Cognitive test performances related to early and late computed tomography findings after closed-head injury

References

• Adams , J. H. , Scott , G. , Parker , L. S. , Graham , D. I. and Doyle , D. 1980 . The contusion index: A quantitative approach to cerebral contusion in head injury . Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology , 6 : 319 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , I. , Bell , J. , Gullan , R. , Heiskanen , O. , Marks , P. V. , Marsh , H. , Mendelow , D. A. , Murray , G. , Ohman , J. , Quaghebeur , G. , Sinar , J. , Skene , A. , Teasdale , G. and Waters , A. 1991 . A trial of the effect of Nimoclipine on outcome after head injury . Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) , 110 : 97 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. 1963 . The Revised Visual Retention Test: Clinical and experimental applications , New York : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Clifton , G. L. , Grossman , R. G. , Makela , M. E. , Miner , M. E. , Handel , S. and Sadhu , V. 1980 . Neurological course and correlated computerized tomography findings after severe closed‐head injury . Journal of Neurosurgery , 52 : 611 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullum , C. M. and Bigler , E. D. 1986 . Ventricle size, cortical atrophy and the relationship with neuropsychological status in closed‐head injury: A quantitative analysis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 437 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Renzi , E. and Vignolo , L. A. 1962 . The Token Test: A sensitive test to detect receptive disturbances in aphasia . Brain , 85 : 665 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuld , P. A. 1980 . Guaranteed stimulus‐processing in the evaluation of memory and learning . Cortex , 16 : 255 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennarelli , T. A. , Spielman , G. M. , Langfitt , T. W. , Gildenberg , P. L. , Harrington , T. , Jane , J. A. , Marshall , L. F. , Miller , J. D. and Pitts , L. H. 1982 . Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury . Journal of Neurosurgery , 56 : 25 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , E. and Bilder , R. M. Jr. 1987 . “ The frontal lobes and hierarchical organization of cognitive control ” . In The frontal lobes revisited , Edited by: Perecman , E. 159 – 187 . New York : The IRBN Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , D. A. and Berg , E. 1948 . A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and case of shifting to new responses in a Weigh‐type card‐sorting problem . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38 : 404 – 411 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolb , B. and Whishaw , I. Q. 1980 . Fundamentals of human neuropsychology , San Francisco : W. H. Freeman and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Amparo , E. , Eisenberg , H. M. , Williams , D. H. , High , W. M. , McArdle , C. B. and Weiner , R. L. 1987 . Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in relation to the neurobehavioral sequelae of mild and moderate head injury . Journal of Neurosurgery , 66 : 706 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Williams , D. , Crofford , M. J. , High , W. M. , Eisenberg , H. M. , Amparo , E. G. , Guinto , F. C. , Kalisky , Z. , Handel , S. F. and Goldman , A. M. 1988 . Relationship of depth of brain lesions to consciousness and outcome after closed‐head injury . Journal of Neurosurgery , 69 : 861 – 866 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , B. 1964 . “ Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man ” . In The frontal granular cortex and behavior , Edited by: Warren , J. M. and Akert , K. 313 – 334 . New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Ommaya , A. K. and Gennarelli , T. A. 1974 . Cerebral contusion and traumatic unconsciousness: Correlation of experimental and clinical observations on blunt head injuries . Brain , 97 : 633 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perret , E. 1974 . The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behaviour . Neuropsychologia , 12 : 323 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , A. L. , Heaton , R. K. , Lehman , R. A. W. and Stilson , D. W. 1980 . The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 48 : 605 – 614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. 1982 . Specific impairment of planning . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B , 298 : 199 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. 1988 . From neuropsychology to mental structure , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stroop , J. R. 1935 . Studies of interference on serial verbal reactions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18 : 643 – 662 .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , B. T. 1987 . “ Contribution of frontal lobe injury to cognitive impairment after closed‐head injury: Methods of assessment and recent findings ” . In Neurobehavioral recovery from head injury , Edited by: Levin , H. S. , Grafman , J. and Eisenberg , H. M. 166 – 177 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. , Ely , P. , Hugenholtz , H. , Richard , M. T. , LaRochelle , S. , Poirier , C. A. and Bell , I. 1985 . Subtle neuropsychological deficits in patients with good recovery after closed‐head injury . Neurosurgery , 17 : 41 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. , Pivik , J. , Gow , C. A. , Stethem , L. L. , Hugenholtz , H. and Picton , T. 1990 . A prospective study of neuropsychological deficits after traumatic brain injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 34
   Google Scholar
• Teasdale , G. and Mendelow , D. 1984 . “ Pathophysiology of head injuries ” . In Closed head injury: Psychological, social, and family consequences , Edited by: Brooks , N. 5 – 36 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Uzzell , B. P. , Obrist , W. D. , Dolinskas , C. A. and Langfitt , T. W. 1986 . Relationship of acute CBF and ICP findings to neuropsychological outcome in severe head injury . Journal of Neurosurgery , 65 : 630 – 635 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uzzell , B. P. , Dolinskas , C. A. , Wiser , R. F. and Langfitt , T. W. 1987 . Influence of lesions detected by computed tomography on outcome and neuropsychological recovery after severe head injury . Neurosurgery , 20 : 396 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilkki , J. 1985 . Amnesic syndromes after surgery of anterior communicating artery aneurysms . Cortex , 21 : 431 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilkki , J. 1988 . Problem solving deficits after focal cerebral lesions . Cortex , 24 : 119 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilkki , J. 1989 . Perseveration in memory for figures after frontal lobe lesion . Neuropsychologia , 27 : 1101 – 1104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1955 . Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , New York : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. T. L. , Wiedmann , K. D. , Hadley , D. M. , Condon , B. , Teasdale , G. and Brooks , D. N. 1988 . Early and late magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological outcome after head injury . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 51 : 391 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. T. L. 1990 . The relationship between neuropsychological function and brain damage detected by neuroimaging after closed‐head injury . Brain Injury , 4 : 349 – 363 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmerman , R. A. and Bilaniuk , L. A. 1989 . CT and MR: Diagnosis and evolution of head injury, stroke, and brain tumors . Neuropsychology , 3 : 191 – 230 .
   Google Scholar