Monitoring frequency of occurrence without awareness: Evidence from patients with Alzheimer's disease

References

• Benlin , S. and Moscovitch , M. 1988 . The time course of repetition effects for words and unfamiliar faces . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 : 148 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckner , R. L. , Petersen , S. E. , Ojemann , J. G. , Miezin , F. M. , Squire , L. R. and Raichle , M. E. 1995 . Functional anatomical studies of explicit and implicit memory retrieval tasks . The Journal of Neuroscience , 15 : 12 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisk , A. D. 1986 . Frequency encoding is not inevitable and is not automatic: A reply to Hasher and Zacks . American Psychologist , 41 : 215 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Keane , M. M. , Stanger , B. Z. , Kjelgaard , M. M. , Corkin , S. and Growdon , J. H. 1994 . Dissociations among structural-perceptual, lexical-semantic, and event-fact memory systems in Alzheimer, amnesic, and normal subjects . Cortex , 30 : 75 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafman , J. , Rao , S. , Bernardin , L. and Leo , G. J. 1991 . Automatic memory processes in patients with multiple sclerosis . Archives of Neurology , 48 : 1072 – 1075 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafman , J. , Weingartner , H. , Lawlor , B. , Mellow , A. M. , Thompsen-Putnam , K. and Sunderland , T. 1990 . Automatic memory processes in patients with dementia-Alzheimer's type (DAT) . Cortex , 26 : 361 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qrober , E. and Sliwinski , M. 1991 . Development and validation of a model for estimating premorbid verbal intelligence in the elderly . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 13 : 933 – 949 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grosse , D. A. , Wilson , R. S. and Fox , J. H. 1990 . Preserved word-stem-completion priming of semantically encoded information in Alzheimer's disease . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 304 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1979 . Automatic and effortful processes in memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 108 : 356 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1984 . Automatic processing of fundamental information: The case of frequency of occurrence . American Psychologist , 39 : 1372 – 1388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heindel , W. C. , Salmon , D. P. , Shultz , C. W. , Walicke , P. A. and Butters , N. 1989 . Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease patients . Journal of Neuroscience , 9 : 582 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintzman , D. L. 1969 . Apparent frequency as a function of frequency and the spacing of repetitions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 80 : 139 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Huppert , F. A. and Piercy , M. 1978 . The role of trace strength in recency and frequency judgements by amnesic and control subjects . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 30 : 347 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. and Kelley , C. M. 1991 . “ Unconscious influences of memory: Dissociations and automaticity ” . In The neuropsychology of consciousness , Edited by: Milner , A. D. and Rugg , M. D. 201 – 233 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Janowsky , J. S. , Shimamura , A. P. and Squire , L. R. 1989 . Source memory impairment in patients with frontal lobe lesions . Neuropsychologia , 27 : 1043 – 1056 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Goldstein , F. C. , High , W. M. Jr. and Williams , D. 1988 . Automatic and effortful processing after severe closed head injury . Brain and Cognition , 7 : 283 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , A. , Lalonde , F. M. , Wiggs , C. L. , Weisberg , J. , Ungerleider , L. G. and Haxby , J. V. 1995 . Repeated presentation of objects reduces activity in ventral occipitotemporal cortex: A fMRl study of repetition priming . Society for Neuroscience Abstracts , 21 : 1497
   Google Scholar
• Mattis , S. 1976 . “ Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient ” . In Geriatric psychiatry , Edited by: Bellack , L. and Karusu , T. B. 77 – 121 . New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• McKhann , G. , Drachman , D. , Folstein , M. , Katzman , R. , Price , D. and Stadlan , E. M. 1984 . Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 34 : 939 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meudell , P. R. , Mayes , A. R. , Ostergaard , A. and Pickering , A. 1985 . Recency and frequency judgments in alcoholic amnesics and normal people with poor memory . Cortex , 21 : 487 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E. K. , Li , L. and Desimone , R. 1991 . A neural mechanism for working and recognition memory in inferior temporal cortex . Science , 254 : 1377 – 1379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , J. H. , Hof , P. R. , Campbell , M. J. , DeLima , A. D. , Voigt , T. , Bouras , C. , Cox , K. and Young , W. G. 1990 . “ Cellular pathology in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for corticocortical disconnection and differential vulnerability ” . In Imaging, cerebral topography and Alzheimer's disease , Edited by: Rapoport , S. I. , Petit , H. , Leys , D. and Christen , Y. 19 – 40 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Moscovitch , M. , Winocur , G. and McLachlan , D. 1986 . Memory as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and memory-impaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 115 : 331 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musen , G. and Squire , L. R. 1991 . Normal acquisition of novel verbal information in amnesia . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 17 : 1095 – 1104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naveh-Benjamin , M. and Jonides , J. 1986 . On the automaticity of frequency coding: Effects of competing task load, encoding strategy, and intention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 12 : 378 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson-Klavehn , A. and Bjork , R. A. 1988 . Measures of memory . Annual Review of Psychology , 39 : 51 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Rohling , M. L. , Ellis , N. R. and Scogin , F. 1991 . Automatic and effortful memory processes in elderly persons with organic brain pathology . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 46 : P137 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Roy-Byrne , P. P. , Weingartner , H. , Bierer , L. M. , Thompson , K. and Post , R. M. 1986 . Effortful and automatic cognitive processes in depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 43 : 265 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. 1974 . The subjective estimation of syllable frequency . Perception and Psychophysics , 16 : 193 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Sagar , H. J. , Gabrieli , J. D. E. , Sullivan , E. V. and Corkin , S. 1990 . Recency and frequency discrimination in the amnesic patient H.M . Brain , 113 : 581 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon , D. P. , Butters , N. and Schuckit , M. 1986 . Memory for temporal order and frequency of occurrence in detoxified alcoholics . Alcohol , 3 : 323 – 329 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salmon , D. P. , Shimamura , A. P. , Butters , N. and Smith , S. 1988 . Lexical and semantic priming deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 10 : 477 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. 1987 . Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dysfunction . Psychobiology , 15 : 21 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. , Alpert , N. M. , Savage , C. R. , Rauch , S. L. and Albert , M. S. 1996 . Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: Evidence from positron emission tomography . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 93 : 321 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 1994 . “ What are the memory systems of 1994 ” . In Memory systems 1994 , Edited by: Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 1 – 38 . Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. L. 1996 . Recall of frequency of occurrence of self-generated and examiner-provided words after frontal or temporal lobectomy . Neuropsychologia , 34 : 553 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. L. and Milner , B. 1988 . Estimation of frequency of occurrence of abstract designs after frontal or temporal lobectomy . Neuropsychologia , 26 : 297 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire , L. R. , Knowlton , B. and Musen , G. 1993 . The structure and organization of memory . Annual Review of Psychology , 44 : 453 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire , L. R. , Ojemann , J. G. , Miezin , F. M. , Petersen , S. E. , Videen , T. O. and Raichle , M. E. 1992 . Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: A function anatomical study of memory . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 89 : 1837 – 1841 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , M. E. , Weingartner , H. and Thompson , K. 1985 . Remembering words and how often they occurred in memory impaired patients . Memory and Cognition , 13 : 507 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tweedy , J. R. and Vakil , E. 1988 . Evaluating evidence for automaticity in frequency of occurrence judgments: A bias for bias? . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 10 : 664 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakil , E. , Galek , S. , Soroker , N. , Ring , H. and Gross , Y. 1991 . Differential effect of right and left hemispheric lesions on two memory tasks: Free recall and frequency judgment . Neuropsychologia , 29 : 981 – 992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weingartner , H. , Burns , S. , Diebel , R. and LeWitt , P. A. 1984 . Cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease: Distinguishing between effort-demanding and automatic cognitive processes . Psychiatric Research , 2 : 223 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Weingartner , H. , Grafman , J. , Boutelle , W. , Kaye , W. and Martin , P. R. 1983 . Forms of memory failure . Science , 227 : 380 – 382 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiggs , C. L. 1993 . Aging and memory for frequency of occurrence of novel, visual stimuli: Direct and indirect measures . Psychology and Aging , 8 : 400 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggs , C. L. , Martin , A. and Howard , D. V. 1994 . Direct and indirect measures of frequency monitoring in young and elderly adults . Aging and Cognition , 1 : 247 – 259 .
   Google Scholar