Some aspects of memory disorders clearly distinguish dementia of the Alzheimer's type from depressive pseudo-dementia

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 1980 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 3rd ed. , Washington, DC : Antror . DMS-III
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , R. C. and Joula , J. F. 1974 . “ Search and decision processes in recognition memory ” . In Contemporary developments in mathematic psychology , Edited by: Krantz , D. H. , Atkinson , R. C. , Luce , R. D. and Suppes , P. Vol. 1 , 243 – 295 . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , R. C. and Shiffrin , R. M. 1968 . “ Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Spence , K. W. Vol. 2 , 89 – 195 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bartus , R. T. , Dean , R. L. , Beer , B. and Lipps , A. S. 1982 . The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction . Science , 217 : 408 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botwinick , J. , Storandt , M. and Berg , L. 1986 . A longitudinal, behavioral study of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type . Archives of Neurology , 43 : 1124 – 1127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caine , E. D. 1981 . Pseudodementia: Current concepts and future directions . Archives of General Psychiatry , 38 : 1359 – 1364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caltagirone , C. , Gainotti , G. , Masullo , C. and Miceli , G. 1979 . Validity of some neuropsychological tests in the assessment of mental deterioration . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 60 : 50 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. L. and Benson , D. F. 1983 . Dementia: A clinical approach , Boston : Butterworth .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , D. S. 1989 . “ Neuropsychological assessment of learning and memory ” . In Handbook of Neuropsychology , Edited by: Boller , F. and Grafman , J. Vol 3 , 3 – 33 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Dunbar , G. C. and Lishman , W. A. 1984 . Depression, recognition-memory and hedonic tone: A signal detection analysis . British Journal of Psychiatry , 144 : 376 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinberg , T. and Goodman , B. 1984 . Affective illness dementia and pseudodementia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 45 : 100 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. and McHugh , P. R. 1978 . “ Dementia syndrome of depression ” . In Alzheimer's disease: Senile dementia and related disorders , Edited by: Katzman , R. , Terry , R. D. and Bick , K. 87 – 96 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fuld , P. A. , Katzman , R. , Davies , P. and Terry , R. D. 1982 . Intrusion as a sign of Alzheimer dementia: Chemical and pathological verification . Annals of Neurology , 11 : 155 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainotti , G. , Caltagirone , C. , Diodato , S. and Grappone , A. 1982 . “ Neuropsychological assessment in the aging brain: The distinction between dementia and depressive pseudo-dementia ” . In Cerebral pathology in old age , Edited by: Cecchini , A. , Nappi , G. and Arrigo , A. 7 – 16 . Pavia : Emiras .
   Google Scholar
• Gainotti , G. , Caltagirone , C. , Masullo , C. and Miceli , G. 1980 . “ Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in various diagnostic groups of dementia ” . In Aging of the brain and dementia , Edited by: Amaducci , L. , Davison , A. and Antuono , P. 245 – 250 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gainotti , G. , Monteleone , D. , Parlato , E. and Carlomagno , S. 1989 . Verbal memory disorders in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infaret dementia . Journal of Neurolinguistics , 4 : 327 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Ganser , S. 1898 . Ueber einen eigenartigen hysterisehen Dammerzustand . Archives fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkz , 30 : 633 – 640 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , A. J. 1981 . A further analysis of memory loss in dementia and depression in the elderly . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 20 : 179 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanzer , M. 1972 . “ Two storage mechanisms in free recall ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advancements in research and theory , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 5 , 129 – 193 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grober , E. , Buschke , H. , Kawas , C. and Fuld , P. 1985 . Impaired ranking of semantic attributes in dementia . Brain and Language , 26 : 276 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachinski , V. C. , Iliff , L. D. , Zilkha , E. , Du Boulay , G. H. , McAllister , V. L. , Marshall , J. , Russel , R. W. and Symon , L. 1975 . Cerebral blood flow in dementia . Archives of Neurology , 32 : 632 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , R. P. , Kwentus , J. A. , Taylor , J. R. and Harkins , S. W. 1987 . Rate of forgetting in dementia and depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 55 : 101 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander , E. , Mohs , R. C. and Davis , K. L. 1986 . Antemortem markers of Alzheimer's disease . Neurobiology of Aging , 7 : 367 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell , R. 1974 . The stability of psychiatric diagnosis . British Journal of Psychiatry , 124 : 352 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiloh , L. G. 1961 . Pseudodementia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 37 : 336 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , D. A. and Caine , E. D. 1990 . “ Depression ” . In Subcortical dementia , Edited by: Cummings , J. L. 218 – 230 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Knopman , D. S. and Ryberg , S. 1989 . A verbal memory test with high predictive accuracy for dementia of Alzheimer type . Archives of Neurology , 46 : 141 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopelman , M. D. 1986 . The cholinergic neurotrasmitter system in human memory and dementia: A review . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38a : 535 – 573 .
   Google Scholar
• Kral , V. A. 1983 . The relationship between senile dementia (Alzheimer's type) and depression . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 128 : 304 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , J. H. , Delis , D. C. , Blusewicz , M. J. , Ober , B. A. and Strauss , M. 1988 . Verbal memory errors in Alzheimer's and Huntington's dementias . Developmental Neuropsychology , 4 : 1 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRue , A. 1982 . Memory loss and aging: Distinguishing dementia from benign senescent forgetfulness and depressive pseudodementia . Psychiatric Clinic of North America , 5 : 89 – 103 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1983 . Neuropsychological assessment , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lishman , W. A. 1987 . Organic psychiatry: The psychological consequence of cerebral disorder , London : Blackwell Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , D. A. , D'Elia , L. , Guterman , A. , Eisdorfen , C. , Wilkie , F. , LaRue , A. , Mintzer , J. and Duara , R. 1991 . The occurrence of different intrusive errors in patients with Alzheimer's disease, multiple cerebral infarctions and major depression . Brain and Cognition , 16 : 104 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden , J. J. , Luhan , J. A. , Kaplan , L. A. and Manfred , H. M. 1952 . Nondementing psychosis in older persons . Journal of American Medical Association , 150 : 1567 – 1570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden , C. D. and Harrison , M. J.G. 1972 . Outcome of investigation of patients with presenile dementia . British Medical Journal , 2 : 249 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister , T. W. 1981 . Cognitive functioning in the affective disorders . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 22 : 572 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister , T. W. and Price , T. P.R. 1982 . Severe depressive pseudodementia with and without dementia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 626 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNicol , D. 1972 . A primer of signal detection theory , Sydney : Australian Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Miceli , G. , Caltagirone , C. and Gainotti , G. 1977 . Gangliosides in the treatment of mental deterioration. A double-blind comparison with placebo . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 55 : 102 – 110 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , E. 1971 . On the nature of memory disorder in presenile dementia . Neuropsychologia , 9 : 75 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E. and Lewis , P. 1977 . Recognition memory in elderly patients with depression and dementia. A signal detection analysis . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 86 : 84 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederehe , G. and Camp , C. J. 1985 . Signal detection analysis of recognition memory in depressed elderly . Experimental Aging Research , 11 : 207 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nott , P. M. and Fleminger , J. 1975 . Presenile dementia: The difficulty of early diagnosis . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 51 : 210 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks , T. E. 1966 . Signal detectability theory of recognition memory performance . Psychological Review , 73 : 44 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post , F. 1975 . “ Dementia, depression and pseudodementia ” . In Psychiatric aspects of neurologic disease , Edited by: Benson , D. F. and Blumer , B. 99 – 120 . New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Rey , A. 1958 . “ Memorisation d'une serie de 15 mots en 5 répétitions ” . In L'examen clinique en psychologie , Edited by: Rey , A. 26 – 42 . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
   Google Scholar
• Robins , L. N. , Helzer , J. E. , Weisman , M. M. , Orvaschel , H. , Gruenberg , E. , Burke , J. D. and Regier , D. A. 1984 . Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 : 959 – 967 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ron , M. A. , Toone , B. K. , Garralda , M. E. and Lishman , W. A. 1979 . Diagnostic accuracy in presenile dementia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 134 : 161 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev , P. S. , Smith , J. S. , Angus-Lepan , H. and Rodriguez , P. 1990 . Pseudodementia twelve years on . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 53 : 254 – 259 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spinnler , H. S. , Della Sala , S. , Bandera , S. and Baddeley , A. 1988 . Dementia aging and the structure of human memory . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 5 : 153 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Storandt , M. , Botwinick , K. , Danzinger , W. , Berg , L. and Hughes , C. P. 1984 . Psychometric differentiation of mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type . Archives of Neurology , 41 : 497 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoudemire , A. , Hill , C. , Gulley , L. R. and Morris , R. 1989 . Neuropsychological and biomedical assessment of depression-dementia syndrome . Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 1 : 347 – 361 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watts , F. N. , Morris , L. and MacLeod , A. K. 1987 . Recognition memory in depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 96 : 273 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weingartner , H. , Cohen , R. M. , Murphy , D. L. , Martello , J. and Gerdt , C. 1981 . Cognitive processes in depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 38 : 42 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weingartner , H. , Grafman , J. , Boutelle , W. , Kaye , W. and Martin , P. 1983 . Forms of memory failure . Science , 221 : 380 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , C. E. 1979 . Pseudodementia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 136 : 895 – 900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh , K. , Butters , N. , Hughes , J. , Mohs , R. and Heyman , A. 1991 . Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer's disease using CERAD neuropsychological measures . Archives of Neurology , 48 : 278 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernicke , C. 1900 . Grundiss der Psychiatrie in klinischen Vorlesungen , Leipzig : Thieme .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. S. , Bacon , L. D. , Fox , G. H. and Kaszniak , A. W. 1983 . Primary memory and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 5 : 337 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , J. , Granholm , E. , Butters , N. , Saunders , E. and Janowsky , D. 1987 . Verbal memory deficits associated with major affective disorders: A comparison of unipolar and bipolar patients . Journal of Affective Disorders , 13 : 83 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar