Selenium supplementation in inactive moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy patients: a randomized controlled trial

References

• Smith TJ. Insulin-like growth factor pathway and the thyroid. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:653627. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.653627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Men CJ, Kossler AL, Wester ST. Updates on the understanding and management of thyroid eye disease. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2021;13:251584142110277. doi:10.1177/25158414211027760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, et al. The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(4):G43–G67. doi:10.1530/EJE-21-0479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzolla G, Marinò M, Marcocci C. Selenium in the treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism and eye disease. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:608428. doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.608428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayman MP. Selenium and human health. Lancet. 2012;379(9822):1256–1268. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61452-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, et al. Selenium and the course of mild Graves’ orbitopathy. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(20):1920–1931. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1012985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito JP, Nagy EV, Singh Ospina N, et al. A survey on the management of thyroid eye disease among American and European thyroid association members. Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2022;32(12):1535–1546. doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burch HB, Perros P, Bednarczuk T, et al. Management of thyroid eye disease: a consensus statement by the American thyroid association and the European thyroid association. Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2022;32(12):1439–1470. doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs GF. Selenium in global food systems. Br J Nutr. 2001;85(5):517–547. doi:10.1079/bjn2000280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almanza-Monterrubio M, Garnica-Hayashi L, Dávila-Camargo A, Nava-Castañeda Á. Oral selenium improved the disease activity in patients with mild Graves’ orbitopathy. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2021;44(5):643–651. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2020.08.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TH, Ko J, Kim BR, Shin DY, Lee EJ, Yoon JS. Serum selenium levels in patients with graves disease: associations with clinical activity and severity in a retrospective case-control study. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2022;36(1):36–43. doi:10.3341/kjo.2021.0146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dehina N, Hofmann PJ, Behrends T, Eckstein A, Schomburg L. Lack of association between selenium status and disease severity and activity in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Eur Thyroid J. 2016;5(1):57–64. doi:10.1159/000442440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TJ, Hegedüs LG, Longo DL. Graves’ disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(16):1552–1565. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1510030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur A, Pandey S, Kumar S, Mehdi AA, Mishra A. Oxidative stress profile in Graves’ ophthalmopathy in Indian patients. Orbit. 2010;29(2):97–101. doi:10.3109/01676830903403174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pongratz G, Straub RH. The sympathetic nervous response in inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(6):504. doi:10.1186/s13075-014-0504-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh JY, Nakamura Y, Ito K, Inoue Y, Abe Y, Hamada N. Sympathetic overactivity of intraocular muscles evaluated by accommodation in patients with hyperthyroidism. Thyroid. 1996;6(4):289–293. doi:10.1089/thy.1996.6.289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada N, Okamoto Y, Yoshida H, Tsumura K, Nakamura Y, Noh JY. Sympathetic overactivity in the development of eyelid retraction in a patient with euthyroid Graves’ disease evaluated by accommodation. Endocr J. 2000;47(5):623–628. doi:10.1507/endocrj.47.623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winther KH, Rayman MP, Bonnema SJ, Hegedüs L. Selenium in thyroid disorders - essential knowledge for clinicians. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(3):165–176. doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0311-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinò M, Menconi F, Rotondo Dottore G, Leo M, Marcocci C. Selenium in Graves hyperthyroidism and orbitopathy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;34(4S):S105–S110. doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000001136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rotondo Dottore G, Leo M, Casini G, et al. Antioxidant actions of selenium in orbital fibroblasts: a basis for the effects of selenium in Graves’ orbitopathy. Thyroid. 2017;27(2):271–278. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson CD, Robinson MF, Butler JA, Whanger PD. Long-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in blood components of New Zealand women. Br J Nutr. 1993;69(2):577–588. doi:10.1079/bjn19930057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khong JJ, Goldstein RF, Sanders KM, et al. Serum selenium status in Graves’ disease with and without orbitopathy: a case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;80(6):905–910. doi:10.1111/cen.12392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffaneller R, Morse NL. A review of dietary selenium intake and selenium status in Europe and the Middle East. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):1494–1537. doi:10.3390/nu7031494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadaka A, Nguyen K, Malik A, Brito R, Berry S, Lee AG. Vitamin D and selenium in a thyroid eye disease population in Texas. Neuro-Ophthalmol Aeolus Press. 2019;43(5):291–294. doi:10.1080/01658107.2019.1566382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krittaphol W, Bailey KB, Pongcharoen T, Winichagoon P, Thomson C, Gibson RS. Primary school children from northeast Thailand are not at risk of selenium deficiency. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15:474–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayman MP. Selenium intake, status, and health: a complex relationship. Horm Athens Greece. 2020;19(1):9–14. doi:10.1007/s42000-019-00125-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R, et al. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Int Med. 2007;147(4):217. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar