References
- McAlinden C. An overview of thyroid eye disease. Eye Vis (Lond). 2014;1:9. doi:10.1186/s40662-014-0009-8.
- Tortora F, Cirillo M, Ferrara M, Belfiore MP, Carella C, Caranci F, et al. Disease activity in Graves’ ophthalmopathy: diagnosis with orbital MR imaging and correlation with clinical score. Neuroradiol J. 2013;26(5):555–564. doi:10.1177/197140091302600509.
- Chan HN, Zhang XJ, Ling XT, Bui CH, Wang YM, Ip P, et al. Vitamin D and ocular diseases: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(8):4226. doi:10.3390/ijms23084226.
- Al-Alyani H, Al-Turki HA, Al-Essa ON, Alani FM, Sadat-Ali M. Vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabians: a reality or simply hype: a meta-analysis (2008-2015). J Family Community Med. 2018;25(1):1–4. doi:10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_73_17.
- Planck T, Shahida B, Malm J, Manjer J. Vitamin D in Graves disease: levels, correlation with laboratory and clinical parameters, and genetics. Eur Thyroid J. 2018 Jan;7(1):27–33. doi:10.1159/000484521.
- Rootman J. Aspects of current management of thyroid orbitopathy in Asians. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol. 1998;10:2–6.
- Chng CL, Seah LL, Khoo DH. Ethnic differences in the clinical presentation of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26(3):249–258. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.004.
- Tellez M, Cooper J, Edmonds C. Graves’ ophthalmopathy in relation to cigarette smoking and ethnic origin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992;36(3):291–294. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb01445.x.
- Naik MN, Vasanthapuram VH. Demographic and clinical profile of 1000 patients with thyroid eye disease presenting to a Tertiary Eye Care Institute in India. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41(1):231–236. doi:10.1007/s10792-020-01571-6.
- Bartalena L, Piantanida E, Gallo D, Lai A, Tanda ML. Epidemiology, natural history, risk factors, and prevention of Graves’ orbitopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:615993. doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.615993.
- Prummel MF, Bakker A, Wiersinga WM, Baldeschi L, Mourits MP, Kendall-Taylor P, et al. Multi-center study on the characteristics and treatment strategies of patients with Graves’ orbitopathy: the first European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy experience. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148(5):491–495. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1480491.
- Muralidhar A, Das S, Tiple S. Clinical profile of thyroid eye disease and factors predictive of disease severity. Indian, J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(8):1629–1634. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_104_20.
- Lee MH, Chin YH, Ng CH, Nistala KRY, Ow ZGW, Sundar G, et al. Risk factors of thyroid eye disease. Endocr Pract. 2021;27(3):245–253. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2020.11.011.
- Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson A, Eckstein A, Kendall-Taylor P, Marcocci C, et al. Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158(3):273–285. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0666.
- Heisel CJ, Riddering AL, Andrews CA, Kahana A. Serum vitamin D deficiency is an independent risk factor for thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;36(1):17–20. doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000001437.
- Sadaka A, Nguyen K, Malik A, Brito R, Berry S, Lee AG. Vitamin D and selenium in a thyroid eye disease population in Texas. Neuroophthalmology. 2019;43(5):291–294. doi:10.1080/01658107.2019.1566382.
- Al-Daghri NM, Hussain SD, Ansari MGA, Khattak MNK, Aljohani N, Al-Saleh Y, et al. Decreasing prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the central region of Saudi Arabia (2008-2017). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2021;212:105920. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105920.
- Al-Daghri NM. Vitamin D in Saudi Arabia: prevalence, distribution and disease associations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:102–107. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.017.
- Maciejewski A, Kowalczyk MJ, Gasińska T, Szeliga A, Prendecki M, Dorszewska J, et al. The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(3):354–361. doi:10.1080/09273948.2019.1629605.