The implicit prosody hypothesis and overt prosody in English

REFERENCES

• Allbritten , D. , McKoon , G. and Ratcliff , R. 1996 . Reliability of prosodic cues for resolving syntactic ambiguity . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22 : 714 – 735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augurzky , P. 2006 . Attaching relative clauses in German: The role of implicit and explicit prosody in sentence processing . MPI Series in Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 77. Leipzig, Germany .
   Google Scholar
• Ayers , G. 1994 . Discourse functions of pitch range in spontaneous and read speech . OSU Working Papers in Linguistics , 44 : 1 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Baayen , R. H. 2008 . Analyzing linguistic data: A practical introduction to statistics using R , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bates , D. , & Maechler , M . 2009 . lme4: Linear mixed effects models using S4 classes . R package version 0.999375-32. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4
   Google Scholar
• Beckmann , M. E. , & Ayers-Elam , G. 1997 . Guidelines for ToBI labeling . Unpublished ms. Version 3. Ohio State University .
   Google Scholar
• Beckman , M. E. , & Hirschberg , J. 1994 . The ToBI annotation conventions . Unpublished ms. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH .
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann , A. , Armstrong , M. , & Maday , K. 2008 . Relative clause attachment in English and Spanish: A production study . Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2008 , Campinas, Brazil .
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann , A. , & Ito , K. 2007 . Attachment of ambiguous RCs: A production study . Talk given at the 13th annual conference on architectures and mechanisms for language processing (AMLaP). Turku, Finland, Aug, 24–27 .
   Google Scholar
• Bookheimer , S. Y. , Zeffiro , T. A. , Blaxton , T. , Gaillard , W. and Theodore , W. 1995 . Regional cerebral blood flow during object naming and word reading . Human Brain Mapping , 3 : 93 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brysbaert , M. and Mitchell , D. C. 1996 . Modifier attachment in sentence parsing: Evidence from Dutch . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A ( 3 ) : 664 – 695 .
   Google Scholar
• Brysbaert , M. and Mitchell , D. C. 2000 . The failure to use gender information in parsing: A comment on van Berkum, Brown, and Hagoort (1999) . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 29 : 453 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , K. , Clifton , C. Jr and Frazier , L. 2001 . Prosodic boundaries in adjunct attachment . Journal of Memory and Language , 45 : 58 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreiras , M. and Clifton , C. Jr . 1993 . Relative clause interpretation preferences in Spanish and English . Language and Speech , 36 : 353 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreiras , M. and Clifton , C. Jr . 1999 . Another word on parsing relative clauses: Eyetracking evidence from Spanish and English . Memory and Cognition , 27 ( 5 ) : 826 – 833 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspers , J. and van Heuven , V. J. 1993 . Effects of time pressure on the phonetic realization of the Dutch accent-lending pitch rise and fall . Phonetica , 50 : 161 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifton , C. J. , Carlson , K. and Frazier , L. 2002 . Informative prosodic boundaries . Language and Speech , 45 : 87 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuetos , F. and Mitchell , D. C. 1988 . Cross-linguistic differences in parsing: Restrictions on the use of the late closure strategy in Spanish . Cognition , 30 : 73 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vincenzi , M. and Job , R. 1995 . An investigation of late closure: The role of syntax, thematic structure, and pragmatics in initial and final interpretation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 21 ( 5 ) : 1303 – 1321 .
   Google Scholar
• Deevy , P. L . 1999 . The comprehension of English subject-verb agreement . Appendix L: Word by word self-paced reading study materials: Agreement in subject relative clauses. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts .
   Google Scholar
• Deevy , P. L. 2000 . Agreement checking in comprehension: Evidence from relative clauses . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 29 ( 1 ) : 69 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich , K. , Fernández , E. M. , Fodor , J. D. , Stenshoel , E. , & Vinereanu , M. 1999 . Low attachment of relative clauses: New data from Swedish, Norwegian, and Romanian . Poster presented at the 12th annual CUNY conference on human sentence processing, New York, March 18–20 .
   Google Scholar
• Fernández , E. M. 2003 . Bilingual sentence processing: Relative clause attachment in English and Spanish , Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Fernández , E. M. , & Bradley , D. 1999 . Length effects in the attachment of relative clauses in English . Poster presented at the 12th annual CUNY conference on human sentence processing, New York .
   Google Scholar
• Fernández , E. M. , Bradley , D. , Igoa , J. M. , & Teira , C. 2003 . Prosodic phrasing in the RC-attachment ambiguity: Effects of language, RC-length, and position . Paper presented at the 9th AMLAP http://amlap.psy.gla.ac.uk/programme/node29.html, Glasgow, August 25–27
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira , F. and Henderson , J. 1990 . The use of verb information in syntactic parsing: A comparison of evidence from eye-movements and segment-by-segment self-paced reading . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 16 : 555 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodor , J. D. 1998 . Learning to parse . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 27 ( 2 ) : 285 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodor , J. D. 2002 . Prosodic disambiguation in silent reading . NELS , 32 : 113 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Fougeron , C. and Jun , S.-A. 1998 . Rate effects on French intonation: Prosodic organization and phonetic realization . Journal of Phonetics , 26 : 45 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Frazier , L. 1979 . On comprehending sentences: Syntactic parsing strategies . Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut .
   Google Scholar
• Frazier , L. 1990 . “ Parsing modifiers: Special purpose routines in the human sentence processing mechanism? ” . In Comprehension processes in reading , Edited by: Balota , D. A. , Flores d'Arcais , G. G. and Rayner , K. 303 – 330 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Frazier , L. and Clifton , C. Jr . 1996 . Construal , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frazier , L. and Clifton , C. Jr . 1997 . Construal: Overview, motivation, and some new evidence . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 26 : 277 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , L. , Clifton , C. Jr and Carlson , K. 2004 . Don't break, or do: prosodic boundary preferences . Lingua , 114 ( 1 ) : 3 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Frazier , L. and Fodor , J. D. 1978 . The sausage machine: A new two-stage parsing model . Cognition , 6 : 291 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , L. and Rayner , K. 1988 . “ Parameterizing the language system: Left- vs. right- branching within and across languages ” . In Explaining language universals , Edited by: Hawkins , J. A. Oxford, , UK : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , E. , Pearlmutter , N. J. , Canseco-Gonzales , E. and Hickock , G. 1996 . Recency preference in the human sentence processing mechanism . Cognition , 59 : 23 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilboy , E. and Sopena , J.-M. 1996 . “ Segmentation effects in the processing of complex noun pronouns with relative clauses ” . In Language processing in Spanish , Edited by: Carreiras , M. , Garcia-Albea , J. E. and Sebastian , N. 191 – 206 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Gilboy , E. , Sopena , J.-M. , Clifton , C. Jr and Frazier , L. 1995 . Argument structure and association preferences in Spanish and English complex NPs . Cognition , 54 : 131 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemforth , B. , Konieczny , L. , Scheepers , C. and Strube , G. 1998 . “ Syntactic ambiguity resolution in German ” . In Syntax and semantics: A cross-linguistic perspective , Edited by: Hillert , D. 293 – 312 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hirose , Y. 1999 . Resolving reanalysis ambiguity in Japanese relative clauses . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, CUNY Graduate Center, New York .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschberg , J. and Avesani , C. 2000 . “ Prosodic disambiguation in English and Italian ” . In Intonation: Analysis, modelling, and technology , Edited by: Botinis , A. 87 – 96 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Howell , P. and Kadi-Hanifi , K. 1991 . Camparison of prosodic properties between read and spontaneous speech material . Speech Communication , 10 ( 2 ) : 163 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , R. F. , Lane , H. B. and Pullen , P. C. 2005 . Reading fluency assessment and instruction: What, why, and how? . The Reading Teacher , 58 ( 7 ) : 702 – 714 .
   Google Scholar
• Jun , S.-A. 2003a . Prosodic phrasing and attachment preferences . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 32 ( 2 ) : 219 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun , S.-A. 2003b . The effect of phrase length and speech rate on prosodic phrasing . Proceedings of the international congress of phonetic sciences , Barcelona, Spain: 483 486 .
   Google Scholar
• Jun , S.-A. 2006 . Intonational Phonology of Seoul Korean Revisited . Japanese-Korean Linguistics 14 Stanford: CSLI. [Also printed in UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 104: 14–25]
   Google Scholar
• Jun , S.-A. 2007 . “ The intermediate phrase in Korean intonation: Evidence from sentence processing ” . In Tones and tunes: Studies in word and sentence prosody , Edited by: Gussenhoven , C. and Riad , T. Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Jun , S.-A. , & Kim , S. 2004 . Default phrasing and attachment preferences in Korean . Proceedings of INTERSPEECH-ICSLP, Jeju, Korea .
   Google Scholar
• Jun , S.-A. , & Koike , C. 2003 . Default prosody and RC attachment in Japanese . Talk given at the 13th Japanese-Korean Linguistics Conference, Tucson, AZ. [Published in Japanese-Korean Linguistics 3, 41–53, CSLI, Stanford, in 2008]
   Google Scholar
• Just , M. A. , Carpenter , P. A. and Woolley , J. D. 1982 . Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 111 : 228 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamide , Y. and Mitchell , D. C. 1997 . Relative clause attachment: Non-determinism in Japanese Parsing . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 26 : 247 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamide , Y. , Mitchell , D. C. , Fodor , J. D. , & Inoue , A. 1998 . Relative clause attachment ambiguity: Further evidence from Japanese . Poster presented at the 11th annual CUNY conference on human sentence processing, Rutgers .
   Google Scholar
• Kimball , J. 1973 . Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural language . Cognition , 2 : 15 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjelgaard , M. M. and Speer , S. R. 1999 . Prosodic facilitation and interference in the resolution of temporary syntactic closure ambiguity . Journal of Memory and Language , 40 : 153 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krivokapiç , J. 2007 . Prosodic planning: Effects of phrasal length and complexity on pause duration . Journal of Phonetics , 35 : 162 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladd , D. R. , Faulkner , D. , Faulkner , H. and Schepman , A. 1999 . Constant “segmental anchoring” of F0 movements under changes in speech rate . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 106 : 1543 – 1554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovric , N. , Bradley , D. , & Fodor , J. D. 2000 . RC attachment in Croatian with and without preposition . Poster presented at the AMLaP Conference, Leiden .
   Google Scholar
• Lovric , N. , Bradley , D. , & Fodor , J. D. 2001 . Silent prosody resolves syntactic ambiguities: Evidence from Croatian . Presented at the SUNY/CUNY/NYU conference, Stonybrook, NY .
   Google Scholar
• Maynell , L. A. 1999 . Effect of pitch accent placement on resolving relative clause ambiguity in English . Poster at the 12th CUNY conference, New York .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , D. C. 1994 . “ Sentence parsing ” . In Handbook of psycholinguistics , Edited by: Gernsbacher , M. 375 – 409 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , D. C. , Corley , M. M. B. and Garnham , A. 1992 . Effects of context in human sentence parsing: Evidence against a discourse-based proposal mechanism . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 18 ( 1 ) : 69 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Miyamoto , E. T. , Nakamura , M. and Takahashi , S. 2004 . “ Processing relative clauses in Japanese with two attachment sites ” . In Proceedings of North Eastern Linguistics Society 34 , Edited by: Moulton , K. and Wolf , M. 441 – 452 . Amherst : GLSA .
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou , D. and Calhsen , H. 2003 . Parsing strategies in L1 and L2 sentence processing: A study of relative clause attachment in Greek . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 25 : 501 – 528 .
   Google Scholar
• Price , P. , Ostendorf , M. , Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. and Fong , C. 1991 . The use of prosody in syntactic disambiguation . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 90 : 2956 – 2970 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynte , J. and Colonna , S. 2000 . “ Decoupling syntactic parsing from visual inspection: The case of relative clause attachment in French ” . In Reading as a perceptual process , Edited by: Kennedy , A. , Radach , R. , Heller , D. and Pynte , J. 529 – 547 . Oxford, , UK : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Pynte , J. , Colonna , S. , & Gola , C. 2003 . Can an “unnatural” prosody help parsing? Poster presented at the 9th AMLaP, Glasgow, August 25–27 .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , D. , Abdelghany , H. , & Fodor , J. D. 2000 . More evidence of implicit prosody in silent reading: French, English and Arabic relative clauses Poster presented at 13th annual CUNY conference on human sentence processing .
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team 2009 . R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing , Vienna . ISBN 3-900051-07-0, Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Rayner , K. , Carlson , M. and Frazier , L. 1983 . The interaction of syntax and semantics during sentence processing: Eye movements in the analysis of semantically biased sentences . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 22 : 358 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Rayner , K. and Liversedge , S. P. 2004 . “ Visual and linguistic processing during eye fixations in reading ” . In The interface of language, vision and action: Eye movements and the visual world , Edited by: Ferrreira , F. and Henderson , J. 59 – 104 . Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rasinski , T. 2006 . Issues and trends in literacy: Reading fluency instruction: Moving beyond accuracy, automaticity and prosody . The Reading Teacher , 59 ( 7 ) : 704 – 706 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietveld , A. C. M. and Gussenhoven , C. C. 1987 . Perceived speech rate and intonation . Journal of Phonetics , 15 : 273 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer , A. , Speer , S. , Warren , P. and White , S. 2000 . Intonational disambiguation in sentence production and comprehension . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 29 : 169 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer , A. , Speer , S. and Warren , P. 2005 . “ Prosodic influences on the production and comprehension of syntactic ambiguity in a game-based conversation task ” . In Approaches to studying world situated language use , Edited by: Tanenhaus , M. K. and Trueswell , J. C. 209 – 225 . Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Selkirk , E. 1986 . On derived domains in sentence phonology . Phonology Yearbook , 3 : 371 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Selkirk , E. 2000 . “ The interaction of constraints on prosodic phrasing ” . In Prosody: Theory and experiment (studies presented to Gösta Bruce) , Edited by: Horne , M. 231 – 262 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Silverman , K. , Beckman , M. , Pitrelli , J. , Ostendorf , M. , Wightman , C. , Price , P. , Pierrehumbert , J. and Hirschberg , J. 1992 . ToBI: A standard for labeling English prosody . Proceedings of international conference on spoken language processing , 2 : 867 – 870 .
   Google Scholar
• Silverman , K. , Blaauw , E. , Spitz , J. and Pitrelli , J. 1992 . A prosodic comparison of spontaneous speech and read speech . Proceedings of international conference on spoken language processing , 2 : 1299 – 1302 .
   Google Scholar
• Snedeker , J. , & Casserly , E . 2010 . Is it all relative? Effects of prosodic boundaries on the comprehension and production of attachment ambiguities . Language and Cognitive Processes , 25 , 1234 1264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snedeker , J. and Trueswell , J. C. 2003 . Using prosody to avoid ambiguity: Effects of speaker awareness and referential context . Journal of Memory and Language , 48 : 103 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhauer , K. , Alter , K. and Friederici , A. D. 1999 . Brain potentials indicate the immediate use of prosodic cues in natural speech processing . Nature Neuroscience , 2 : 191 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhauer , K. and Freiderici , A. D. 2001 . Prosodic boundaries, comma rules, and brain responses: The closure positive shift in ERPs a universal marker for prosodic phrasing in listeners and readers . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 30 : 267 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swets , B. , Desmet , T. , Hambrick , D. Z. and Ferreira , F. 2007 . The role of working memory in syntactic ambiguity resolution: A psychometric approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 136 : 64 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E . 2006 . Fluency in silent reading . Huntington Station, NY : Taylor Associates/Communications, Inc . Retrieved from www.readingplus.com
   Google Scholar
• Traxler , M. J. 2007 . Working memory contributions to relative clause attachment processing: A hierarchical linear modeling analysis . Memory and Cognition , 35 : 1107 – 1121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traxler , M. J. 2009 . A hierarchical linear modeling analysis of working memory and implicit prosody in the resolution of adjunct attachment ambiguity . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 38 : 491 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truckenbrodt , H. 1999 . On the relation between syntactic phrases and phonological phrases . Linguistic Inquiry , 30 : 219 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasishth , S. , Agnihotri , R. K. , Fernández , E. M. , & Bhatt , R . 2004 . Noun modification preferences in Hindi . In The Proceedings of Seminar on Construction of Knowledge Vidya Bhawan Education Resource Centre Udaipur, , India 160 171
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. and Gibson , E. 2004 . The relationship between intonational phrasing and syntactic structure in language production . Language and Cognitive Processes , 19 : 713 – 755 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijnen , F. 2004 . “ The implicit prosody of jabberwocky and the relative clause attachment riddle ” . In On speech and language. Studies for Sieb G. Nooteboom , Edited by: Quené , H. and van Heuven , V. 169 – 178 . Utrecht : Landelijke Onderzoeksschool Taalwetenschap. (LOT Occasional Series 2) .
   Google Scholar
• Zagar , D. , Pynte , J. and Rativeau , S. 1997 . Evidence for early-closure attachment on first-pass reading in French . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 50A ( 2 ) : 421 – 438 .
   Google Scholar
• Zu , Y. , Li , A. , & Li , Y . 2006 . Speech rate effects on production features . Report of Phonetic Research : 141 144 . Beijing, , P. R. China : Phonetics Laboratory, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
   Google Scholar