How does informativeness affect prosodic prominence?

REFERENCES

• Ariel , M. 1990 . Accessing noun-phrase antecedents , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ayers , G. 1996 . Nuclear accent types and prominence: Some psycholinguistic experiments (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) . Ohio State University , Columbus, OH .
   Google Scholar
• Aylett , M. and Turk , A. 2004 . The smooth signal redundancy hypothesis: A functional explanation for relationships between redundancy, prosodic prominence, and duration in spontaneous speech . Language and Speech , 47 ( 1 ) : 31 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badino , L. , & Clark , R. A. 2007 . Issues of optionality in pitch accent placement . In Proceedings of the ISCA speech synthesis workshop 252 257 . Bonn, , Germany : International Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Bard , E. and Aylett , M. 1999 . “ The dissociation of deaccenting, givenness, and syntactic role in spontaneous speech ” . In Proceedings of ICPhS , Edited by: Ohala , J. , Hasegawa , Y. , Ohala , M. , Granville , D. and Bailey , A. 1753 – 1756 . San Francisco, CA : International Phonetics Association .
   Google Scholar
• Baumann , S. , & Grice , M. 2006 . The intonation of accessibility . Journal of Pragmatics , 38 , 1636 1657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaver , D. , Clark , B. , Flemming , E. , Jaeger , T. F. and Wolters , M. 2007 . When semantics meets phonetics: Acoustical studies of second occurrence focus . Language , 83 ( 2 ) : 245 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman , M. , & Hirschberg , J. 1999 . The ToBI annotation conventions . Retrieved from http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi/amejtobi/annotation_conventions.html
   Google Scholar
• Blutner , R. and Sommer , R. 1988 . Sentence processing and lexical access: The influence of the focus-identifying task . Journal of Memory and Language , 27 : 359 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock , K. and Levelt , W. 1994 . “ Language production: Grammatical encoding ” . In Handbook of psycholinguistics , Edited by: Gernsbacher , M. A. 945 – 984 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boersma , P. , & Weenink , D. 2008 . Praat: Doing phonetics by computer . Retrieved from http://www.praat.org
   Google Scholar
• Bolinger , D. 1972 . Accent is predictable (if you're a mind reader) . Language , 49 : 633 – 644 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen , M. , Fedorenko , E. , Wagner , M. , & Gibson , E . 2010 . Acoustic correlates of information structure . Language and Cognitive Processes , 25 , 1044 1098 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenier , J. , Nenkova , A. , Kothari , A. , Whitton , L. , Beaver , D. , & Jurafsky , D. 2006 . The (non)utility of linguistic features for predicting prominence in spontaneous speech . In Proceedings of IEEE/ACL workshop on spoken language technology 54 57 . Aruba : IEEE Signal Processing Society .
   Google Scholar
• Bresnan , J. , Cueni , A. , Nikitina , T. and Baayen , R. 2007 . “ Predicting the dative alternation ” . In Cognitive foundations of interpretation , Edited by: Bouma , G. , Kraemer , I. and Zwarts , J. 69 – 94 . Amsterdam : Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Buránová , E. , Hajicová , E. , & Sgall , P. 2000 . Tagging of very large corpora: Topic-focus articulation . In Proceedings of COLING conference 278 284 . Saarbriicken, , Germany : Morgan Kaufmann .
   Google Scholar
• Büring , D. 2006 . “ Focus projection and default prominence ” . In The architecture of focus , Edited by: Molnár , V. and Winkler , S. 321 – 346 . Berlin/New York : Mouton De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun , S. 2006 . Information structure and the prosodic structure of English: A probabilistic relationship (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) . University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh .
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun , S. 2010 . The centrality of metrical structure in signaling information structure: A probabilistic perspective . Language , 86 : 1 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun , S. , Carletta , J. , Brenier , J. , Mayo , N. , Jurafsky , D. , Steedman , M. , et al. . 2010 . The NXT-format switchboard corpus: A rich resource for investigating the syntax, semantics, pragmatics and prosody of dialogue . Language Resources and Evaluation doi: doi:10.1007/s10579-010-9120-1 Advance online publication.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carletta , J. 1996 . Assessing agreement on classification tasks: The kappa statistic . Computational Linguistics , 22 ( 2 ) : 249 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , A. , den Os , E. and de Ruiter , J. P. 2007 . Pitch accent type matters for online processing of information status: Evidence from natural and synthetic speech . The Linguistic Review , 24 : 317 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , K. , & Hasegawa-Johnson , M. 2004 . An automatic prosody labeling system using ANN-based syntactic-prosodic model and GMM-based acoustic-prosodic model . In Proceedings of ICASSP 509 512 . Montreal, , Canada : IEEE Signal Processing Society .
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson , P. , & Rosenfeld , R. 1997 . Statistical language modeling using the CMU-Cambridge toolkit . In Proceedings of Eurospeech 2707 2710 . Rhodes, , Greece : International Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Conkie , A. , Riccardi , G. , & Rose , R. 1999 . Prosody recognition from speech utterances using acoustic and linguistic based models of prosodic events . In Proceedings of Eurospeech 523 526 . Budapest, , Hungary : International Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. 1976 . Phoneme-monitoring reaction time as a function of preceding intonation contour . Perception and Psychophysics , 20 : 55 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. , Dahan , D. and van Donselaar , W. 1997 . Prosody in the comprehension of spoken language: A literature review . Language and Speech , 40 ( 2 ) : 141 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. and Fodor , J. 1979 . Semantic focus and sentence comprehension . Cognition , 7 : 49 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. and Foss , D. 1977 . On the role of sentence stress in sentence processing . Language and Speech , 20 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahan , D. , Tanenhaus , M. and Chambers , C. 2002 . Accent and reference resolution in spoken-language comprehension . Journal of Memory and Language , 47 : 292 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell , G. and Burger , L. 1997 . Language production and serial order: A functional analysis and a model . Psychological Review , 104 : 123 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira , F. 1993 . Creation of prosody during sentence production . Psychological Review , 100 ( 2 ) : 233 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira , F. 2007 . Prosody and performance in language production . Language and Cognitive Processes , 22 ( 8 ) : 1151 – 1177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fougeron , C. 1999 . Prosodically conditioned articulatory variations: A review . UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics , 97 : 1 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Frazier , L. , Carlson , K. and Clifton , C. 2006 . Prosodic phrasing is central to language comprehension . Trends in Cognitive Science , 10 ( 6 ) : 244 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German , J. , Pierrehumbert , J. and Kaufmann , S. 2006 . Evidence for phonological constraints on nuclear accent placement . Language , 82 ( 1 ) : 151 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey , J. , Holliman , E. , & McDaniel , J. 1992 . SWITCHBOARD: Telephone speech corpus for research and development . In Proceedings of ICASSP 517 520 . San Francisco, CA : IEEE Signal Processing Society .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , M. , & Altun , Y. 2004 . Using conditional random fields to predict pitch accent in conversational speech . In Proceedings of ACL 677 683 . Barcelona, , Spain : Association for Computational Linguistics .
   Google Scholar
• Grice , M. , Ladd , D. R. and Arvaniti , A. 2000 . On the place of phrase accents in intonational phonology . Phonology , 17 ( 2 ) : 143 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Halliday , M. 1968 . Notes on transitivity and theme in English: Part 3 . Journal of Linguistics , 4 : 179 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , B. 1995 . Metrical stress theory , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hedberg , N. and Sosa , J. M. 2007 . “ The prosody of topic and focus in spontaneous English dialogue ” . In Topic and focus: Cross-linguistic perspectives on meaning and intonation , Edited by: Lee , C. , Gordon , M. and Büring , D. 101 – 120 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hermes , D. and Rump , H. 1994 . Perception of prominence in speech intonation induced by rising and falling pitch movements . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 90 : 97 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschberg , J. 1993 . Pitch accent in context: Predicting intonational prominence from text . Artificial Intelligence , 63 : 305 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocking , R. R. 2003 . Methods and applications of linear models: Regression and the analysis of variance , 2nd ed , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ito , K. and Speer , S. 2006 . “ Using interactive tasks to elicit natural dialogue production ” . In Methods in empirical prosody research , Edited by: Sudhoff , S. , Lenertová , D. , Meyer , R. , Pappert , S. , Augurzky , P. Mleinek , I. 229 – 258 . New York : Walter de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Ito , K. and Speer , S. 2008 . Anticipatory effects of intonation: Eye movements during instructed visual search . Journal of Memory and Language , 58 ( 2 ) : 541 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackendoff , R. S. 1972 . Semantic interpretation in generative grammar , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jurafsky , D. 2003 . “ Probabilistic modeling in psycholinguistics: Linguistic comprehension and production ” . In Probabilistic linguistics , Edited by: Bod , H. , Hay , J. and Jannedy , S. 39 – 93 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jurafsky , D. and Martin , J. 2000 . Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Keating , P. and Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. 2002 . A prosodic view of word form encoding for speech production . UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics , 101 : 112 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Kochanski , G. , Grabe , E. , Coleman , J. and Rosner , B. 2005 . Loudness predicts prominence: Fundamental frequency lends little . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 118 ( 2 ) : 1038 – 1054 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahmer , E. and Swerts , M. 2001 . On the alleged existence of contrastive accents . Speech Communication , 34 ( 4 ) : 391 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladd , D. R. 1996 . Intonational phonology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ladd , D. R. 2008 . Intonational phonology , 2nd ed , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. 1989 . Speaking: From intention to articulation , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. , Roelofs , A. and Meyer , A. 1999 . A theory of lexical access in speech production . Brain and Behavioral Sciences , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman , M. 1979 . The intonational system of English Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics 24 New York : Garland Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Marcus , M. , Santorini , B. and Marcinkiewicz , M. A. 1993 . Building a large annotated corpus of English: The Penn Treebank . Computational Linguistics , 19 : 313 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Menard , S. 1995 . Applied logistic regression analysis , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , R. 1990 . Classical and modern regression with applications , 2nd ed , Boston, MA : Duxbury .
   Google Scholar
• Nakatani , C. , Hirschberg , J. , & Grosz , B. 1995 . Discourse structure in spoken language: Studies on speech corpora . In Working notes of the AAAI spring symposium on empirical methods in discourse interpretation and generation 106 112 . Stanford, CA : American Association for Artificial Intelligence .
   Google Scholar
• Nenkova , A. , Brenier , J. , Kothari , A. , Calhoun , S. , Whitton , L. , Beaver , D. , et al. . 2007 . To memorize or to predict: Prominence labeling in conversational speech . In NAACL human language technology conference 9 16 . Rochester, NY : Association for Computational Linguistics .
   Google Scholar
• Nissim , M. , Dingare , S. , Carletta , J. , & Steedman , M. 2004 , May . An annotation scheme for information status in dialogue . In Proceedings of LREC 638 641 . Lisboa, , Portugal : European Language Resources Association .
   Google Scholar
• Ostendorf , M. , Shafran , I. , Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. , Carmichael , L. , & Byrne , W. 2001 . A prosodically labeled database of spontaneous speech . In Proceedings of the ISCA workshop on prosody in speech recognition and understanding 119 121 Red Bank, NJ : International Speech Communication Association
   Google Scholar
• Pan , S. , & Hirschberg , J. 2000 . Modeling local context for pitch accent prediction . In Proceedings of ACL 233 240 . Hong Kong : Association for Computational Linguistics .
   Google Scholar
• Pan , S. , McKeown , K. and Hirschberg , J. 2002 . Exploring features from natural language generation for prosody modeling . Computer Speech and Language , 16 : 457 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitrelli , J. , Beckman , M. , & Hirschberg , J. 1994 . Evaluation of prosodic transcription labeling reliability in the ToBI framework . In Proceedings of ICSLP 2 , 123 126 . Yokohama, , Japan : International Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Pitt , M. and Samuel , A. 1990 . The use of rhythm in attending to speech . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 16 : 564 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince , A. and Liberman , M. 1977 . On stress and linguistic rhythm . Linguistic Inquiry , 8 : 249 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince , E. 1981 . Towards a taxonomy of given-new information . In P. Cole Radical pragmatics 223 255 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Prince , E. 1992 . “ The ZPG letter: Subjects, definiteness, and information-status ” . In Discourse description: Diverse analyses of a fund raising text , Edited by: Thompson , S. and Mann , W. 295 – 325 . Philadelphia/Amsterdam : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Ramus , F. , Nespor , M. and Mehler , J. 1999 . Correlates of linguistic rhythm in the speech signal . Cognition , 73 : 265 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves , C. , Schmauder , A. R. and Morris , R. K. 2000 . Stress grouping improves performance on an immediate serial list recall task . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 26 ( 6 ) : 1638 – 1654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooth , M. 1992 . A theory of focus intepretation . Natural Language Semantics , 1 : 75 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Rump , H. and Collier , R. 1996 . Focus conditions and the prominence of pitch-accented syllables . Language and Speech , 39 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzschild , R. 1999 . Givenness, AVOIDF and other constraints on the placement of accent . Natural Language Semantics , 7 : 141 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Selkirk , E. 1984 . Phonology and syntax , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Selkirk , E. 1995 . “ Sentence prosody: Intonation, stress and phrasing ” . In The handbook of phonological theory , Edited by: Goldsmith , J. 550 – 569 . Cambridge, MA and Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. , Ostendorf , M. and Ross , K. 1994 . Stress shift and early pitch accent placement in lexical items in American English . Journal of Phonetics , 22 : 357 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. and Turk , A. E. 1996 . A prosody tutorial for investigators of auditory sentence processing . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 25 ( 2 ) : 193 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields , J. , McHugh , A. and Martin , J. 1974 . Reaction time to phoneme targets as a function of rhythmic cues in continuous speech . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 102 : 250 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Sluijter , A. and van Heuven , V. 1996 . Spectral balance as an acoustic correlate of linguistic stress . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 100 ( 4 ) : 2471 – 2485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridhar , V. K. R. , Bangalore , S. and Narayanan , S. 2008 . Exploiting acoustic and syntactic features for automatic prosody labeling in a maximum entropy framework . IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing , 16 ( 4 ) : 797 – 811 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sridhar , V. K. R. , Nenkova , A. , Narayanan , S. , & Jurafsky , D. 2008 . Detecting prominence in conversational speech: Pitch accent, givenness and focus . In Proceedings of Speech Prosody 453 456 . Campinos, , Brazil : International Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Steedman , M. 2000 . Information structure and the syntax-phonology interface . Linguistic Inquiry , 31 ( 4 ) : 649 – 689 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturges , P. and Martin , J. 1974 . Rhythmic structure in auditory pattern perception and immediate memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 102 : 377 – 383 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tabor , W. , Cornell , J. and Tanenhaus , M. 1997 . Parsing in a dynamical system . Language and Cognitive Processes , 12 : 211 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , A. , Marcus , M. , & Santorini , B. 2003 . The Penn Treebank: An overview . Retrieved from http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/taylor03penn.html
   Google Scholar
• Terken , J. and Hermes , D. 2000 . “ The perception of prosodic prominence ” . In Prosody: Theory and experiment. Studies presented to Gösta Bruce , Edited by: Horne , M. 89 – 127 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Terken , J. and Hirschberg , J. 1994 . Deaccentuation of words representing ‘given’ information: Effects of persistence of grammatical role and surface position . Language and Speech , 37 : 125 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truckenbrodt , H. 1995 . Phonological phrases: Their relation to syntax, focus and prominence Unpublished doctoral dissertation . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Truckenbrodt , H. 1999 . On the relation between syntactic phrases and phonological phrases . Linguistic Inquiry , 30 ( 2 ) : 219 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truckenbrodt , H. 2006 . Phrasal stress . In K. Brown The encyclopedia of languages and linguistics , 2nd ed 9 ; 572 579 . Oxford : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , L. and Warren , P. 1987 . Local and global structure in spoken language comprehension . Journal of Memory and Language , 26 : 638 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbach , C. 2004 . On the notion of contrast in information structure and discourse structure . Journal of Semantics , 21 : 155 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , M. 2005 . “ Asymmetries in prosodic domain formation ” . In Perspectives on phrases , Edited by: Richards , N. and McGinnis , M. 329 – 367 . Cambridge, MA : MITWPL 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , M. 2006 . “ Givenness and locality ” . In Proceedings of SALTXVI , Edited by: Gibson , M. and Howell , J. 295 – 312 . Ithaca, NY : CLC .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , G. and Birner , B. 2004 . “ Information structure and non-canonical syntax ” . In The handbook of pragmatics , Edited by: Horn , L. and Ward , G. 153 – 173 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. 2008 . The role of production factors in acoustic prominence [Abstract] . In Experimental and Theoretical Advances in Prosody . New York : Cornell University
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. , & Arnold , J. 2005 . Not just given and new: The effects of discourse and task-based constraints on acoustic prominence . Poster presented at the CUNY sentence processing conference. Tucson, AZ .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. and Gibson , E. 2004 . The relationship between intonational phrasing and syntactic structure in language production . Language and Cognitive Processes , 19 ( 6 ) : 713 – 755 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. , Gunlogson , C. and Tanenhaus , M. 2008 . Interpreting pitch accents in on-line comprehension: H* vs. L + H* . Cognitive Science , 32 ( 7 ) : 1232 – 1244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welby , P. 2003 . Effects of pitch accent position, type and status on focus projection . Language and Speech , 46 ( 1 ) : 53 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Y. and Xu , C. 2005 . Phonetic realization of focus in English declarative intonation . Journal of Phonetics , 33 : 159 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon , T-J. , Chavarría , S. , Cole , J. , & Hasegawa-Johnson , M. 2004 . Intertranscriber reliability of prosodic labeling on telephone conversation using ToBI . In Proceedings of ICSLP 2729 2732 . Jeju, , South Korea : International Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Yuan , J. , Brenier , J. , & Jurafsky , D. 2005 . Pitch accent prediction: Effects of genre and speaker . In Proceedings of Eurospeech 1409 1412 . Lisboa, , Portugal : International Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , T. , Hasegawa-Johnson , M. and Levinson , S. 2006 . Extraction of pragmantic and semantic salience from spontaneous spoken English . Speech Communication , 48 : 437 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar