Set-shifting and spatial orientation in patients with Parkinson's disease

References

• Benton , A. 1974 . The Revised Visual Retention Test , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , A. , Hamsher , K. , Varney , N. and Spreen , O. 1983 . Contributions to neuropsychological assessment , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , A. , Levin , H. and Van Allen , M. 1974 . Geographic orientation in patients with unilateral cerebral disease . Neuropsychologia , 12 : 183 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , H. , Van Hoof , J. , Van Spaendonck , P. , Horstink , M. , Van Den Bercken , J. and Jaspers , R. 1989 . Haloperidol and cognitive shifting . Neuropsychologia , 27 : 629 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bes , A. , Guell , A. , Fabre , N. , Dupui , P. , Victor , G. and Geraud , G. 1983 . Cerebral blood flow studied by Xenon‐ 133 inhalation technique in parkinsonism: Loss of hyperfrontal pattern . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism , 3 : 33 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , F. and Strub , R. 1978 . Digit repetition in patients with focal brain damage . Cortex , 12 : 12 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Blonder , L. , Gur , R. , Saykin , A. and Gur , R. 1987 . Regional neuropsychological functioning in hemiparkinsonism . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 9 : 65 Abstract
   Google Scholar
• Bodis‐Wollner , I. , Harnois , C. , Bobak , P. and Mylin , L. 1983 . On the possible role of temporal delays of afferent processing in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neural Transmission , 19 : 243 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Boller , F. , Passafiume , D. , Keefe , N. , Rogers , K. , Morrow , L. and Kim , Y. 1984 . Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease: Role of perceptual and motor factors . Archives of Neurology , 41 : 485 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borod , J. , Carper , M. , Goodglass , H. and Naeser , M. 1984 . Aphasic performance on a battery of constructional, visual‐spatial, and quantitative tasks: Factorial structure and CT scan localization . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 6 : 189 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , F. , Burns , M. , Brady , E. and Yahr , M. 1976 . A note on alterations of personal orientation in Parkinsonism . Neuropsychologia , 14 : 425 – 429 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowen , F. , Hoehn , M. and Yahr , M. 1972 . Parkinsonism: Alterations in spatial‐orientation as determined by a route‐walking test . Neuropsychologia , 10 : 355 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen , F. , Kamienny , R. , Burns , M. and Yahr , M. 1975 . Parkinsonism: Effects of levodopa treatment on concept formation . Neurology , 25 : 701 – 704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. and Marsden , C. 1986 . Visuospatial function in Parkinson's disease . Brain , 109 : 987 – 1002 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. , Marsden , C. , Quinn , N. and Wyke , M. 1984 . Alterations in cognitive performance and affect‐arousal state during fluctuations in motor function Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 47 : 454 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brozoski , T. , Brown , R. , Rosvold , R. and Goldman , P. 1979 . Cognitive deficit caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of Rhesus monkey . Science , 205 : 929 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavan , A. , Passingham , R. , Marsden , C. , Quinn , N. , Wyke , M. and Polkey , C. 1989 . Sequencing ability in Parkinsonians, patients with frontal lobe lesions and patients who have undergone unilateral temporal lobectomies . Neuropsychologia , 27 : 787 – 798 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools , A. , Van Den Bercken , J. , Horstink , M. , Van Spaendonck , K. and Berger , H. 1984 . Cognitive and motor shifting disorder in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Neurology , 47 : 443 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , L. 1975 . The relation of visuospatial dysfunction to digit span performance in patients with cerebral lesions . Cortex , 12 : 31 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . Crunch Statistical Package, Reference Manual , Oakland, CA : Crunch Software Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Danta , G. and Hilton , R. 1975 . Judgment of the visual vertical and horizontal in patients with parkinsonism . Neurology , 25 : 43 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne , Delancey D. 1971 . Performance on delayed response tasks by patients with Parkinsonism . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 34 : 192 – 194 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delis , D. , Direnfeld , L. , Alexander , M. and Kaplan , E. 1982 . Cognitive fluctuations associated with the on‐off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 32 : 1049 – 1052 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellasala , S. , Dilorenzo , G. , Giordana , A. and Spinnler , H. 1986 . Directional forecast: A specific visuospatial impairment of Parkinsonians? . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 49 : 1258 – 1265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delong , M. , Georgopoulos , A. and Crutcher , M. 1983 . Cortico‐basal ganglia relations and coding of motor performance . Experimental Brain Research, Suppl , 7 : 30 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Diller , L. , Ben‐Yishay , Y. , Gerstman , L. , Goodkin , R. , Gordon , W. and Weinberg , J. 1974 . Studies in cognitive rehabilitation in hemiplegia , Rehabilitation Monograph Number 50 New York : New York University Medical Center Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine .
   Google Scholar
• Dubois , B. , Pillon , B. , Legault , F. , Agid , Y. and Lhermitte , F. 1988 . Slowing of cognitive processing in progressive supranuclear palsy: A comparison with Parkinson's disease . Archives of Neurology , 45 : 1194 – 1199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evarts , E. , Kimura , M. , Wurtz , R. and Hikosaka , O. 1984 . Behavioral correlates of activity in basal ganglia neurons . Trends in Neuroscience , : 447 – 453 .
   Google Scholar
• Flowers , K. and Robertson , C. 1985 . The effect of Parkinson's disease on the ability to maintain a mental set . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 48 : 517 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getzels , J. and Jackson , P. 1962 . Creativity and intelligence , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Girotti , F. , Carella , F. , Grassi , M. , Soliveri , M. , Marono , R. and Caraceni , T. 1986 . Motor and cognitive performances of Parkinsonian patients in the on and off phases of the disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 49 : 657 – 660 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girotti , F. , Soliveri , P. and Carella , F. 1988 . Dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 51 : 1498 – 1502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , C. , Purisch , A. and Hammeke , T. 1980 . Luria‐Nebraska Neuropsychological Test Battery , Los Angeles, CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg , G. , Wimmer , A. , Auff , E. and Schnaberth , G. 1986 . Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: Evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 49 : 1266 – 1272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman‐Rakic , P. 1984 . The frontal lobes: Uncharted provinces of the brain . Trends in Neurosciences , : 412 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldman‐Rakic , P. 1987 . “ Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory ” . In Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System V , 373 – 417 . Bethesda, MD : American Physiological Society .
   Google Scholar
• Goodglass , H. and Kaplan , E. 1983 . Assessment of aphasia and related disorders , Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Gotham , A. , Brown , R. and Marsden , C. 1988 . ‐Frontal' cognitive functions in patients with Parkinson's disease ‐on' and ‐off' levodopa . Brain , 111 : 299 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbard , M. Sequential Categorization Unpublished test
   Google Scholar
• Hietanen , M. and Teravainen , H. 1985 . Cognitive performance in early Parkinson's disease . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 73 : 151 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoehn , M. and Yahr , M. 1967 . Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality . Neurology , 17 : 427 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead , A. 1977 . Four factor index of social status , Department of Sociology, Yale University . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Hovestadt , A. , De Jong , G. and Meerwaldt , J. 1987 . Spatial disorientation as an early symptom of Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 37 : 485 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber , S. , Paulson , G. and Shuttleworth , E. 1988 . Relationship of motor symptoms, intellectual impairment, and depression in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 51 : 855 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen , S. and Mishkin , M. 1970 . Perseverative interference in monkeys following selective lesions of the inferior prefrontal convexity . Experimental Brain Research , 11 : 376 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller , W. 1984 . Disturbance of recent memory function in parkinsonian patients on anticholinergic therapy . Cortex , 20 : 307 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees , A. and Smith , E. 1983 . Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease . Brain , 106 : 257 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , B. 1990 . Spatial cognition in Parkinson's disease . Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders , 4 ( 3 ) : 161 – 170 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lezak , M. 1983 . Neuropsychological assessment , 2nd ed. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lichter , D. , Corbett , A. , Fitzgibbon , G. , Davidson , O. , Hope , J. , Goddard , G. , Sharples , K. and Pollack , M. 1988 . Cognitive and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Clinical, performance and computed tomographic correlations . Archives of Neurology , 45 : 854 – 860 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , A. , Dziatolowski , M. and Kupersmith , M. 1979 . Dementia in Parkinson's disease . Annals of Neurology , 6 : 355 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loranger , A. , Godell , H. , McDowell , F. , Lee , J. and Sweet , R. 1972 . Intellectual impairment in Parkinson's syndrome . Brain , 95 : 405 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria , A. 1963 . Higher cortical functions in man , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , C. , Borod , J. , Brozgold , A. , Welkowitz , J. , Peselow , E. , Diller , L. and Alpert , M. 1987 . Perception of facial affect in schizophrenics and right brain‐damaged patients [abstract] . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 1 : 296 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Matison , R. , Mayeux , R. , Rosen , J. and Fahn , S. 1982 . ‐Tip‐of‐the‐tongue' phenomenon in Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 32 : 567 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattis , S. 1976 . “ Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient ” . In Geriatric psychiatry , Edited by: Bellak , L. and Karasu , T. 77 – 121 . New York : Grune and Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Mayeux , R. 1990 . Parkinson's disease: A review of cognitive and psychiatric disorders . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 3 : 3 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayeux , R. , Stern , Y. and Rosenstein , R. 1988 . An estimate of the prevalence of dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's disease . Archives of Neurology , 45 : 260 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J. 1976 . A standardized road map test of direction sense. Manual , San Rafael, CA : Academic Therapy Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery , K. 1982 . A normative study of neuropsychological test performance of a normal elderly sample , Master of Arts Thesis University of Victoria . Unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Mortimer , J. , Pirozzolo , F. , Hansch , E. and Webster , D. 1982 . Relationship of motor symptoms to intellectual deficits in Parkinson's disease . Neurology , 32 : 133 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer , J. , Warrior , J. , Kuskowski , M. , Jun , S. and Webster , D. 1989 . Verbal memory disorder in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 11 : 96 Abstract
   Google Scholar
• Newcombe , F. 1969 . Missile wounds of the brain , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norusis M/SPSS, Inc. 1988 . SPSS/PC + Advanced Statistics, V. 2. Manual , Chicago, IL : SPSS, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Ogden , J. , Growdon , J. and Corkin , S. 1990 . Deficits on visuospatial tests involving forward planning in high‐functioning parkinsonians . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 3 : 125 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Pederzoli , M. , Girotti , F. , Scigliano , G. , Aiello , G. , Carella , F. and Caraceni , T. 1983 . L‐Dopa long‐term treatment in Parkinson's disease: Age‐related side effects . Neurology , 33 : 1518 – 1522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , E. , Curtis , M. , Dick , D. , Candy , J. , Atack , J. , Bloxham , C. , Blessed , G. , Gairbairn , A. , Tomlinson , B. and Perry , R. 1985 . Cholinergic correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Comparisons with Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 48 : 413 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillon , B. , Dubois , B. , Lhermitte , F. and Agid , Y. 1986 . Heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 36 : 1986
   Google Scholar
• Pirozzolo , F. , Hansch , E. , Mortimer , J. , Webster , D. and Kuskowski , M. 1982 . Dementia in Parkinson's disease: A neuropsychological analysis . Brain and Cognition , 1 : 71 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portin , R. and Rinne , U. 1980 . “ Neuropsychological responses of parkinsonian patients to long‐term Levodopa treatment ” . In Parkinson's disease‐Current progress, problems, and management , Edited by: Rinne , U. , Klinger , M. and Stamm , G. 135 – 144 . Holland : Elsevier/North‐Holland Biomedical Press .
   Google Scholar
• Proctor , F. , Riklan , M. , Cooper , I. and Teuber , H. 1964 . Judgment of visual and postural vertical by parkinsonian patients . Neurology , 14 : 287 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey , P. and Ramsey , P. 1985 . Introduction to applied statistics , New York : Queens College of the City University of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Ransmayr , G. , Schmidhuber , A. , Eiler , B. , Karamat , E. , Eigler‐Plorer , S. , Poewe , W. and Leidlmair , K. 1987 . Visuoperception and visuospatial and visuorotational performance in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology , 235 : 99 – 101 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raskin , S. , Borod , J. and Tweedy , J. 1990 . Neuropsychological aspects of Parkinson's disease . Neuropsychology Review , 1 : 185 – 221 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raskin , S. , Borod , J. , Wasserstein , J. , Bodis‐Wollner , I. , Mylin , L. , Coscia , L. and Yahr , M. 1990 . Visual‐spatial orientation in Parkinson's disease . International Journal of Neuroscience , 51 : 9 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , G. 1979 . Spatial thought, mental rotation, and the right cerebral hemisphere . Neuropsychologia , 17 : 49 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagar , H. , Sullivan , E. , Gabrieli , J. , Corkin , S. and Growdon , J. 1988 . Remote memory function in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease . Brain , 111 : 525 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakian , B. , Morris , R. , Evenden , J. , Heald , A. , Levy , R. and Philpot , M. 1988 . A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in Alzheimer‐type dementia and Parkinson's disease . Brain , 111 : 695 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , S. and Castellan , N. 1988 . Nonparametric statistics for the Behavioral Sciences , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Sohlberg , M. and Geyer , C. 1989 . Executive functions rating scale . Presented at the International Neuropsychological Society . February 1989 , Vancouver, B. C..
   Google Scholar
• Starkstein , S. , Leiguirda , R. , Gershan , O. and Berthier , M. 1987 . Neuropsychological disturbance in hemiparkinson's disease . Neurology , 37 : 1762 – 1764 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelmach , G. , Phillips , J. and Chau , A. 1989 . Visuo‐spatial processing in Parkinsonians . Neuropsychologia , 27 : 485 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , Y. 1983 . “ Behavior and the basal ganglia ” . In The dementias , Edited by: Stern , Y. and Rosen , W. 195 – 209 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , Y. , Mayeux , R. , Hermann , A. and Rosen , J. 1988 . Prism adaptation in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 51 : 1584 – 1587 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stern , Y. , Mayeux , R. and Rosen , J. 1984 . Contributions of perceptual motor dysfunction to construction and tracing disturbance in Parkinson's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 47 : 983 – 989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , Y. , Sano , M. and Mayeux , R. 1987 . Comparisons of dementia and intellectual change in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 9 : 66 Abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , A. , Saint‐Cyr , J. and Lang , A. 1986 . Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease . Brain , 109 : 845 – 883 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teuber , H. and Proctor , F. 1964 . Some effects of basal ganglia lesions in subhuman primates and man . Neuropsychologia , 2 : 85 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Revised , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg , J. , Diller , L. , Gerstman , L. and Schulman , P. 1972 . Digit span in right and left hemiplegics . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 28 : 361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , S. , Semmes , J. , Ghent , L. and Teuber , H. 1956 . Spatial‐orientation in man after cerebral injury: II, Analysis according to concomitant defects . Journal of Psychology , 42 : 249 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar