68
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Meta-analytic comparison of the components of visual cognition in Parkinson's disease

&
Pages 759-772 | Accepted 31 Mar 1995, Published online: 04 Jan 2008

References

  • Albert , M. L. 1978 . “ Subcortical dementia ” . In Alzheimer's disease: Senile dementia and related disorders Edited by: Katzman , R. , Terry , R. D. and Bick , K. L. 173 – 180 . New York : Raven Press .
  • Alexander , G. E. , Crutcher , M. D. and DeLong , M. R. 1990 . Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, “prefrontal” and “limbic” functions. . Progress in Brain Research , 85 : 119 – 146 .
  • Beatty , W. W. , Staton , D. , Weir , W. S. , Monson , N. and Whitaker , H. A. 1989 . Cognitive disturbances in Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 2 : 22 – 33 .
  • Berger , B. , Gaspar , P. and Verney , C. 1991 . Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: Unexplained differences between rodents and primates. . Trends in Neurological Sciences , 14 : 21 – 27 .
  • Boller , F. , Passafiume , D. , Keefe , N. C. , Rogers , K. , Morrow , L. and Kim , Y. 1984 . Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease. Role of perceptual and motor factors. . Archives of Neurology , 41 : 485 – 490 .
  • Bondi , M. W. , Kaszniak , A. W. , Bayles , K. A. and Vance , K. T. 1993 . Contributions of frontal system dysfunction to memory and perceptual abilities in Parkinson's disease. . Neuropsychology , 7 : 89 – 102 .
  • Brown , R. G. 1989 . “ Models of cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease ” . In Disorders of movement Edited by: Quinn , N. P. and Jenner , P. G. 73 – 84 . London : Academic Press .
  • Brown , R. G. and Marsden , C. D. 1986 . Visuospatial function in Parkinson's disease. . Brain , 109 : 987 – 1102 .
  • Brown , R. G. and Marsden , C. D. 1987 . “ Neuropsy-chology and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: An overview ” . In Movement disorders Edited by: Marsden , C. D. and Fahn , S. Vol. 2 , 99 – 123 . London : Butterworths .
  • Brown , R. G. and Marsden , C. D. 1990 . Cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: From description to theory. . Trends in Neurosciences , 13 : 21 – 29 .
  • Caltagirone , C. , Masullo , C. , Benedetti , N. and Gainotti , G. 1985 . Dementia in Parkinson's disease: Possible specific involvement of the frontal lobes. . International Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 15 – 26 .
  • Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates .
  • Cummings , J. L. and Huber , S. J. 1992 . “ Visuospatial abnormalities in Parkinson's disease ” . In Parkinson's disease: Neurobehavioural aspects Edited by: Huber , S. J. and Cummings , J. L. 59 – 73 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Danta , G. and Hilton , R. C. 1975 . Judgment of the visual vertical and horizontal in patients with parkinsonism. . Neurology , 25 : 43 – 47 .
  • Dindia , K. and Allen , M. 1992 . Sex differences in self-disclosure: A meta-analysis. . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 106 – 124 .
  • Dubois , B. , Boller , F. , Pillon , B. and Agid , Y. 1991 . “ Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease ” . In Handbook of neuro-psychology Edited by: Boller , F. and Grafman , J. Vol. 5 , 195 – 240 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Dubois , B. , Danze , F. , Pillon , B. , Cusimano , G. , Agid , Y. and Lhermitte , F. 1987 . Cholinergic-dependent cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. . Annals of Neurology , 22 : 26 – 30 .
  • Dubois , B. , Pillon , B. , Lhermitte , F. and Agid , Y. 1990 . Cholinergic deficiency and frontal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. . Annals of Neurology , 28 : 117 – 121 .
  • Growdon , J. H. and Corkin , S. 1987 . “ Cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease ” . In Advances in neurology: Vol. 45. Parkinson's disease Edited by: Yahr , M. D. and Bergmann , K. J. 383 – 392 . New York : Raven Press .
  • Guzzo , R. A. , Jackson , S. E. and Katzell , R. A. 1987 . “ Meta-analysis analysis ” . In Research in organizational behaviour Edited by: Cummings , L. L. and Staw , B. M. 407 – 422 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Hedges , L. and Olkin , I. 1985 . Statistical methods for meta-analysis Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
  • Lezak , M. D. 1983 . Neuropsychological assessment, , 2nd ed. New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Ogden , J. A. 1990 . “ Spatial abilities and deficits in aging and age-related disorders ” . In Handbook of neuropsychology Edited by: Boller , F. and Grafman , J. Vol. 4 , 265 – 278 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Ogden , J. A. , Growdon , J. H. and Corkin , S. 1990 . Deficits on visuospatial tests involving forward planning in high-functioning Parkinsonians. . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioural Neurology , 3 : 125 – 139 .
  • Pillon , B. , Dubois , B. , Lhermitte , F. and Agid , Y. 1986 . Heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. . Neurology , 36 : 1179 – 1185 .
  • Portin , R. and Rinne , U. 1986 . Predictive factors for cognitive deterioration and dementia in Parkinson's disease. . Advances in Neurology , 45 : 413 – 416 .
  • Posner , M. I. , Petersen , S. E. , Fox , P. T. and Raichle , M. E. 1988 . Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. . Science , 240 : 1627 – 1631 .
  • Ransmayr , G. , Poewe , W. , Ploerer , S. , Birbamer , G. and Gerstenbrand , F. 1987 . “ Psychometric findings in clinical subtypes of Parkinson's disease ” . In Advances in neurology: Vol. 45. Parkinson's disease Edited by: Yahr , M. D. and Bergmann , K. J. 409 – 411 . New York : Raven Press .
  • Rogers , D. A. , Lees , A. J. , Trimble , M. and Stern , G. M. 1987 . “ Concept of bradyphrenia: A neuropsy-chiatric approach ” . In Advances in neurology: Vol. 45. Parkinson's disease Edited by: Yahr , M. D. and Bergmann , K. J. 447 – 50 . New York : Raven Press .
  • Rosenthal , R. 1991 . Meta-analytic procedures for social research, , 2nd ed. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
  • Spreen , O. and Strauss , E. 1991 . A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Stelmach , G. E. , Phillips , J. G. and Chau , A. W. 1989 . Visuo-spatial processing in parkinsonians. . Neuropsychologia , 27 : 485 – 493 .
  • Taylor , A. E. , Saint-Cyr , J. A. and Lang , A. E. 1986 . Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. . Brain , 109 : 845 – 883 .
  • Thompson , R. 1974 . Localization of the “maze memory system” in the white rat. . Physiological Psychology , 2 : 1 – 17 .
  • Villardita , C. , Smirni , P. , LaPira , F. , Zappala , G. and Nicoletti , F. 1982 . Mental deterioration, visuo-perceptive disabilities and constructional apraxia in Parkinson's disease. . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 66 : 112 – 120 .
  • Walsh , K. 1987 . Neuropsychology: A clinical approach, , 2nd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone .
  • Beatty , W. W. and Monson , N. 1990 . Picture and motor sequencing in Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 3 : 192 – 197 .
  • Beatty , W. W. , Staton , D. , Weir , W. S. , Monson , N. and Whitaker , H. A. 1989 . Cognitive disturbances in Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 2 : 22 – 33 .
  • Bentin , S. , Silverberg , R. and Gordon , H. W. 1981 . Asymmetrical cognitive deterioration in demented and parkinson patients. . Cortex , 17 : 533 – 544 .
  • Biggins , C. A. , Boyd , J. L. , Harrop , F. M. , Madeley , P. , Mindham , R. H. S. , Randall , J. I. and Spokes , E. G. S. 1992 . A controlled, longitudinal study of dementia in Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 55 : 566 – 571 .
  • Boller , F. , Passafiume , D. , Keefe , N. C. , Rogers , K. , Morrow , L. and Kim , Y. 1984 . Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease. Role of perceptual and motor factors. . Archives of Neurology , 41 : 485 – 490 .
  • Bondi , M. W. , Kaszniak , A. W. , Bayles , K. A. and Vance , K. T. 1993 . Contributions of frontal system dysfunction to memory and perceptual abilities in Parkinson's disease. . Neuropsychology , 7 : 89 – 102 .
  • Botez , M. I. and Barbeau , A. 1973 . Long-term mental changes in levodopa-treated patients. . The Lancet , 2 : 1028 – 1029 .
  • Botez , M. I. and Barbeau , A. 1975 . Neuropsychological findings in Parkinson's disease: A comparison between various tests during long-term L-DOPA therapy. . International Journal of Neurology , 10 : 222 – 232 .
  • Bowen , F. P. , Burns , M. B. , Brady , E. M. and Yahr , M. D. 1976 . A note on alterations of personal orientation in parkinsonism. . Neuropsychologia , 14 : 425 – 429 .
  • Bowen , F. P. , Hoehn , M. M. and Yahr , M. D. 1972 . Parkinsonism: Alterations in spatial orientation as determined by a route-walking test. . Neuropsychologia , 10 : 355 – 361 .
  • Boyd , J. L. , Cruickshank , C. A. , Kenn , C. W. , Madeley , P. , Mindham , R. H. S. , Oswald , A. G. , Smith , R. J. and Spokes , E. G. S. 1991 . Cognitive impairment and dementia in PD: A controlled study. . Psychological Medicine , 21 : 911 – 921 .
  • Bradley , V. A. , Welch , J. L. and Dick , D. J. 1989 . Visuospatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 52 : 1228 – 1235 .
  • Brown , R. G. and Marsden , C. D. 1986 . Visuospatial function in Parkinson's disease. . Brain , 109 : 987 – 1002 .
  • Caltagirone , C. , Carlesimo , A. , Nocentini , U. and Vicari , S. 1989 . Defective concept formation in Parkinsonians is independent from mental deterioration. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 52 : 334 – 337 .
  • Canavan , A. G. M. , Passingham , R. E. , Marsden , C. D. , Quinn , N. , Wyke , M. and Polkey , C. E. 1989 . Sequencing ability in parkinsonians, patients with frontal lobe lesions and patients who have undergone unilateral temporal lobectomies. . Neuropsy-chologia , 27 : 787 – 798 .
  • Della Sala , S. , Di Lorenzo , G. , Giordano , A. and Spinnler , H. 1986 . Is there a specific visuospatial impairment in Parkinsonians? . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 49 : 1258 – 65 .
  • Dubois , B. , Danze , F. , Pillon , B. , Cusimano , G. , Lher-mitte , F. and Agid , Y. 1987 . Cholinergic-dependent cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. . Annals of Neurology , 22 : 26 – 30 .
  • Dubois , B. , Pillon , B. , Legault , F. , Agid , Y. and Lhermitte , F. 1988 . Slowing of cognitive processing in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A comparison with Parkinson's disease. . Archives of Neurology , 45 : 1194 – 1199 .
  • Dubois , B. , Pillon , B. , Sternic , N. , Lhermitte , F. and Agid , Y. 1990 . Age-induced cognitive disturbances in Parkinson's disease. . Neurology , 40 : 38 – 41 .
  • Ebmeier , K. P. , Potter , D. D. , Cochrane , R. H. B. , Crawford , J. R. , Stewart , L. , Calder , S. A. , Besson , J. A. O. and Salzen , E. A. 1992 . Event related potentials, reaction time, and cognitive performance in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. . Biological Psychology , 33 : 73 – 89 .
  • Girotti , F. , Carella , F. , Grassi , M. P. , Soliveri , P. , Marano , R. and Caraceni , T. 1986 . Motor and cognitive performances of Parkinsonian patients in the on and off phases of the disease. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 49 : 657 – 660 .
  • Girotti , F. , Soliveri , P. , Carella , F. , Geminiani , G. , Aiello , G. and Careceni , T. 1988 . Role of motor performance on cognitive processes of parkinsonian patients. . Neurology , 38 : 537 – 540 .
  • Globus , M. , Mildworf , B. and Melamed , E. 1985 . Cerebral blood flow and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. . Neurology , 35 : 1135 – 1139 .
  • Goldenberg , G. , Wimmer , A. , Auff , E. and Schnaberth , G. 1986 . Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: Evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 49 : 1266 – 1272 .
  • Halgin , R. , Riklan , M. and Misiak , H. 1977 . Levodopa, Parkinsonism, and recent memory. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 164 : 268 – 272 .
  • Hamel , A. R. and Riklan , M. 1975 . Cognitive and perceptual effects of long-range L-dopa therapy in parkinsonism. . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 31 : 321 – 323 .
  • Harrington , D. L. , Haaland , K. Y. , Yeo , R. A. and Murder , E. 1990 . Procedural memory in Parkinson's disease: Impaired motor but not visuoperceptual learning. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 323 – 339 .
  • Hietanen , M. and Terevainen , H. 1986 . Cognitive performance in early Parkinson's disease. . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 73 : 151 – 159 .
  • Hietanen , M. and Teravainen , H. 1988 . The effect of age of disease onset on neuropsychological performance in Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 51 : 244 – 249 .
  • Hollander , E. , Cohen , L. , Richards , M. , Mullen , L. , DeCaria , C. and Stern , Y. 1993 . A pilot study of the neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Parkinson's disease: Basal ganglia disorders. . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 5 : 104 – 107 .
  • Horn , S. 1974 . Some psychological factors in parkinsonism. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 37 : 27 – 31 .
  • Hua , M. and Huang , C. 1991 . Chronic occupational exposure to manganese and neurobehavioural function. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 13 : 495 – 507 .
  • Huber , S. J. , Christy , J. A. and Paulson , G. W. 1991 . Cognitive heterogeneity associated with clinical subtypes of Parkinson's disease. . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioural Neurology , 4 : 147 – 157 .
  • Huber , S. J. , Freidenberg , D. L. , Shuttleworth , E. C. , Paulson , G. W. and Clapp , L. E. 1989 . Neuropsychological similarities in lateralized parkinsonism. . Cortex , 25 : 461 – 470 .
  • Huber , S. J. , Freidenberg , D. L. , Shuttleworth , E. C. , Paulson , G. W. and Christy , J. A. 1989 . Neuropsychological impairments associated with severity of Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 1 : 154 – 158 .
  • Huber , S. J. , Shuttleworth , E. C. , Christy , J. A. , Chakeres , D. W. , Curtin , A. and Paulson , G. W. 1989 . Magnetic resonance imaging in dementia of Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 52 : 1221 – 1227 .
  • Huber , S. J. , Shuttleworth , E. C. , Christy , J. A. and Rice , R. R. 1990 . A brief scale for the dementia of Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 2 : 183 – 188 .
  • Huber , S. J. , Shuttleworth , E. C. and Freidenberg , D. O. 1989 . Neuropsychological differences between dementia of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. . Archives of Neurology , 46 : 1287 – 1291 .
  • Huber , S. J. , Shuttleworth , E. C. and Paulson , G. W. 1986 . Cortical versus subcortical dementia: Neuropsychological differences. . Archives of Neurology , 43 : 392 – 394 .
  • Huber , S. J. , Shuttleworth , E. C. and Paulson , G. W. 1986 . Dementia in Parkinson's disease. . Archives of Neurology , 43 : 987 – 990 .
  • Lees , A. J. and Smith , E. 1983 . Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. . Brain , 106 : 257 – 270 .
  • Levin , B. E. , Llabre , M. M. , Ansley , J. , Brown , W. C. and Weiner , W. J. 1990 . Advances in neurology, Vol. 53. Parkinson's disease: Anatomy, pathology, and therapy Edited by: Streifler , M. , Korczyn , A. , Melamed , E. and Youdium , M. 624 – 628 . New York : Raven Press . Do parkinsonians exhibit visuospatial deficit?In (Eds.), (pp. ).
  • Levin , B. E. , Llabre , M. M. , Reisman , S. , Weiner , W. J. , Sanchez-Ramos , J. , Singer , C. and Brown , M. C. 1991 . Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease. . Neurology , 41 : 365 – 369 .
  • Levin , B. E. , Llabre , M. M. and Weiner , W. J. 1989 . Cognitive impairments associated with early Parkinson's disease. . Neurology , 39 : 557 – 561 .
  • Lichter , D. G. , Corbett , A. J. , Fitzgibbon , G. M. , Davidson , D. R. , Hope , J. K. , Goddard , G. V. , Sharples , K. J. and Pollock , M. 1988 . Cognitive and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. . Archives of Neurology , 45 : 854 – 860 .
  • Litvan , I. , Mohr , E. , Williams , J. , Gomez , C. and Chase , T. N. 1991 . Differential memory and executive functions in demented patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 54 : 25 – 29 .
  • Marsh , G. G. , Markham , C. M. and Ansel , R. 1971 . Levodopa's awakening effect on patients with parkinsonism. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 34 : 209 – 218 .
  • Matthews , C. G. and Haaland , K. Y. 1979 . The effect of symptom duration on cognitive and motor performance in parkinsonism. . Neurology , 29 : 951 – 956 .
  • Meco , G. , Cassacchia , M. , Lassari , R. , Franzese , A. , Castellana , F. , Carta , A. , Lannuccelli , M. and Agnoli , A. 1984 . Mental impairment in Parkinson's disease: The role of anticholinergic drugs. . Acta Psychiatrica Belgica , 84 : 325 – 335 .
  • Mohr , E. , Fabbrini , G. , Ruggieri , S. , Fedio , P. and Chase , T. N. 1987 . Cognitive concomitants of dopamine system stimulation in Parkinsonians patients. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 50 : 1192 – 1196 .
  • Mohr , E. , Juncos , J. , Cox , C. , Litvan , I. , Fedio , P. and Chase , T. N. 1990 . Selective deficits in cognition and memory in high-functioning Parkinsonian patients. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 53 : 603 – 606 .
  • Mohr , E. , Litvan , I. , Williams , J. , Fedio , P. and Chase , T. N. 1990 . Selective deficits in Alzheimer and Parkinsonian dementia: Visuospatial function. . Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 17 : 292 – 297 .
  • Morris , R. G. , Downes , J. J. , Sahakian , B. J. , Evenden , J. L. , Heald , A. and Robbins , T. W. 1988 . Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psythiatry , 51 : 757 – 766 .
  • Ogden , J. A. , Growdon , J. H. and Corkin , S. 1990 . Deficits on visuospatial tests involving forward planning in high-functioning Parkinsonians. . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioural Neurology , 3 : 125 – 139 .
  • Orsini , A. , Fragassi , N. A. , Chiacchio , L. , Falanga , A. M. , Cocchiaro , C. and Grossi , D. 1987 . Verbal and spatial memory in patients with extrapyramidal diseases. . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 65 : 555 – 558 .
  • Pillon , B. , Dubois , B. , Bonnet , A-M. , Esteguy , M. , Guimaraes , J. , Vigouret , J-M. , Lhermitte , F. and Agid , Y. 1989 . Cognitive slowing in Parkinson's disease fails to respond to levodopa treatment: The 15-objects test. . Neurology , 39 : 762 – 768 .
  • Pillon , B. , Dubois , B. , Lhermitte , F. and Agid , Y. 1986 . Heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. . Neurology , 36 : 1179 – 1185 .
  • Pirozzolo , F. J. , Hansch , E. C. , Mortimer , J. A. , Webster , D. D. and Kuskowski , M. A. 1982 . Dementia in Parkinson disease: A neuropsychological analysis. . Brain and Cognition , 1 : 71 – 83 .
  • Portin , R. and Rinne , U. K. 1980 . “ Neuropsychological responses of parkinsonian patients to long-term levodopa therapy ” . In Parkinson's disease: Current progress, problems and management Edited by: Rinne , U. K. , Klinger , M. and Stamm , G. 271 – 304 . Amsterdam : Elsevier/North-Holland .
  • Price , M. J. , Feldman , R. G. , Adelberg , D. and Kayne , H. 1992 . Abnormalities in color vision and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson's Disease. . Neurology , 42 : 887 – 890 .
  • Ransmayr , G. , Poewe , W. , Ploerer , S. , Birbamer , G. and Gerstenbrand , F. 1986 . “ Psychometric findings in clinical subtypes of Parkinson's disease ” . In Advances in Neurology: Vol. 45. Parkinson's disease Edited by: Yahr , M. D. and Bergmann , K. J. 409 – 411 . New York : Raven Press .
  • Reitan , R. M. and Boll , T. J. 1971 . Intellectual and cognitive functions in Parkinson's Disease. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 37 : 364 – 369 .
  • Riklan , M. , Halgin , R. , Maskin , M. and Weissman , M. 1973 . Psychological studies of longer range L-dopa therapy in Parkinsonism. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 157 : 452 – 464 .
  • Riklan , M. , Whelihan , W. and Cullinan , T. 1976 . Levodopa and psychometric test performance in Parkinsonism – five years later. . Neurology , 26 : 173 – 179 .
  • Taylor , A. E. , Saint-Cyr , J. A. and Lang , A. E. 1986 . Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. . Brain. , 109 : 845 – 883 .
  • Taylor , A. E. , Saint-Cyr , J. A. and Lang , A. E. 1987 . Parkinson's disease. Cognitive changes in relation to treatment response. . Brain , 110 : 35 – 51 .
  • Testa , D. , Fetoni , V. , Soliveri , P. , Musicco , M. , Palazzini , E. and Girotti , F. 1993 . Note: Cognitive and motor performance in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease compared. . Neuropsychologia. , 31 : 207 – 210 .
  • Villardita , C. , Smirni , P. , LaPira , F. , Zappala , G. and Nicoletti , F. 1982 . Mental deterioration, visuoperceptive disabilities and constructional apraxia in Parkinson's disease. . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 66 : 112 – 120 .
  • Youngjohn , J. R. , Beck , J. , Jogerst , G. and Caine , C. 1992 . Neuropsychological impairment, depression, and Parkinson's disease. . Neuropsychology , 6 : 149 – 158 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.