234
Views
191
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: Implicit knowledge and anosognosia

Pages 155-178 | Accepted 16 Mar 1989, Published online: 04 Jan 2008

References

  • Auble , P. M. and Franks , J. J. 1979 . Effort toward comprehension: Elaboration or “aha”? . Memory and Cognition , 7 : 426 – 434 .
  • Baars , B. J. 1983 . “ Conscious contents provide the nervous system with coherent, global information ” . In Consciousness and self-regulation , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. , Schwartz , G. E. and Shapiro , D. 41 – 79 . New York : Plenum .
  • Bauer , R. M. 1984 . Autonomic recognition of names and faces in prosopagnosia: A neuropsychological study . Neuropsychologia , 22 : 457 – 469 .
  • Bisiach , E. “ Anosognosia related to hemiplegia and hemianopia ” . In Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Theoretical and clinical aspects , Edited by: Prigatano , G. P. and Schacter , D. L. New York : Oxford University Press . in press
  • Bisiach , E. , Vallar , G. , Perani , D. , Papagae , C. and Berti , A. 1986 . Unawareness of disease following lesions of the right hemisphere: Anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianopia . Neuropsychologia , 24 : 471 – 482 .
  • Brooks , D. N. and Baddeley , A. D. 1976 . What can amnesic patients learn? . Neuropsychologia , 14 : 111 – 122 .
  • Butters , N. and Miliotis , P. 1985 . “ Amnesic disorders ” . In Clinical neuropsychology , Edited by: Heilman , K. M. and Valenstein , E. 403 – 452 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Campion , J. , Latto , R. and Smith , Y. M. 1983 . Is blindsight an effect of scattered light, spared cortex, and near-threshold vision? . The Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 6 : 423 – 486 .
  • Cermak , L. S. , Blackford , S. P. , O'Conner , M. and Bleich , R. P. 1988 . The implicit memory ability of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis . Brain and Cognition , 7 : 145 – 156 .
  • Cermak , L. S. , Bleich , R. and Blackford , S. 1988 . Deficits in the implicit retention of new associations . Brain and Cognition , 7 : 312 – 313 .
  • Cermak , L. S. , Talbot , N. , Chandler , K. and Wolbarst , L. R. 1985 . The perceptual priming phenomenon in amnesia . Neuropsychologia , 23 : 615 – 622 .
  • Cohen , N. J. and Squire , L. R. 1980 . Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of “knowing how” and “knowing that.” . Science , 210 : 207 – 209 .
  • Coslett , H. B. 1986 . Preservation of lexical access in alexia without agraphia . Paper presented at the 9th European Conference of the International Neuropsychological Society . June 1986 , Veldhoven, Netherlands.
  • de Haan , E. H. F. , Young , A. and Newcombe , F. 1987 . Face recognition without awareness . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 4 : 385 – 415 .
  • Dimond , S. J. 1976 . Brain circuits for consciousness . Brain, Behavior, and Evolution , 13 : 376 – 395 .
  • Evans , J. H. 1966 . Transient loss of memory, an organic mental syndrome . Brain , 89 : 539 – 548 .
  • Fodor , J. A. 1983 . The modularity of mind , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Milberg , W. , Keane , M. M. and Corkin , S. in press . Intact priming of patterns despite impaired memory . Neuropsychologia ,
  • Gazzaniga , M. S. 1985 . The social brain , New York : Basic Books .
  • Glisky , E. L. and Schacter , D. L. 1988 . Long-term retention of computer learning by patients with memory disorders . Neuropsychologia , 26 : 173 – 178 .
  • Glisky , E. L. , Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 1986a . Computer learning by memory-impaired patients: Acquisition and retention of complex knowledge . Neuropsychologia , 24 : 313 – 328 .
  • Glisky , E. L. , Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 1986b . Learning and retention of computer-related vocabulary in memory-impaired patients: Method of vanishing cues . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 292 – 312 .
  • Gordon , B. 1988 . Preserved learning of novel information in amnesia: Evidence for multiple memory systems . Brain and Cognition , 7 : 257 – 282 .
  • Graf , P. and Schacter , D. L. 1985 . Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, and Cognition , 11 : 501 – 518 .
  • Graf , P. , Squire , L. R. and Mandler , G. 1984 . The information that amnesic patients do not forget . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 10 : 164 – 178 .
  • Jacoby , L. L. and Dallas , M. 1981 . On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 110 : 306 – 340 .
  • Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1983 . Mental models , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Kinsbourne , M. 1988 . “ Integrated field theory of consciousness ” . In Consciousness in contemporary science , Edited by: Marcel , A. J. and Bisiach , E. 239 – 256 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Kinsbourne , M. and Wood , F. 1975 . “ Short term memory and the amnesic syndrome ” . In Short-term memory , Edited by: Deutsch , D. D. and Deutsch , J. A. 258 – 291 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Landis , T. , Regard , M. and Serrant , A. 1980 . Iconic reading in a case of alexia without agraphia caused by a brain tumor: A tachistoscopic study . Brain and Language , 11 : 45 – 53 .
  • Marcel , A. J. 1983 . Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition . Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 197 – 237 .
  • McAndrews , M. P. , Glisky , E. L. and Schacter , D. L. 1987 . When priming persists: Long-lasting implicit memory for a single episode in amnesic patients . Neuropsychologia , 25 : 497 – 506 .
  • McGlynn , S. M. and Kaszniak , A. W. “ Unawareness of deficits in dementia and schizophrenia ” . In Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Theoretical and clinical aspects , Edited by: Prigatano , G. P. and Schacter , D. L. New York : Oxford University Press . in press
  • McGlynn , S. M. and Schacter , D. L. 1989 . Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 11 : 143 – 205 .
  • Milner , B. , Corkin , S. and Teuber , H. L. 1968 . Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14 year follow-up study of H. M . Neuropsychologia , 6 : 215 – 234 .
  • Milner , B. , Petrides , M. and Smith , M. L. 1985 . Frontal lobes and the temporal organization of memory . Human Neurobiology , 4 : 137 – 142 .
  • Mishkin , M. , Malamut , B. and Bachevalier , J. 1984 . “ Memories and habits: Two neural systems ” . In Neurobiology of learning and memory , Edited by: Lynch , G. , McGaugh , J. L. and Weinberger , N. M. 65 – 77 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Moscovitch , M. 1982 . “ Multiple dissociations of function in amnesia ” . In Human memory and amnesia , Edited by: Cermak , L. S. 337 – 370 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum Associates .
  • Moscovitch , M. and Umiltà , C. “ Modularity and neuropsychology ” . In Modular aspects of dementia , Edited by: Schwartz , M. F. Cambridge, MA : Bradford Books . in press
  • Moscovitch , M. , Winocur , G. and McLachlan , D. 1986 . Memory as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and memory-impaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 115 : 331 – 347 .
  • Prigatano , G. P. 1986 . Neuropsychological rehabilitation after brain injury , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Prigatano , G. P. and Schacter , D. L. , eds. Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Theoretical and clinical aspects , New York : Oxford University Press . in press
  • Richardson-Klavehn , A. and Bjork , R. A. 1988 . Measures of memory . Annual Review of Psychology , 39 : 475 – 543 .
  • Riddoch , M. J. and Humphreys , G. W. 1987a . Visual object processing in optic aphasia: A case of semantic access agnosia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 4 : 131 – 186 .
  • Riddoch , M. J. and Humphreys , G. W. 1987b . “ Picture naming ” . In Visual object processing: A cognitive neuropsychological approach , Edited by: Humphreys , G. W. and Riddoch , M. J. 107 – 143 . London : Erlbaum Associates .
  • Roediger , H. L. , Weldon , S. and Challis , B. H. 1989 . “ Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account ” . In Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving , Edited by: Roediger , H. L. III and Craik , F. I. M. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum Associates .
  • Rose , F. C. and Symonds , C. P. 1960 . Persistent memory defect following encephalitis . Brain , 83 : 195 – 212 .
  • Scarborough , D. L. , Gerard , L. and Cortese , C. 1979 . Accessing lexical memory: The transfer of word repetition effects across task and modality . Memory and Cognition , 7 : 3 – 12 .
  • Schacter , D. L. 1983 . Amnesia observed: Remembering and forgetting in a natural environment . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 92 : 236 – 242 .
  • Schacter , D. L. 1985 . Priming of old and new knowledge in amnesic patients and normal subjects . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 444 : 41 – 53 .
  • Schacter , D. L. 1987a . Implicit expressions of memory in organic amnesia: Learning of new facts and associations . Human Neurobiology , 6 : 107 – 118 .
  • Schacter , D. L. 1987b . Implicit memory: History and current status . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 13 : 501 – 518 .
  • Schacter , D. L. 1987c . Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dysfunction . Psychobiology , 15 : 21 – 36 .
  • Schacter , D. L. , McAndrews , M. P. and Moscovitch , M. 1988 . “ Access to consciousness: Dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes ” . In Thought without language , Edited by: Weiskrantz , L. 242 – 278 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Schacter , D. L. “ Perceptual representation systems and implicit memory: Toward a resolution of the multiple memory systems debate ” . In Development and neural bases of higher cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Edited by: Diamond , A. in press-b
  • Schacter , D. L. , Cooper , L. A. and Delaney , S. in press . Implicit memory for unfamiliar objects depends on access to structural descriptions . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General ,
  • Schacter , D. L. , Glisky , E. L. and McGlynn , S. M. “ Impact of memory disorder on everyday life: Awareness of deficits and return to work ” . In The neuropsychology of everyday life. Vol. I. Theories and basic competencies , Edited by: Tupper , D. and Cicerone , K. Boston : Martinus Nijhoff . in press
  • Schacter , D. L. and Graf , P. 1986 . Preserved learning in amnesic patients: Perspectives from research on direct priming . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 727 – 743 .
  • Schacter , D. L. , McAndrews , M. P. and Moscovitch , M. 1988 . “ Access to consciousness: Dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes ” . In Thought without language , Edited by: Weiskrantz , L. 242 – 278 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Shallice , T. and Saffran , E. 1986 . Lexical processing in the absence of explicit word identification: Evidence from a letter-by-letter reader . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 3 : 429 – 428 .
  • Shimamura , A. P. and Squire , L. R. 1984 . Paired-associate learning and priming effects in amnesia: A neuropsychological study . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 113 : 556 – 570 .
  • Shimamura , A. P. and Squire , L. R. 1989 . Impaired priming of new associations in amnesic patients . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 721 – 728 .
  • Sperry , R. W. 1984 . Consciousness, personal identity and the divided brain . Neuropsychologia , 22 : 661 – 673 .
  • Squire , L. R. 1987 . Memory and brain , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Stuss , D. T. and Benson , D. F. 1986 . The frontal lobes , New York : Raven Press .
  • Tranel , D. and Damasio , A. R. 1985 . Knowledge without awareness: An autonomic index of facial recognition by prosopagnosics . Science , 228 : 1453 – 1454 .
  • Tulving , E. , Schacter , D. L. , McLachlan , D. R. and Moscovitch , M. 1988 . Priming of semantic autobiographical knowledge: A case study of retrograde amnesia . Brain and Cognition , 8 : 3 – 20 .
  • Warrington , E. K. 1982 . Neuropsychological studies of object recognition . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London , B298 : 15 – 33 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and Weiskrantz , L. 1968 . New method of testing long-term retention with special reference to amnesic patients . Nature , 217 : 972 – 974 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and Weiskrantz , L. 1974 . The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients . Neuropsychologia , 12 : 419 – 428 .
  • Weinstein , E. A. and Kahn , R. L. 1955 . Denial of illness: Symbolic and physiological aspects , Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas .
  • Weiskrantz , L. 1986 . Blindsight , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Young , A. W. and deHaan , E. H. F. 1988 . Boundaries of covert recognition in prosopagnosia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 5 : 317 – 336 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.