Business Improvement Districts and Inner City Revitalization: The Case Of Philadelphia's Frankford Special Services District

REFERENCES AND NOTES

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• 19. Personal interview with Dave Boyd Vice President, PCDC, October, 1998.
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• 20. These cities include New York, Milwaukee, San Diego, Los Angeles, Cleveland, and Philadelphia. While each city has multiple BIDs, each city has approached the use of BIDs differently. City's such as San Diego, Los Angeles, and Milwaukee have enthusiastically supported BIDs financially and politically. While Philadelphia has never offered substantial administrative or fiscal support to their BD districts.
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• 21. Local Initiative Support Corporation, report on Frankford, 2002.
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• 22. Researchers at Temple University's Center for Public Policy performed physical assessment of the district in the fall of 1998.
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• 23. Interview with Lonnie Chafin, director of FGMCDC. September 1998.
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• 25. Personal interview with Steve Horton of the Philadelphia Commerce Department, summer 1998.
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• 26. Personal interviews with economic development planning officials in the city's Commerce Department (Jim O'Toole and Steve Horton); the PCDC (Dave Boyd) and City Planning Commission (John Haake) all occurred during the summer and fall of 1998.
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• 27. Personal interview with Steve Horton of the Philadelphia Commerce Department, summer 1998.
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• 28. Results of a survey performed by Temple University's Center for Public Policy of businesses (n = 523) within four neighborhood BIDs indicate a lack of knowledge and moderate displeasure with the cost of BID services, especially in light of the city's already high tax rate for businesses
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• 30. Decertification movements have been few and far between. Recently, one such event occurred in San Diego with the decertification of its City Heights BID. These occurrences have been offset by the growth in the number of BIDs. For example, the city of Los Angeles, CA has chartered tens of BIDs over the past five years.
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