Frontal lobe lesions, diffuse damage, and neuropsychological functioning in traumatic brain-injured patients

References

• Anderson , C. V. and Bigler , E. D. 1995 . Ventricular dilation, cortical atrophy, and neuropsychological outcome following traumatic brain injury. . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and the Clinical Neurosciences , 7 : 42 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. W. , Damasio , H. , Jones , R. D. and Tranel , D. 1991 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 13 : 909 – 922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett , P. A. , Rao , S. M. , Bernardin , L. , Grafman , J. , Yetkin , F. Z. and Lobeck , L. 1994 . Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. . Neurology , 44 : 420 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. and Grodzinsky , G. M. 1994 . Are tests of frontal lobe functions useful in diagnosis of attention deficit disorders? . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 8 : 121 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , E. A. 1948 . A simple objective test for measuring flexibility in thinking. . Journal of General Psychology , 39 : 15 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler , E. D. 1988a . Frontal lobe damage and neuropsychological assessment. . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 3 : 279 – 297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bigler , E. D. 1988b . Diagnostic clinical neuropsychology , Austin, TX : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bigler , E. D. 1990 . “ Neuropathology of traumatic brain injury ” . In Traumatic brain injury , Edited by: Bigler , E. D. 13 – 49 . Austin, TX : Pro-Ed .
   Google Scholar
• Bigler , E. D. 1994 . “ Neuroimaging in neuropsychology ” . In Functional neuroimaging , Edited by: Kelley , R. E. 121 – 137 . Armonk, NY : Futura Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Bigler , E. D. , Kurth , S. , Blatter , D. and Abildskov , T. 1992 . Day-of-injury CT as an index to pre-injury brain morphology: Degree of post-injury degenerative changes identified by CT and MR neuroimaging. . Brain Injury , 7 : 125 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Blatter , D. D. , Bigler , E. D. , Gale , S. D. , Johnson , S. C. , Anderson , C. V. , Barnett , B. M. , Parker , N. , Kurth , S. and Horn , S. 1995 . Quantitative volumetric analysis of brain MRI: Normative database spanning five decades (16–65). . American Journal of Neuroradiology , 16 : 241 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumbergs , P. C. , Jones , N. R. and North , J. B. 1989 . Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry , 52 : 838 – 841 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christman , C. W. , Grady , M. S. , Walker , S. A. , Holloway , K. and Povlishock , J. T. 1994 . Ultrastructural studies of diffuse axonal injury in humans. . Journal of Neurotrauma , 11 ( 2 ) : 173 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullum , C. M. and Bigler , E. D. 1986 . Ventricle size, cortical atrophy and the relationship with neuropsychological status in closed head injury: A quantitative analysis. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 437 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullum , C. M. , Kuck , J. and Ruff , R. M. 1990 . “ Neuropsychological assessment of traumatic brain injury in adults ” . In Traumatic brain injury , Edited by: Bigler , E. D. 129 – 163 . Austin, TX : Pro-Ed .
   Google Scholar
• Damasio , H. and Damasio , A. R. 1989 . Lesion analysis in neuropsychology , New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• DeFilippis , N. A. and McCampbell , E. 1979 . The Booklet Category Test , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Duffy , J. D. and Campbell , J. J. 1994 . The regional prefrontal syndromes: A theoretical and clinical overview. . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 6 : 379 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale , S. D. , Johnson , S. C. , Bigler , E. D. and Blatter , D. D. 1995 . Nonspecific white matter degeneration following traumatic brain injury. . Journal of International Neuropsychological Society , 1 : 17 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg , E. 1995 . Rise and fall of modular orthodoxy. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 17 : 192 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , E. , Podell , K. and Lovell , M. 1994 . Lateralization of frontal lobe functions and cognitive novelty. . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 6 ( 4 ) : 371 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , D. A. and Berg , E. A. 1948 . A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem. . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38 : 404 – 411 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grattan , L. M. , Bloomer , R. H. , Archambault , F. X. and Eslinger , P. J. 1994 . Cognitive flexibility and empathy after frontal lobe lesion. . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology , 7 : 251 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Gronwall , D. , Wrightson , P. and Waddell , P. 1990 . Head injury: The facts , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gurdjian , E. S. 1975 . Impact head injury , Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Halstead , W. C. 1947 . Brain and intelligence: A quantitative study of the frontal lobes , Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. 1981 . Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Grant , I. and Matthews , C. G. 1991 . Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Heck , E. T. and Bryer , J. B. 1986 . Superior sorting and categorizing ability in a case of bilateral frontal lobe atrophy: An exception to the rule. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 313 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellman , S. G. , Green , M. F. , Kern , R. S. and Christenson , C. D. 1992 . Comparison of card and computer versions of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for psychotic patients. . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 2 : 151 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Hom , J. and Reitan , R. M. 1990 . Generalized cognitive function after stroke. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 644 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. C. , Bigler , E. D. , Burr , R. B. and Blatter , D. D. 1994 . White matter atrophy, ventricular dilation and intellectual functioning following traumatic brain injury. . Neuropsychology , 8 ( 3 ) : 307 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , D. I. 1992 . Neuropathology and neurobehavioral recovery from closed head injury. . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 7 ( 2 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Kurth , S. M. , Bigler , E. D. and Blatter , D. D. 1994 . Neuropsychological outcome and quantitative image analysis of acute haemorrhage in traumatic brain injury: Preliminary findings. . Brain Injury , 8 ( 6 ) : 489 – 500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Goldstein , F. C. , Williams , D. H. and Eisenberg , H. M. 1991 . “ The contribution of frontal lobe lesions to the neurobehavioral outcome of closed head injury ” . In Frontal lobe function and dysfunction , Edited by: Levin , H. S. , Eisenberg , H. M. and Benton , A. L. 318 – 338 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , H. and Kraus , M. F. 1994 . The frontal lobes and traumatic brain injury. . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 6 ( 4 ) : 443 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment, , 3rd ed. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loong , J. 1990a . The Computerized Category Test , San Luis Obispo, CA : Wang Neuropsychological Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Loong , J. 1990b . The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test , San Luis Obispo, CA : Wang Neuropsychological Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Malloy , P. F. and Richardson , E. D. 1994 . Assessment of frontal lobe functions. . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 6 : 399 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povlishock , J. T. 1993 . Pathobiology of traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and man. . Annals of Emergency Medicine , 22 : 980 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povlishock , J. T. , Erb , D. E. and Astruc , J. 1992 . Axonal response to traumatic brain injury: Reactive axonal change, deafferentation, and neuroplasticity. . Journal of Neurotrauma , 9 : S189 – S199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasband , W. 1993 . IMAGE 1.52 (Computer program). , Washington, DC : National Institutes of Health, Research Services Branch .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 1985 . Neuroanatomy and neuropathology , Tucson, AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 1985 . The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation , Tucson, AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. and Wolfson , D. 1995 . Category test and trail making test as measures of frontal lobe functions. . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 9 : 50 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robb , R. A. 1995 . Three-dimensional biomedical imaging , New York : VCH Publishers. .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , M. and Harrison , C. 1993 . Traumatic brain injury model systems national database syllabus. Published by the U.S. Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Grant #H133A2001693.
   Google Scholar
• Salazar , A. M. 1992 . “ Traumatic brain injury: The continuing epidemic ” . In Challenges in neurology , Edited by: Hachinski , V. C. 55 – 67 . Philadelphia : F. A. Davis . In, (Ed.),(pp. ).
   Google Scholar
• Society for Neuroscience. 1990 . Brain facts: A primer on the brain and nervous system Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. and Strauss , E. 1991 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. , Alexander , M. P. , Palumbo , C. L. , Buckle , L. , Sayer , L. and Pogue , J. 1994 . Organizational strategies of patients with unilateral or bilateral frontal lobe injury in word learning tasks. . Neuropsychology , 8 ( 3 ) : 355 – 373 .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , E. V. , Mathalon , D. H. , Zipursky , R. B. , Kersteen-Tucker , Z. , Knight , R. T. and Pfefferbaum , A. 1993 . Factors of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as measures of frontal-lobe function in schizophrenia and in chronic alcoholism. . Psychiatry Research , 46 : 175 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Broek , M. D. , Bradshaw , C. M. and Szabadi , E. 1993 . Utility of the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in neuropsychological assessment. . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 32 : 333 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1955 . Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Manual , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation. .
   Google Scholar
• Wetzel , L. and Boll , T. 1987 . Short Category Test , Los Angeles, CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. T. L. and Wyper , D. 1992 . Neuroimaging and neuropsychological functioning following closed-head injury: CT, MRI, and SPECT. . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 7 ( 2 ) : 29 – 30 .
   Google Scholar