Prehaud C, et al. 2008. Detrimental contribution of the immuno-inhibitor b7-h1 to rabies virus encephalitis. J Immunol. 180(11):7506–7515.
  • Lafon M, Prehaud C, Megret F, Lafage M, Mouillot G, Roa M, Moreau P, Rouas-Freiss N, Carosella ED. 2005. Modulation of HLA-G expression in human neural cells after neurotropic viral infections. J Virol. 79(24):15226–15237.
  • Lahaye X, Vidy A, Fouquet B, Blondel D. 2012. Hsp70 protein positively regulates rabies virus infection. J Virol. 86:4743–4751.
  • Lal S. 2014. Do people of Northeast India eat dogs? Is it true or just a hoax? Updated on 16 September 2014. Available from: https://www.quora.com/Do-people-of-Northeast-India-eat-dogs-Is-it-true-or-just-a-hoax
  • Langoni H, Souza LC, Zetun CB, Silva TCC, Hoffmann JL, Silva RC. 2008. Serological survey for rabies in serum samples from vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in Botucatu Region, Sp., Brazil. J Venom Anim Toxins Trop Dis. 14:651–659.
  • Laothamatas J, Sungkarat W, Hemachudha T. 2011. Neuroimaging in rabies. Adv Virus Res. 79:309–327.
  • Larghi OP. 2004. Perspectives for rabies control and eradication from domestic species in developing countries. Dev Biol (Basel). 119:205–212.
  • Larsan JK, Wunner WH, Etrl HCJ. 1992. Immune response to nominal phosphoproteins of rabies virus. Virus Res. 23:73–88.
  • Larson JK, Wunner WH, Otvos L Jr, Ertl HC. 1991. Identification of an immunodominant epitope within the phosphoprotein of rabies virus that is recognized by both class I- and class II-restricted T cells. J Virol. 65(11):5673–5679.
  • Last RD, Jardine JE, Smit MME, Lugt JJ, Vander Van-der-Lugt JJ. 1994. Application of immunoperoxidase techniques to formalin fixed brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 61:183–187.
  • Lau CL, Hohl, N. 2013. Immunogenicity of a modified intradermal pre-exposure rabies vaccination schedule using a purified chick embryo cell vaccine: an observational study. Travel Med Infect Dis. 11(6):427–430.
  • Lawrence TM, Hudacek AW, de Zoete MR, Flavell RA, Schnell MJ. 2013. Rabies virus is recognized by the NLRP3 inflammasome and activates interleukin-1β release in murine dendritic cells. J Virol. 87(10):5848–5857.
  • Leblois H, Flamand A. 1988. Studies on pathogenicity in mice of rabies virus strains used for oral vaccination of foxes in Europe. In: Pastoret PP, Brochier B, Thomas I, Blancou J, editors. Vaccination to control rabies in foxes. Brussels: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; p. 101–104.
  • Leblois H, Tuffereau C, Blancou J, Artois M, Aubert A, Flamand A. 1990. Oral immunization of foxes with avirulent rabies virus mutants. Vet Microbiol. 23:259–266.
  • Lembo T, Attlan M, Bourhy H, Cleaveland S, Costa P, de Balogh K, Dodet B, Fooks AR, Hiby E, Leanes F, et al. 2011. Renewed global partnerships and redesigned roadmaps for rabies prevention and control. Vet Med Int. 2011:923149.
  • Lembo T, Niezgoda M, Velasco-Villa A, Cleaveland S, Ernest E, Rupprecht CE. 2006. Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis. Emerg Inf Dis. 12(2):310–313.
  • Lentz TL, Burrage TG, Smith AL, Crick J, Tignor GH. 1982. Is the acetylcholine receptor a rabies virus receptor? Science. 215:182–184.
  • Leonard JA, Wayne RK, Wheeler J, Valadez R, Guillen S, Vila C. 2002. Ancient DNA evidence for Old World origin of New World dogs. Science. 298:1613–1616.
  • Leung AK, Davies HD, Hon KL. 2007. Rabies: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prophylaxis. Adv Ther. 24:1340–1347.
  • Lewis P, Lentz TL. 1998. Rabies virus entry into cultured rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurocytol. 27:559–573.
  • Liang HR, Hu GQ, Xue XH, Li L, Zheng XX, Gao YW, Yang ST, Xia XZ. 2014. Selection of an aptamer against rabies virus: A new class of molecules with antiviral activity. Virus Res. 184C:7–13.
  • Liang HR, Liu Q, Zheng XX, Gai WW, Xue XH, Hu GQ, Wu HX, Wang HL, Yang ST, Xia XZ. 2013. Aptamers targeting rabies virus-infected cells inhibit viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res. 173(2):398–403.
  • Liao PH, Hsu YH, Yang HH, Wang MH, Chen LK. 2012. Involvement of extraneural tissues and upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase after experimental infection with rabies virus in BALB/c mice and LEW/SsN rats. Pathol Int. 62(9):619–627.
  • Lina PH, Hutson AM. 2006. Bat rabies in Europe: a review. Dev Biol (Basel). 125:245–254.
  • Liu J, Hamrouni A, Wolowiec D, Coiteux V, Kuliczkowski K, Hetuin D, Saudemont A, Quesnel B. 2007. Plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients express B7-H1 (PD-L1) and increase expression after stimulation with IFN-{gamma} and TLR ligands via a MyD88-, TRAF6-, and MEK-dependent pathway. Blood. 110(1):296–304.
  • Liu X, Feng X, Tang Q, Wang Z, Qiu Z, Li Y, Wang C, Feng Z, Zhu J, Guan X. 2010. Characterization and potential diagnostic application of monoclonal antibodies specific to rabies virus. J Biomed Res. 24(5):395–403.
  • Liu X, Yang Y, Sun Z, Chen J, Ai J, Dun C, Fu ZF, Niu X, Guo X. 2014. A recombinant rabies virus encoding two copies of the glycoprotein gene confers protection in dogs against a virulent challenge. PLoS One. 9(2):e87105.
  • Liu Y, Zhang HP, Zhang SF, Wang JX, Zhou HN, Zhang F, Wang YM, Ma L, Li N, Hu RL. 2016. Rabies outbreaks and vaccination in domestic camels and cattle in Northwest China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10(9):e0004890.
  • Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao J, Zhang F, Hu R. 2013. Isolation of Irkut virus from a Murina leucogaster bat in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7(3):e2097.
  • Loza-Rubio E, Rojas-Anaya E, Lopez J, Olivera-Flores MT, Gomez-Lim M, Tapia-Perez G. 2012. Induction of a protective immune response to rabies virus in sheep after oral immunization with transgenic maize, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. Vaccine. 30:5551–5556.
  • Lung O, Nadin-Davis S, Fisher M, Erickson A, Knowles MK, Furukawa-Stoffer T, Ambagala A. 2013. Microarray for identification of the chiropteran host species of rabies virus in Canada. Microarrays. 2(2):153–169.
  • Lytle AG, Norton JE, Dorfmeier CL, Shen S, McGettigan JP. 2013. B cell infection and activation by rabies virus-based vaccines. J Virol. 87(16):9097–9110.
  • Ma X, Niezgoda M, Blanton JD, Recuenco S, Rupprecht CE. 2012. Evaluation of a new serological technique for detecting rabies virus antibodies following vaccination. Vaccine. 30:5358–5362.
  • Madhu BP, Singh KP, Saminathan M, Singh R, Shivasharanappa N, Sharma AK, Malik YS, Dhama K, Manjunatha V. 2016b. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of immune responses during rabies virus infection in mice. Virus Dis. 27(4):387–399.
  • Madhu BP, Singh KP, Saminathan M, Singh R, Tiwari AK, Manjunatha V, Harish C, Manjunathareddy GB. (2016a.). Correlation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition with TNF-α, caspase-1, FasL and TLR-3 in pathogenesis of rabies in mouse model. Virus Genes. 52(1):61–70.
  • Madhusudana SN, Malavalli BV, Thankappan UP, Sundramoorthy S, Belludi AY, Pulagumbaly SB, Sanyal S. 2014. Development and evaluation of a new immunohistochemistry-based test for the detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 10(5):1359–1365.
  • Madhusudana SN, Subha S, Thankappan U, Ashwin YB. 2012. Evaluation of a direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) for rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals and humans. Virol Sin. 27:299–302.
  • Madhusudana SN, Sukumaran SM. 2008. Antemortem diagnosis and prevention of human rabies. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 11(1):3–12.
  • Mahardika GN, Dibia N, Budayanti NS, Susilawathi NM, Subrata K, Darwinata AE, Wignall FS, Richt JA, Valdivia-Granda WA, Sudewi AA. 2014. Phylogenetic analysis and victim contact tracing of rabies virus from humans and dogs in Bali, Indonesia. Epidemiol Infect. 142(6):1146–1154.
  • Mähl P, Cliquet F, Guiot AL, Niin E, Fournials E, Saint-Jean N, Aubert M, Rupprecht CE, Gueguen S. 2014. Twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in wildlife: a global review. Vet Res. 45:77.
  • Mani RS, Madhusudana SN. 2013. Laboratory diagnosis of human rabies: recent advances. Scientific World J. 2013(2013):10.
  • Mani RS, Madhusudana SN, Mahadevan A, Reddy V, Belludi AY, Shankar SK. 2014. Utility of real-time Taqman PCR for antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of human rabies. J Med Virol. 86(10):1804–1812.
  • Manjunathareddy GB, Sumana K, Yogisharadhya R, Cherian, S, Prajapati A, Patil SS, Balamurugan V, Singh KP, Singh R, Rahman H. 2016. Diagnosis of animal rabies: comparison of direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT), reverse transcriptase-PCR and real-time PCR. J Exp Biol Agric Sci. 4(Spl-3-AD PCIAD):S69–S74.
  • Mao C. 2010. Tribal Naga Dog meat delicacy. Demotix. Available from: http://www.demotix.com/news/302632/tribal-naga-dog-meatdelicacy. accessed on 17/10/2013.
  • Marston DA, Horton DL, Ngeleja C, Hampson K, McElhinney LM, Banyard AC, Haydon D, Cleaveland S, Rupprecht CE, Bigambo M, et al. 2012. Ikoma lyssavirus, highly divergent novel lyssavirus in an African civet. Emerg Infect Dis. 18(4):664–667.
  • Mazarakis ND, Azzouz M, Rohell JB. 2001. Rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery. Hum Mol Genet. 10:2109–2121.
  • Mazigo HD, Okumu FO, Kweka EJ, Mnyone LL. 2010. Retrospective analysis of suspected rabies cases reported at bugando referral hospital, mwanza, Tanzania. J Global Infect Dis. 2(3):216–220.
  • McCOLL KA, Tordo N, Aguilar-Setien AA. 2000. Bat lyssa virus infections. Rev Sci Technol. 19(1):177–196.
  • Mccall BJ, Epstein JH, Neill AS, Heel K, Field H, Barrett J, Smith GA, Selvey LA, Rodwell B, Lunt R. 2000. Potential exposure to Australian bat lyssavirus, Queensland, 1996–1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 6:259–264.
  • McElhinney LM, Marston DA, Brookes SM, Fooks AR. 2014. Effects of carcase decomposition on rabies virus infectivity and detection. J Virol Methods. 207:110–113.
  • McGarvey PB, Hammond J, Dienelt MM, Hooper DC, Fu ZF, Dietzschold B, Koprowski H, Michaels FH. 1995. Expression of the rabies virus glycoprotein in transgenic tomatoes. Biotechnology (NY). 13:1484–1487.
  • McGettigan JP, David F, Figueiredo MD, Minke J, Mebatsion T, Schnell MJ. 2014. Safety and serological response to a matrix gene-deleted rabies virus-based vaccine vector in dogs. Vaccine. 32(15):1716–1719.
  • McKay N, Wallis I. 2005. Rabies: a review of UK management. Emerg Med J. 22:316–321.
  • McKimmie CS, Johnson N, Fooks AR, Fazakerley JK. 2005. Viruses selectively upregulate Toll-like receptors in the central nervous system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 336:925–933.
  • Mebatsion T, Weiland F, Conzelmann KK. 1999. Matrix protein of rabies virus is responsible for the assembly and budding of bullet-shaped particles and interacts with the transmembrane spike glycoprotein G. J Virol. 73:242–250.
  • Megret F, Prehaud C, Lafage M, Moreau P, Rouas-Freiss N, Carosella ED, Lafon M. 2007. Modulation of HLA-G and HLA-E expression in human neuronal cells after rabies virus or herpes virus simplex type 1 infections. Hum Immunol. 68(4):294–302.
  • Mehta S, Roy S, Mukherjee S, Yadav N, Patel N, Chowdhary A. 2015. Exogenous interferon prolongs survival of rabies infected mice. Virusdisease. 26(3):163–169.
  • Meltzer MI, Rupprecht CE. 1998. Review of the economics of the prevention and control of rabies. Part 2: Rabies in dogs, livestock and wildlife. Pharmacoeconomics. 14:481–498.
  • Ménager P, Roux P, Mégret F, Bourgeois JP, Le Sourd AM, Danckaert A, Lafage M, Préhaud C, Lafon M. 2009. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays a major role in the formation of rabies virus Negri bodies. PLoS Pathog. 5(2):e1000315.
  • Meng S, Lv W, Wu J, Wang J, Xu G, Yan J. 2013. Comparison of three strategies for sequencing rabies viral G gene. J Appl Virol. 2:1.
  • Meslin FX. 2005. Rabies as a traveler's risk, especially in high-endemicity areas. J Travel Med. 12(1):S30–S40.
  • Meuth SG, Simon OJ, Grimm A, Melzer N, Herrmann AM, Spitzer P, Landgraf P, Wiendl H. 2008. CNS inflammation and neuronal degeneration is aggravated by impaired CD200-CD200R-mediated macrophage silencing. J Neuroimmunol. 194(1–2):62–69.
  • Mills D. 2013. Intradermal pre-exposure rabies vaccination. Promises and pitfalls. Travel Med Inf Dis. 11(6):335–336.
  • Moeschler S, Locher S, Conzelmann KK, Krämer B, Zimmer G. 2016. Quantification of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype particles. Viruses. 8(9): pii: E254.
  • Monaco F, Franchi PM, Lelli R. 2006. Studies on an inactivated vaccine against rabies virus in domestic animals. Dev Biol (Basel). 125:233–239.
  • Montaner AD, De Nichilo A, Rodriguez JM, Hernando-Insua A, Fló J, Lopez RA, Sierra V, Paolazzi C, Larghi O, Horn DL, et al. 2012. IMT504: A new and potent adjuvant for rabies vaccines permitting significant dose sparing. World J Vaccines. 2:182.
  • Mori T, Morimoto K. 2014. Rabies virus glycoprotein variants display different patterns in rabies monosynaptic tracing. Front Neuroanat. 7:47.
  • Morimoto K, Hooper DC, Spitsin S, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B. 1999. Pathogenicity ofdifferent rabiesvirus variants inversely correlates with apoptosis and rabies virus glycoprotein expression in infected primary neuron cultures. J Virol. 73:510–518.
  • Morimoto K, Patel M, Corisdeo S, Hooper DC, Fu ZF, Rupprecht CE, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B. 1996. Characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93(11):5653–5658.
  • Mshelbwala PP, Ogunkoya AB, Maikai BV. 2013. Detection of rabies antigen in the saliva and brains of apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption and its public health implications in Abia State, Nigeria. ISRN Vet Sci. 2013:468043.
  • Mudur G. 2005. Foreign visitors to India are unaware of rabies risk. Br Med J. 331:255.
  • Muller TF, Schuster P, Vos AC, Selhorst T, Wenzel UD, Neubert AM. 2001. Effect of maternal immunity on the immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes. Am J Vet Res. 62:1154–1158.
  • Muzzini E, Aparicio G. 2013. Urban growth and spatial transition in Nepal: an initial assessment. Washington (DC): World Bank Publications.
  • Nadin D, Sheen M, Abdel Malik M, Elmgren L, Armstrong J, Wandler AI. 2000. A panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the rabies virus phosphoprotein identifies a highly variable epitope of virus for sensitive strain discrimination. J Clin Microbiol. 38:1397–1403.
  • Nadin-Davis SA, Abdel-Malik M, Armstrong J, Wandeler AI. 2002. Lyssavirus P gene characterization provides insights into the phylogeny of the genus and identifies structural similarities and diversity within the encoded phosphoprotein. Virology. 298:286–305.
  • Nadin-Davis SA, Fehlner-Gardiner C. 2008. Lyssaviruses-current trends. Adv Virus Res. 71:207–250.
  • Naze F, Suin V, Lamoral S, Francart A, Brochier B, Roels S, Mast J, Kalai M, Van Gucht S. 2013. Infectivity of rabies virus-exposed macrophages. Microb Infect. 15(2):115–125.
  • Nel LH, Rupprecht CE. 2007. Emergence of lyssaviruses in the Old World: the case of Africa. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 315:161–193.
  • Ngoepe CE, Sabeta C, Nel L. 2009. The spread of canine rabies into Free State province of South Africa: a molecular epidemiological characterization. Virus Res. 142(1–2):175–180.
  • Nguyen AK, Nguyen DV, Ngo GC, Nguyen TT, Inoue S, Yamada A, Dinh XK, Nguyen DV, Phan TX, Pham BQ, et al. 2011. Molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in Vietnam (2006–2009). Jpn J Infect Dis. 64(5):391–396.
  • Nigg AJ, Walker PL. 2009. Overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies. Pharmacotherapy. 29:1182–1195.
  • Nishizono A, Yamada K, Khawplod P, Shiota S, Perera D, Matsumoto T, Wimalaratne O, Mitui MT, Ahmed K. 2012. Evaluation of an improved rapid neutralizing antibody detection test (RAPINA) for qualitative and semiquantitative detection of rabies neutralizing antibody in humans and dogs. Vaccine. 30(26):3891–3896.
  • Niu X, Tang L, Tseggai T, Guo Y, Fu ZF. 2013. Wild-type rabies virus phosphoprotein is associated with viral sensitivity to type I interferon treatment. Arch Virol. 158(11):2297–2305.
  • Nokireki T, Nevalainen M, Sihvonen L, Gadd T. 2015. Adverse reactions from consumption of oral rabies vaccine baits in dogs in Finland. Acta Vet Scand. 58(1):53.
  • Norton JE Jr, Lytle AG, Shen S, Tzvetkov EP, Dorfmeier CL, McGettigan JP. 2014. ICAM-1-based rabies virus vaccine shows increased infection and activation of primary murine B cells in vitro and enhanced antibody titers in-vivo. PLos One. 9(1):e87098.
  • Nyberg M, Kulonen K, Neuvonen E, Ek-Kommonen C, Nuorgam M, Westerling B. 1992. An epidemic of sylvatic rabies in Finland-descriptive epidemiology and results of oral vaccination. Acta Vet Scand. 33:43–57.
  • Ohara S, Sato S, Oyama K, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. 2013. Rabies virus vector transgene expression level and cytotoxicity improvement induced by deletion of glycoprotein gene. PloS One. 8(11):e80245.
  • OIE 2009. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2009. Chapter 2. 1. 13. Rabies, 1:1–28.
  • Otolorin GR, Aiyedun JO, Mshelbwala PP, Ameh VO, Dzikwi AA, Dipeolu MA, Danjuma FA. 2015. A review on human deaths associated with rabies in Nigeria. J Vaccines Vaccin. 6:262.
  • Pandey P, Shlim DR, Cave W, Springer MFB. 2002. Risk of possible exposure to rabies among tourists and foreign residents in Nepal. J Travel Med. 9(3):127–131.
  • Park CH, Kondo M, Inoue S, Noguchi A, Oyamada T, Yoshikawa H, Yamada A. 2006. The histopathogenesis of paralytic rabies in six-week-old C57BL/6J mice following inoculation of the CVS-11 strain into the right triceps surae muscle. J Vet Med Sci. 68(6):589–595.
  • Parola P, Gautret P. 2012. Rabies vaccination in travelers: a global perspective. J Travel Med. 19(6):395–395.
  • Pawaiya RVS, Dhama K, Kapoor S, Mahendran M. 2010. Equine rabies. In: Mathew T, editor. Advances in medical and veterinary virology, immunology, and epidemiology – Vol. 7: tropical viral diseases of large domestic animals – Part 1. Philadelphia (PA): Xlibris Corporation Publisher; p. 200–223.
  • Pawan JL. 1936. The transmission of paralytic rabies in Trinidad by the Vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner, 1840). Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 30:101–130.
  • Paweska JT, Blumberg LH, Liebenberg C, Hewlett RH, Grobbelaar AA, Leman PA, Croft JE, Nel LH, Nutt L, Swanepoel R. 2006. Fatal human infection with rabies-related Duvenhage virus, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 12(12):1965–1967.
  • Peltier DC, Simms A, Farmer JR, Miller DJ. 2010. Human neuronal cells possess functional cytoplasmic and TLR-mediated innate immune pathways influenced by 3 kinase signaling. J Immunol. 184(12):7010–7021.
  • Permpalung N, Wongrakpanich S, Korpaisarn S, Tanratana P, Angsanakul J. 2013. Trend of human rabies prophylaxis in developing countries: Toward optimal rabies immunization. Vaccine. 31(38):4079–4083.
  • Phares TW, Fabis MJ, Brimer CM, Kean RB, Hooper DC. 2007. A peroxynitrite-dependent pathway is responsible for blood-brain barrier permeability changes during a central nervous system inflammatory response: TNF-alpha is neither necessary nor sufficient. J Immunol. 178(11):7334–7343.
  • Picard-Meyer E, Bruyere V, Barrat J, Tissot E, Barrat MJ, Cliquet F. 2004. Development of a hemi-nested RT-PCR method for the specific determination of European bat lyssa virus 1 comparison with other rabies diagnostic methods. Vaccine. 22:1921–1929.
  • Piccinotti S, Kirchhausen T, Whelan SP. 2013. Uptake of rabies virus into epithelial cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis depends upon actin. J Virol. 87(21):11637–11647.
  • Podberscek AL. 2009. Good to pet and eat: The keeping and consuming of dogs and cats in South Korea. J Soc Issues. 65:615–632.
  • Pounder D. 2003. Bat rabies. BMJ. 326(7392):726.
  • Prehaud C, Lay S, Dietzschold B, Lafon M. 2003. Glycoprotein of nonpathogenic rabies viruses is a key determinant of human cell apoptosis. J Virol. 77:10537–10547.
  • Préhaud C, Lay S, Dietzschold B, Lafon M. 2003. Glycoprotein of nonpathogenic rabies viruses is a key determinant of human cell apoptosis. J Virol. 77(19):10537–10547.
  • Prosniak M, Hooper DC, Dietzschold B, Koprowski H. 2001. Effect of rabies virus infection on gene expression in mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98(5):2758–2766.
  • Pulko V, Liu X, Krco CJ, Harris KJ, Frigola X, Kwon ED, Dong H. 2009. TLR3- stimulated dendritic cells up-regulate B7-H1 expression and influence the magnitude of CD8 T cell responses to tumor vaccination. J Immunol. 183(6):3634–3641.
  • Pulmanausahakul R, Li J, Schnell MJ, Dietzschold B. 2008. The glycoprotein and the matrix protein of rabies virus affect pathogenicity by regulating viral replication and facilitating cell-to-cell spread. J Virol. 82:2330–2338.
  • Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hinchcliff KW. 2000. Rabies. In: Veterinary medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders Co. Ltd.; p. 1201–1208.
  • Raux H, Flamand A, Blondel D. 2000. Interaction of the rabies virus P protein with the LC8 dynein light chain. J Virol. 74:10212–10216.
  • Recuenco S, Blanton JD, Rupprecht CE. 2012. A spatial model to forecast raccoon rabies emergence. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12(2):126–137.
  • Reddy GB, Singh R, Singh RP, Singh KP, Gupta PK, Mahadevan A, Shankar SK, Ramakrishnan MA, Verma R. 2011. Molecular characterization of Indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes. Virus Genes. 43(1):13–17.
  • Reetz J, Schilow WF, Pahlke C, Anduleit M. 1990. Immunohistochemical detection of rabies antigen. Monatshefte-fur-Veterinarmedizin. 45:85–87.
  • Robardet E, Picard-Meyer E, Andrieu S, Servat A, Cliquet F. 2011. International interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis: an overview of results and variation in reference diagnosis techniques (fluorescent antibody test, rabies tissue culture infection test, mouse inoculation test) and molecular biology techniques. J Virol Methods. 177(1):15–25.
  • Rojas-Anaya E, Loza-Rubio E, Olivera-Flores MT, Gomez-Lim M. 2009. Expression of rabies virus G protein in carrots (Daucus carota). Transgenic Res. 18:911–919.
  • Rose VL. 1999. CDC issues revised guidelines for the prevention of humanrabies. Am Fam Physician. 59:2007–2013.
  • Rossiter JP, Hsu L, Jackson AC. 2009. Selective vulnerability of dorsal root ganglia neurons in experimental rabies after peripheral inoculation of CVS-11 in adult mice. Acta Neuropathol. 118(2):249–259.
  • Roy A, Hooper DC. 2007. Lethal silver-haired bat rabies virus infection can be prevented by opening the blood-brain barrier. J Virol. 81(15):7993–7998.
  • Rudd RJ, Trimarchi CV. 1989. Development and evaluation of an in-vitro virus isolation procedure as a replacement for the mouse inoculation test in rabies diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol. 27:2522–2528.
  • Rupert WH. 2002. China's taste for the exotic. BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2074073.stm, accessed on 17/10/2013.
  • Rupprecht CE, Barrett J, Briggs D, Cliquet F, Fooks AR, Lumlertdacha B, Meslin FX, Muler T, Nel LH, Schneider C, et al. 2008. Can rabies be eradicated? Dev Biol (Basel). 131:95–121.
  • Rupprecht CE, Gibbons RV. 2004. Clinical practice. Prophylaxis against rabies. N Engl J Med. 351(25):2626–2635.
  • Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Hemachudha T. 2002. Rabies re-examined. Lancet Infect Dis. 2:327–343.
  • Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Slate D. 2006. Control and prevention of rabies in animals: paradigm shifts. Dev Biol (Basel). 125:103–111.
  • Rupprecht CE, Smith JS. 1994. Raccoon rabies: the re-emergence of an epizootic in a densely populated area. Semester Virol. 5:155.
  • Rupprecht CE, Turmelle A, Kuzmin IV. 2011. A perspective on lyssavirus emergence and perpetuation. Curr Opin Virol. 1:662–670.
  • Sacramento D, Bourhy H, Tordo N. 1991. PCR technique as an alternative method for diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of rabies virus. Mol Cell Probes. 5:229–240.
  • Sajjanar B, Saxena S, Bisht D, Singh AK, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Singh R, Singh RP, Kumar S. 2016. Effect of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 1 (nAChRα1) peptides on rabies virus infection in neuronal cells. Neuropeptides. 57:59–64.
  • Schneider LG, Cox JH. 1983. Ein Feldversuch zur oralen Immunisierung von Füchsen gegen die Tollwut in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. I. Unschädlichkeit, Wirksamkeit und Stabilität der Vakzine SAD B19. Tierarztl Umsch. 38:315–324.
  • Schneider MC, Santos-Burgoa C, Aron J, Munoz B, Ruiz-Velazco S, Uieda W. 1996. Potential force of infection of human rabies transmitted by vampire bats in the Amazonian region of Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 55:680–684.
  • Schnell MJ, McGettigan JP, Wirblich C, Papaneri A. 2010. The cell biology of rabies virus: using stealth to reach the brain. Nature Rev Microbiol. 8:51–61.
  • Schnell MJ, Mebatsion T, Conzelmann KK. 1994. Infectious rabies viruses from cloned cDNA. EMBO J. 13:4195–4203.
  • Schreiner B, Mitsdoerffer M, Kieseier BC, Chen L, Hartung HP, Weller M, Wiendl H. 2004. Interferon-beta enhances monocyte and dendritic cell expression of B7-H1 (PD-L1), a strong inhibitor of autologous T-cell activation: relevance for the immune modulatory effect in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 155(1–2):172–182.
  • Scott CA, Rossiter JP, Andrew RD, Jackson AC. 2008. Structural abnormalities in neurons are sufficient to explain the clinical disease and fatal outcome of experimental rabies in yellow fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice. J Virol. 82(1):513–521.
  • Sehgal  S, Bhatia R. 1985. Rabies: current status and proposed control programme in India. New Delhi: National Institute of Communicable Diseases.
  • Seimenis A. 2008. The rabies situation in the Middle East. Dev Biol (Basel). 131:43–53.
  • Senba K, Matsumoto T, Yamada K, Shiota S, Iha H, Date Y, Ohtsubo M, Nishizono A. 2013. Passive carriage of rabies virus by dendritic cells. SpringerPlus. 2(1):1–12.
  • Seneschall C, Luna-Farro M. 2013. Controlling rabies through a multidisciplinary, public health system in Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru. Pathog Glob Health. 107(7):361–366.
  • Servat A, Picard-Meyer E, Robardet E, Muzniece Z, Kylli Must K, Cliquet F. 2012. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test for the detection of rabies from brain material of European mammals. Biologicals. 40:61–66.
  • Shah MAA, Khan SU, Ali Z, Yang H, Liu K, Mao L. 2014. Applications of nanoparticles for DNA based rabies vaccine. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 14(1):881–891.
  • Shankar BP. 2009. Advances in diagnosis of rabies. Vet World. 2(2):74–77.
  • Shashen’ ko AS, Buchukuri DV, Kovalev NA, Machitidze Ts Z. 1990. Enzyme treatment of brain samples fixed in formalin and glycerine in immunofluorescent diagnosis of rabies. Veterinarnaya-Nauka-Proizvodstvu. 28:34–36.
  • Shepherd J. 2012. All about Indonesian dog meat. Buzz Feed Staff. Available from: http://www.buzzfeed.com/expresident/all-about-indonesian-dog-meat, Accessed on 17/04/2013.
  • Shimatsu T, Shinozaki H, Kimitsuki K, Shiwa N, Manalo DL, Perez RC, Dilig JE, Yamada K, Boonsriroj H, Inoue S, et al. 2016. Localization of the rabies virus antigen in Merkel cells in the follicle-sinus complexes of muzzle skins of rabid dogs. J Virol Methods. 237:40–46.
  • Shimazaki Y, Gamoh K, Senda M, Itoh O, Makie H. 2000. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against rabies. Annual report of the National Veterinary Assay Laboratory. 37:13–16.
  • Shivasharanappa N, Singh R, Singh KP, Singh RP, Madhu B. 2014. Rabies virus induces expression of TLR-3 and its associated cytokines in Swiss-albino mice. J Vet Sci Photon. 115:384–394.
  • Shuangshoti S, Thepa N, Phukpattaranont P, Jittmittraphap A, Intarut N, Tepsumethanon V, Wacharapluesadee S, Thorner PS, Hemachudha T. 2013. Reduced viral burden in paralytic compared to furious canine rabies is associated with prominent inflammation at the brainstem level. BMC Vet Res. 9:31.
  • Shultz S, Baral HS, Charman S, Cunningham AA, Das D, Ghalsasi GR, Goudar MS, Green RE, Jones A, Nighot P, et al. 2004. Diclofenac poisoning is widespread in declining vulture populations across the Indian subcontinent. Proc Biol Sci. 271(6):S458–S460.
  • Shwiff S, Hampson K, Anderson A. 2013. Potential economic benefits of eliminating canine rabies. Antiviral Res. 98(2):352–356.
  • Simmons FJ. 1994. Eat not this flesh: food avoidances from prehistory to present. 2nd ed. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Press; p. 229–240.
  • Singh R, Shukla DC, Khanna PN, Singh KP, Mehrotra ML. 1995. An outbreak or rabies in cattle and buffaloes in Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Anim Sci. 65:166–168.
  • Skrzynecki E, Januszewska M. 1996. Extinction of non-specific fluorescence in brain impression slides in animals suspected of rabies. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 52:38–40.
  • Smith JS. 1996. New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United State. Clin Microbiol Rev. 9:166–176.
  • Smith JS, Mccelland CL, Reid FL, Baer GM. 1982. Dual role of the immune response in street rabies virus infection of mice. Infect Immun. 35:213–221.
  • Smith SJ, Yager AP, Baer MG. 1996. Rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for determining rabies virus neutralizing antibodies. In: Meslin FX, Kaplan MM, Koprowski H, editors. Laboratory techniques in rabies. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO; p. 181–191.
  • Smith TG, Ellison JA, Ma X, Kuzmina N, Carson WC, Rupprecht CE. 2013. An electrochemiluminescence assay for analysis of rabies virus glycoprotein content in rabies vaccines. Vaccine. 31(33):3333–3338.
  • Sommereyns C, Paul S, Staeheli P, Michiels T. 2008. IFN-lambda (IFN-lambda) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 4(3):e1000017.
  • Song Y, Hou J, Qiao B, Li Y, Xu Y, Duan M, Guan Z, Zhang M, Sun L. 2013. Street rabies virus causes dendritic injury and F-actin depolymerization in the hippocampus. J Gen Virol. 94(2):276–283.
  • Sonwane AA, Dahiya SS, Saini M, Chaturvedi VK, Singh RP, Gupta PK. 2012. Inhibition of rabies virus multiplication by siRNA delivered through adenoviral vector in vitro in BHK-21 cells in vivo in mice. Res Vet Sci. 93(1):498–503.
  • Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, Rupprecht C, Sutker WL, Ksiazek TG, Paddock CD, Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Goldsmith C, et al. 2005. Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 352(11):1103–1111.
  • Stading BR, Osorio JE, Velasco-Villa A, Smotherman M, Kingstad-Bakke B, Rocke TE. 2016. Infectivity of attenuated poxvirus vaccine vectors and immunogenicity of a raccoonpox vectored rabiesvaccine in the Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). Vaccine. 34(44):5352–5358.
  • Stantic-Paylinic M. 2005. Public health concerns in bat rabies across Europe. Euro Surveill. 10(11):217–220.
  • Steck F, Wandeler A, Bichsel P, Capt S, Hafliger U, Schneider L. 1982. Oral immunization of foxes against rabies. Laboratory and field studies. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 5:165–171.
  • Steele JH, Fernandez PJ. 1991. History of rabies and global aspects. In: Baer GM editor. The Natural History of Rabies. 2nd edn. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; p. 1–26.
  • Streicker DG, Altizer SM, Velasco-Villa A, Rupprecht CE. 2012. Variable evolutionary routes to host establishment across repeated rabies virus host shifts among bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 109(48):19715–19720.
  • Streicker DG, Franka R, Jackson FR, Rupprecht CE. 2013. Anthropogenic roost switching and rabies virus dynamics in house-roosting big brown bats. Vector-Borne Zoonot Dis. 13(7):498–504.
  • Sudarshan MK, Mahendra BJ, Madhusudana SN, Ashwath Narayana DH, Rahman A, Rao NSN, Meslin FX, Lobo D, Ravikumar K, Gangaboraiah  . 2006a. An epidemiological study of animal bites in India: results of a WHO sponsored national multi-centric rabies survey. J Commun Dis. 38(1):32–39.
  • Sudarshan MK, Mahendra BJ, Madhusudana SN, Rahman SA, Ashwathnarayana DH. 2006b. An assessment of rabies free status of the Island of Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep: results of the WHO sponsored national multicentric rabies survey. Indian J Public Health. 50(1):11–14.
  • Sugiyama M, Ito N. 2007. Control of rabies: Epidemiology of rabies in Asia and development of new-generation vaccines for rabies. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 30:273–286.
  • Suin V, Nazé F, Francart A, Lamoral S, De Craeye S, Kalai M, Van Gucht S. 2014. A two-step lyssavirus real-time polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers with superior sensitivity to the fluorescent antigen test. Biomed Res Int. 2014:256175.
  • Suja MS, Mahadevan A, Madhusudana SN, Shankar SK. 2011. Role of apoptosis in rabies viral encephalitis: a comparative study in mice, canine, and human brain with a review of literature. Patholog Res Int. 10:374286.
  • Sukathida U, Wanwarang H, Narisara A, Pongsak U. 2001. A radical form of nitric oxide suppresses RNA synthesis of rabies virus. Virus Res. 81:125–132.
  • Suraweera W, Morris SK, Kumar R, Warrell DA, Warrell MJ, Jha P. 2012. Deaths from symptomatically identifiable furious rabies in India: A nationally representative mortality survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6(10):e1847.
  • Takayama N. 2005. Clinical feature of human rabies. Nippon Rinsho. 63:2175–2179.
  • Tan GS, Preuss MA, Williams JC, Schnell MJ. 2007. The dynein light chain 8 binding motif of rabies virus phosphoprotein promotes efficient viral transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:7229–7234.
  • Tang SC, Arumugam TV, Xu X, Cheng A, Mughal MR, Jo DG, Lathia JD, Siler DA, Chigurupati S, Ouyang X, et al. 2007. Pivotal role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104(34):13798–13803.
  • Tang SC, Lathia JD, Selvaraj PK, Jo DG, Mughal MR, Cheng A, Siler DA, Markesbery WR, Arumugam TV, Mattson MP. 2008. Toll-like receptor- mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide and the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. Exp Neurol. 213(1):114–121.
  • Tang X, Luo M, Zhang S, Fooks AR, Hu R, Tu C. 2005. Pivotal role of dogs in rabies transmission, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 11(12):1970–1972.
  • Tao C, Li G. 2014. A rapid one-step immunochromatographic test strip for rabies detection using canine serum samples. Lett Appl Microbiol. 59(2):247–251.
  • Tekki IS, Okewole PA, Ekong SP, Kumbish PR, Shamaki D, Ahmed MS. 2013. Control of rabies and rabies related viruses in Nigeria: Perspectives from the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria. RIWA Journal. 1:102.
  • Tenzin  , Ward MP. 2012. Review of rabies epidemiology and control in South, South East and East Asia: past, present and prospects for elimination. Zoonoses Public Health. 59(7):451–467.
  • Tepsumethanon V, Lumbertdacha B, Mitmoonpitak C, Veera T, Boonlert L, Channarong M. 1997. The sensitivity of fluorescent antibody testing on samples taken frombrain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum and hippocampus. Thai J Vet Med. 27:335–340.
  • Thanomsridetchai N, Singhto N, Tepsumethanon V, Shuangshoti S, Wacharapluesadee S, Sinchaikul S, Chen ST, Hemachudha T, Thongboonkerd V. 2011. Comprehensive proteome analysis of hippocampus, brainstem, and spinal cord from paralytic and furious dogs naturally infected with rabies. J Proteome Res. 10:4911–4924.
  • Thoulouze MI, Lafage M, Schachner M, Hartmann U, Cremer H, Lafon M. 1998. The neural cell adhesion molecule is a receptor for rabies virus. J Virol. 72:7181–7190.
  • Thoulouze MI, Lafage M, Yuste VJ, Kroemer G, Susin SA, Israel N, Lafon M. 2003. Apoptosis inversely correlates with rabies virus neurotropism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1010:598–603.
  • Ting JP, Willingham SB, Bergstralh DT. 2008. NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 8:372–379.
  • Tobiume M, Sato Y, Katano H, Nakajima N, Tanaka K, Noguchi A, Inoue S, Hasegawa H, Iwasa Y, Tanaka J, et al. 2009. Rabies virus dissemination in neural tissues of autopsy cases due to rabies imported into Japan from the Philippines: Immunohistochemistry. Pathol Int. 59(8):555–566.
  • Tordo N, Poch O, Ermine A, Keith G. 1986. Primary structure of leader RNA and nucleoprotein genes of the rabies virus genome: segmented homology with VSV. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:2671–2683.
  • Tsiang H, Porte S, Ambroise DJ, Derer M, Koenig J. 1986. Infection of cultured rat myotubes and neurons from the spinal cord by rabies virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 45:28–42.
  • Tsunoda I, Tanaka T, Saijoh Y, Fujinami RS. 2007. Targeting inflammatory demyelinating lesions to sites of Wallerian degeneration. Am J Pathol. 171(5):1563–1575.
  • Tuffereau C, Benejean J, Blondel D, Kieffer B, Flamand A. 1998. Low affinity nerve-growth factor receptor (P75NTR) can serve as a receptor for rabies virus. EMBO J. 17:7250–7259.
  • Tuffereau C, Schmidt K, Langevin C, Lafay F, Dechant G, Koltzenburg M. 2007. The glycoprotein receptor p75NTR is not essential for rabies virus infection. J Virol. 81:13622–13630.
  • Turki I, Hammami A, Kharmachi H, Mohamed Mousli M. 2014. Engineering of a recombinant trivalent single-chain variable fragment antibody directed against rabies virus glycoprotein G with improved neutralizing potency. Mole Immunol. 57:66–73.
  • Ubol S, Sukwattanapan C, Maneerat Y. 2001. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition delays death of rabies virus-infected mice. J Med Microbiol. 50:238–242.
  • Udow SJ, Marrie RA, Jackson AC. 2013. Clinical features of dog- and bat-acquired rabies in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 57(5):689–696.
  • Ugolini G. 1995. Specificity of rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer of motor networks: transfer from hypoglossal motoneurons to connected second-order and higher order central nervous system cell groups. J Comp Neurol. 356(3):457–480.
  • Ugolini G. 2010. Advances in viral transneuronal tracing. J Neurosci Methods. 194(1):2–20.
  • Uieda W, Harmani NM, Silva MM. 1995. Rabies in insectivorous bats (Molossidae) of Southeastern Brazil. Rev Saúde Publ. 29:393–397.
  • Ullas P, Desai A, Madhusudana S. 2012. Rabies DNA vaccines: current status and future. World J Vaccines. 2:36–45.
  • Van der Poel WH, Lina PH, Kramps JA. 2006. Public health awareness of emerging zoonotic viruses of bats: a European perspective. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis. 6:315–324.
  • van Dolleweerd CJ, Teh AY, Banyard AC, Both L, Lotter-Stark HC, Tsekoa T, Phahladira B, Shumba W, Sabeta CT, Gruber C, et al. 2014. Engineering, expression in transgenic plants and characterisation of E559, a rabies virus-neutralising monoclonal antibody. J Infect Dis. 210(2):200–208.
  • Vanrompay D, Harkinezhad T, Van de Walle M, Beeckman D, Van Droogenbroeck C, Verminnen K, Leten R, Martel A, Cauwerts K. 2007. Chlamydophila psittaci infections from pet birds to humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 13:1108–1110.
  • Velasco-Villa A, Gomez-Sierra M, Hernandez-Rodriguez G, Juarez-Islas V, Melendez-Felix A, Vargas-Pino F, Velázquez-Monroy O, Flisser A. 2002. Antigenic diversity and distribution of rabies virus in Mexico. J Clin Microbiol. 40:951–958.
  • Venugopal AK, Ghantasala SS, Selvan LD, Mahadevan A, Renuse S, Kumar P, Pawar H, Sahasrabhuddhe NA, Suja MS, Ramachandra YL, et al. 2013. Quantitative proteomics for identifying biomarkers for Rabies. Clin Proteomics. 10:3.
  • Verginelli F, Capelli C, Coia V, Musiani M, Falchetti M, Ottini L, Palmirotta R, Tagliacozzo A, De Grossi Mazzorin I, Mariani- Costantini R. 2005. Mitochondrial DNA from prehistoric canids highlights relationships between dogs and South-East European wolves. Mol Biol Evol. 22:2541–2551.
  • Verma R, Khanna P, Prinja S, Rajput M. 2011. Intra-dermal administration of rabies vaccines in developing countries: at an affordable cost. Human Vaccine. 7:792–794.
  • Vigilato MA, Clavijo A, Knobl T, Silva HM, Cosivi O, Schneider MC, Leanes LF, Belotto AJ, Espinal MA. 2013. Progress towards eliminating canine rabies: policies and perspectives from Latin America and the Caribbean. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 368(1623):20120143.
  • Vos A, Neubert A, Aylan O, Schuster P, Pommerening E, Muller T, Chivatsi DC. 1999. An update on safety studies of SAD B19 rabies virus vaccine in target and non-target species. Epidemiol Infect. 123:165–175.
  • Wacharapluesadee S, Phumesin P, Supavonwong P, Khawplod P, Intarut N, Hemachudha T. 2011. Comparative detection of rabies RNA by NASBA, real-time PCR and conventional PCR. J Virol Methods. 175(2):278–282.
  • Wang L, Cao Y, Tang Q, Liang G. 2013. Role of the blood-brain barrier in rabies virus infection and protection. Protein Cell. 4(12):901–903.
  • Wang ZW, Sarmento L, Wang Y, Li X, Dhingra V, Tseggai T, Jiang B, Fu ZF. 2005. Attenuated rabies virus activates, while pathogenic rabies virus evades, the host innate immune responses in the central nervous system. J Virol. 79:12554–12565.
  • Warner CK, Whitfield SG, Fecadu M, Ho H. 1997. Procedure for reproducible detection of rabies virus antigen mRNA and genome in situ in formaline-fixed tissues. J Virol Methods. 67:5–12.
  • Warner CK, Zaki SR, Shieh W-J, Whitfield SG, Smith JS, Orciari LA, Shaddock JH, Niezgoda M, Wright CW, Goldsmith CS, et al. 1999. Laboratory investigation of human deaths from vampire bat rabies in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 60:502–507.
  • Warrell MJ, Warrell DA. 2004. Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. Lancet. 363:959–969.
  • Wasniewski M, Almeida I, Baur A, Bedekovic T, Boncea D, Chaves LB, David D, De Benedictis P, Dobrostana M, Giraud P, et al. 2016. First international collaborative study to evaluate rabies antibody detection method for use in monitoring the effectiveness of oral vaccination programmes in fox and raccoon dog in Europe. J Virol Methods. 238:77–85.
  • Wasniewski M, Cliquet F. 2012. Evaluation of ELISA for detection of rabies antibodies in domestic carnivores. J Virol Methods. 179(1):166–175.
  • Wasniewski M, Guiot AL, Schereffer JL, Tribout L, Mähar K, Cliquet F. 2013. Evaluation of an ELISA to detect rabies antibodies in orally vaccinated foxes and raccoon dogs sampled in the field. J Virol Methods. 187(2):264–270.
  • Wasniewski M, Labbe A, Tribout L, Rieder J, Labadie A, Schereffer JL, Cliquet F. 2014. Evaluation of a rabies ELISA as an alternative method to sero-neutralization tests in the context of international trade of domestic carnivores. J Virol Methods. 195:211–220.
  • Watanabe I, Yamada K, Aso A, Suda O, Matsumoto T, Yahiro T, Ahmed K, Nishizono A. 2012. Relationship between virus-neutralizing antibody levels and the number of rabies vaccinations: a prospective study of dogs in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 66(1):17–21.
  • Weant KA, Baker SN. 2013. Review of human rabies prophylaxis and treatment. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 25(2):225–242.
  • Weese JS. 2002. A review of equine zoonotic diseases: risks in veterinary medicine. Proc Annual Convention AAEP. 48:362–369.
  • Weihe E, Bette M, Preuss MA, Faber M, Schafer MK, Rehnelt J, Schnell MJ, Dietzschold B. 2008. Role of virus-induced neuropeptides in the brain in the pathogenesis of rabies. Dev Biol (Basel). 131:73–81.
  • Whitt MA, Buonocore L, Prehaud C, Rose JK. 1991. Membrane fusion activity, oligomerization, and assembly of the rabies virus glycoprotein. Virology. 185(2):681–688.
  • WHO 1998. Regional strategy for elimination of rabies. Report of an informal consultation. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; p. 34.
  • WHO. 2002. Rabies vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 77:109–119.
  • WHO 2005. World Health Organization Expert Committee on Rabies, First report. 2005. WHO Technical Report Series, 931. Geneva: WHO; p. 1–87.
  • WHO. 2013. Expert consultation on rabies. Second report. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser., 982, p. 1–139.
  • WHO. 2016. Rabies Bulletin Europe. Available from: http://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org [cited 2 November 2016].
  • Wilde H, Hemachudha T, Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Tepsumethanon V. 2013. Rabies in Asia: the classical zoonosis. In: One health: the human-animal-environment interfaces in emerging infectious diseases. Berlin: Springer; p. 185–203.
  • Wilkins PA, Piero FD. 2007. Rabies. In: Sellon, DC and Long, MT, editors. Equine infectious diseases. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders, Elsevier Inc; Chapter 19, p. 185–191.
  • Willoughby Jr RE, Tieves KS, Hoffman GM, Ghanayem NS, Amlie-Lefond CM, Schwabe MJ, et al. 2005. Survival after treatment of rabies with induction of coma. N Engl J Med. 352:2508–2514.
  • Winkler WG, Bogel K. 1992. Control of rabies in wildlife. Sci Am. 266:86.
  • Winkler WG, Fashinell TR, Leffingwell L, Howard P, Conomy JP. 1973. Airborne rabies transmission in a laboratory worker. J Am Med Assoc. 226:1219–1221.
  • Wirblich C, Schnell MJ. 2011. Rabies virus (RV) glycoprotein expression levels are not critical for pathogenicity of RV. J Virol. 85(2):697–704.
  • Woldehiwet Z. 2005. Clinical laboratory advances in the detection of rabies virus. Clinica Chimica Acta. 351:49–63.
  • Wu X, Gong X, Foley HD, Schnell MJ, Fu ZF. 2002. Both viral transcription and replication are reduced when the rabies virus nucleoprotein is not phosphorylated. J Virol. 76(9):4153–4161.
  • Wu X, Smith TG, Franka R, Wang M, Carson WC, Rupprecht CE. 2014. The feasibility of rabies virus-vectored immunocontraception in a mouse model. Trials Vaccinol. 3:11–18.
  • Wunner WH. 1991. The chemical composition and molecular structure of rabies virus. In: Baer GM, editor. The natural history of rabies. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; p. 31–37.
  • www.thehorse.com. 2008. Intervet's Equirab rabies vaccine: New equine rabies vaccine introduced: Edited Press Release July 10 2008, Article # 12253. Available from: http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=12253.
  • Wyatt J. 2007. Rabies-Update on a global disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 26(4):351–352.
  • Xiang Z, Ertl HCJ. 1995. Manipulation of the immune response to a plasmid-encoded viral antigen by co inoculation with plasmids expressing cytokines. Immunity. 2(2):129–135.
  • Xiang ZQ, Gao GP, Reyes-Sandoval A, Li Y, Wilson JM, Ertl HC. 2003. Oral vaccination of mice with adenoviral vectors is not impaired by preexisting immunity to the vaccine carrier. J Virol. 77:10780–10789.
  • Xiang ZQ, Greenberg L, Ertl HC, Rupprecht CE. 2014. Protection of non-human primates against rabies with an adenovirus recombinant vaccine. Virology. 450-451:243–249.
  • Xu G. 1998. Rapid detection of rabies street virus antigen. Chinese J Zoonoses. 14:50–52.
  • Xu G, Weber P, Hu Q, Xue H, Audry L, Li C, Wu J, Bourhy H. 2007. A simple sandwich ELISA (WELYSSA) for the detection of lyssavirus nucleocapsid in rabies suspected specimens using mouse monoclonal antibodies. Biol. 35(4):297–302.
  • Xue XH, Zheng XX, Wang HL, Ma JZ, Li L, Gai WW, Wang TC, Yang ST, Xia XZ. 2014. An inactivated recombinant rabies CVS-11 virus expressing two copies of the glycoprotein elicits a higher level of neutralizing antibodies and provides better protection in mice. Virus Genes. 48(3):411–420.
  • Yamada K, Noguchi K, Nishizono A. 2014. Efficient N-glycosylation at position 37, but not at position 146, in the street rabies virus glycoprotein reduces pathogenicity. Virus Res. 179:169–176.
  • Yamaoka S, Ito N, Ohka S, Kaneda S, Nakamura H, Agari T, Masatani T, Nakagawa K, Okada K, Okadera K, et al. 2013. Involvement of the rabies virus phosphoprotein gene in neuroinvasiveness. J Virol. 87(22):12327–12338.
  • Yang DK, Kim HH, Lee KW, Song JY. 2013. The present and future of rabies vaccine in animals. Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2:19–25.
  • Yang J, Hooper DC, Wunner WH, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B, Fu ZF. 1998. The specificity of rabies virus RNA encapsidation by nucleoprotein. Virology. 242:107–117.
  • Yousaf MZ, Qasim M, Zia S, Khan Mu, Ashfaq UA, Khan S. 2012. Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Virol J. 9:50.
  • Yu F, Zhang G, Zhong X, Han N, Song Y, Zhao L, Cui M, Rayner S, Fu ZF. 2014. Comparison of complete genome sequences of dog rabies viruses isolated from China and Mexico reveals key amino acid changes that may be associated with virus replication and virulence. Arch Virol. 159(7):1593–601.
  • Yusibov V, Hooper DC, Stitsin SV, Fleysh N, Kean RB, Mikheeva T, Deka D, Karasev A, Cox S, Randall J, et al. 2002. Expression in plants and immunogenicity of plant virus-based experimental rabies vaccine. Vaccine. 20:3155–3164.
  • Zavadova J, Svrcek S. 1994. Improvement in the laboratory diagnosis of rabies and the titration of rabies virus. Vet Med. 39:663–676.
  • Zhang G, Wang H, Mahmood F, Fu ZF. 2013a. Rabies virus glycoprotein is an important determinant for the induction of innate immune responses and the pathogenic mechanisms. Vet Microbiol. 162(2):601–613.
  • Zhang J, Wu X, Zan J, Wu Y, Ye C, Ruan X, Zhou J. 2013b. Cellular chaperonin CCTγ contributes to rabies virus replication during infection. J Virol. 87(13):7608–7621.
  • Zhang S, Liu Y, Fooks AR, Zhang F, Hu R. 2008. Oral vaccination of dogs (Canis familiaris) with baits containing the recombinant rabies-canine adenovirus type-2 vaccine confers long-lasting immunity against rabies. Vaccine. 26:345–350.
  • Zhao L, Toriumi H, Kuang Y, Chen H, Fu ZF. 2009. The roles of chemokines in rabies virus infection: overexpression may not always be beneficial. J Virol. 83:11808–11818.
  • Zhou M, Zhang G, Ren G, Gnanadurai CW, Li Z, Chai Q, Yang Y, Leyson CM, Wu W, Cui M, et al. 2013. Recombinant rabies viruses expressing GM-CSF or flagellin are effective vaccines for both intramuscular and oral immunizations. PLoS One. 8(5):e63384.
  • Zhu S, Guo C. 2016. Rabies control and treatment: From prophylaxis to strategies with curative potential. Viruses. 8(11): pii: E279.
  • Zimmer K, Wiegand D, Manz D, Forest JW, Reincher M, Frese K. 1990. Evaluation of five different methods for routine diagnosis of rabies. J Vet Med B. 37:392–400.
  • Zinsstag J. 2013. Towards a science of rabies elimination. Infect Dis Poverty. 2(1):22.