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Original Articles

Citizen Participation: Models and Methods

Pages 1179-1196 | Published online: 31 Aug 2007

REFERENCES

  • Day , D. 1997 . Citizen participation in the planning process: An essentially contested concept? . Journal of Planning Literature , 11 ( 3 ) : 412 – 434 .
  • 2. Schacter, Hindy L. (1997). Reinventing government or reinventing ourselves: The role of citizen owners in making a better government. Albany, NY: SUNY Press; Vigoda, E. (2002). From responsiveness to collaboration: Governance, citizens and the next generation of public administration. Public Administration Review, 62(4), 527–540.
  • Dahl , R. A. 1989 . Democracy and its critics , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press . 1989
  • Stivers , C. 1990 . The public agency as the polis: Active citizenship in the administrative state . Administration and Society , 21 ( 1 ) : 86 – 105 .
  • Irving , R. and Stansbury , J. 2004 . Citizen participation in decision making: Is it worth the effort? . Public Administration Review , 64 ( 1 ) : 55 – 65 .
  • Olson , M. 1965 . The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • 7. Barber, B. R. (1984). Strong democracy: Participatory politics for a new age. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; Mansbridge, J. (1990). Beyond self-interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; Sandel, M. (1996). Democracy's discontent. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
  • 8. Barber, 1984; Pateman, 1970.
  • 9. Pateman, 1970.
  • Surowiecki , J. 2004 . Wisdom of crowds: Why the many are smarter than the few and how collective wisdom shapes business, economies, societies and nations , London : Little Brown .
  • Konisky , D. and Beierle , T. 2001 . Innovations in public participation and environmental decision making: Examples from the Great Lakes Region . Society and Natural Resources , 14 ( 9 ) : 815 – 826 .
  • Roberts , N. 2004 . Public deliberation in an age of direct participation . American Review of Public Administration , 34 ( 4 ) : 315 – 353 .
  • 13. Ibid.
  • Denhardt , R. B. and Denhardt , J. V. 2000 . The new public service: Serving rather than steering . Public Administration Review , 60 ( 6 ) : 549 – 557 . Vigoda, 2002.
  • Box , R. C. 1998 . “ Citizen governance: Leading American communities into the 21st century ” . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
  • 16. Denhardt & Denhardt, 2000.
  • 17. Ibid, 549.
  • Nalbandian , J. Facilitating community, Enabling democracy: New roles for local government managers . Public Administration Review , May/June : 187 – 197 . see p. 186.
  • McCoy , M. and Scully , P. 2002 . Deliberative dialogue to expand civic engagement: What kind of talk does democracy need? . National Civic Review , 9 ( 2 ) : 117 – 135 .
  • Moynihan , D. P. 2003 . Normative and instrumental perspectives on public participation . American Review of Public Administration , 33 ( 2 ) : 164 – 188 .
  • 21. See, for example, Barber, 1984; Box, 1998; Etzioni, A. (1994). The Spirit of Community. New York: Touchstone. 1994; King, C. S., Feltey, K. M., and Susel, B. O. (1998). The question of participation: Toward authentic public participation in public administration. Public Administration Review, 58 (4), 317–326; Putman, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy 20 (1), 65–78.
  • 22. Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Verba, S. and Nie, N. H. (1972). Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; Verba, S., Lehman Schlozman, K., and Brady, H. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic volunteerism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • 23. Dahl, 1989. Kweit, M. G., and Kweit, R. W. (1981). Implementing citizen participation in a bureaucratic society. New York: Praeger; Sanders, L. M. (1997). Against deliberation. Political Theory, 25(3) 347–376.
  • 24. See Barber, 1984; Box, 1998; Callahan, K. (2002). The utilization and effectiveness of citizen advisory committees in the budget process of local governments. Public Budgeting, Accounting and Financial Management, 14 (3), 295–319; Etzioni, 1994; Fischer, F. (2002). Citizens, experts, and the environment: The politics of local knowledge. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press; Innes, J., and Booher, D. (2004) Reframing public participation: Strategies for the 21st century. A paper presented at the 65th Annual American Society for Public Administration Conference, Portland, Oregon, March 27–30, 2004; King, C. S., and Stivers, C. (1998). Government is us: Public administration in an anti-government era. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications; Schacter, H. L. (1997). Reinventing government or reinventing ourselves: The role of citizen owners in making a better government. Albany, NY: SUNY Press; Thomas, J. C. (1995). Public participation in public decisions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • 25. Callahan, 2002; King, & Stivers, 1998; Roberts, N. (2004). Public deliberation in an age of direct participation. American Review of Public Administration, 34(4), 315–353; Stivers, 1990.
  • 26. Berman, E. (1997). Dealing with cynical citizens. Public Administration Review 57(2), 105–123; Fischer, F. Citizen participation and the democratization of policy expertise: From theoretical inquiry to practical cases. Policy Sciences 26 (3), 165–187; Stivers, 1990; Thomas, 1995; Vigoda, 2002.
  • 27. Roberts, 2004.
  • Arnstein , S. 1969 . A ladder of citizen participation . Journal of the American Institute of Planners. , 35 : 216 – 224 . 1969:
  • 29. Thomas, 1995.
  • 30. Box, 1998.
  • 31. Vigoda, 2002.
  • Timney , M. M. 1998 . “ Overcoming administrative barriers to citizen participation: Citizens as partners, not adversaries ” . In Government is Us: Public Administration in an Anti-Government Era , Edited by: King , C. S. and Stivers , C. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
  • 33. Vigoda, 2002.
  • Smith , G. and Huntsman , C. 1997 . Reframing the metaphor of the citizen-government relationship . public Administration Review , 57 : 309 – 318 .
  • 35. Schacter, 1997.
  • 36. See Roberts, 2004, in particular p. 327.
  • 37. Kelly, 2002.
  • 38. Roberts, 2004. Vigoda, 2002.
  • 39. Vigoda, 2002.
  • 40. Roberts, 2004.
  • Callahan , K. and Yang , K. 2005 . Training and Professional Development for Civically Engaged Communities . The Innovation Journal , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
  • 42. Denhardt & Denhardt, 2000.
  • 43. Roberts, Vigoda, 2002.
  • 44. Smith & Huntsman, 1997.
  • 45. Schacter, 1997.
  • 46. See, for example, Box, 1998; Denhardt & Denhardt, 2000; Frederickson, H. G. (1982). The recovery of civism in public administration. Public Administration Review, 42 (6) 501–507; King et al., 1998; Nalbandian, 1999; Ventriss, C. (1989). Toward a public philosophy of public administration: A civic perspective of the public. Public Administration Review, 49(2) 224–231.
  • 47. Putnam, 1993; Verba, S. and Nie, N. H. Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1972; Verba et al., 1995.
  • 48. Dahl, 1989; Kweit, M. G. and Kweit, R. W. (1981). Implementing citizen participation in a bureaucratic society. New York: Praeger; Sanders, L. M. (1997). Against deliberation. Political Theory, 25(3), 347–376.
  • 49. King et al., 1998.
  • Weeks , E. C. 2000 . The practice of deliberative democracy: Results from four large scale trials . Public Administration Review , 63 ( 3 ) : 360 – 372 .
  • 51. Nalbandian, May/June, 1999.
  • 52. Callahan, & Yang, 2005.
  • Wang , X. 2001 . Assessing public participation in U.S. cities . Public Performance and Management Review , 24 ( 4 ) : 322 – 336 .
  • Poister , T. H. and Streib , G. 1999 . Performance measurement in municipal government: Assessing the state of the practice . Public Administration Review , July/August : 325 – 335 .
  • 55. Bornstein, J. (1996). Public deliberation: Pluralism, complexity and democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Ostrom, E. (1998). A behavioral approach to rational choice theory of collective action. American Political Science Review, 92(1), 1–22.
  • Bouas , K. S. and Komorita , S. S. 1996 . Group discussion and cooperation in social dilemmas . Personal Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 : 1144 – 1150 .
  • 57. Moynihan, 2003.
  • 58. Fox, & Miller, 1995.

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