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PART TWO: Welfare Reforms and Policies

Welfare State: From Dream to Reality

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Pages 1303-1326 | Published online: 13 Aug 2008

REFERENCES

  • See for instance Keyney, M . 2002 . “ Critical institutionalism: From American exceptionalism to international relevance ” . In Understanding capitalism: Critical analysis from Karl Marx to Amartya Sen , Edited by: Down , D. 82 London : Pluto Press .
  • Booth , W. C. , Colomb , G. G. and Williams , J. M. 1995 . The craft of research , 103 – 104 . Chicago & London : University of Chicago Press .
  • 3. Keyney, op. cit.
  • 4. Ibid., pp. 82–83.
  • Giddens , A. 2000 . The third way and its critics , 33 Cambridge : Polity Press . writes that even the most developed welfare states were never an unalloyed good. They have created problems of dependency, moral hazard, bureaucracy, interests-group formation, and fraud.
  • Schmidtz , D. 1991 . The limits of government: An essay on the public goods argument , 3 Boulder : Westview Press . According to him teleological justification differs from emergent justification which regards justification as a property that emerges from the process by which institutions arise.
  • 7. Ibid.
  • 8. Ibid.
  • 9. Ibid.
  • Dahl , R. A. and Lindblom , C. E. 1953 . Politics, economics and welfare , 264 New York : Harper & Brothers .
  • 11. Government can regulate consumption for instance by allowing queues to form, making it more difficult for customers to reach providers, and manipulating consulting hours.
  • 12. By prioritizing government decides what kind of needs and clients it will and will not tackle and serve.
  • 13. Taxation and borrowing have their natural limits.
  • 14. Efficiency drive has been very popular policy for government, especially because of the New Public Management movement.
  • 15. This refers to New Public Management policies, i.e. service quality, customer orientation, innovation, agent-principal relationships, etc.
  • 16. Free price system keeps service producers constantly aware about changes in prices of factors of production and by doing so it motivates development, rewards successful action, and punishes delaying and wrong choices.
  • See for instance Mintzberg, H . 1973 . The nature of managerial work , New York : Harper & Row .
  • Rowley , C. K. and Vachris , M. A. 1996 . “ The Virginia School of political economy ” . In Beyond neoclassical economics: Heterodox approaches to economic theory Edited by: Foldvary , F. E. and Elgar , E. E. 69 75 – 77 . Cheltenham, , UK
  • 19. Of course it is true that in national surveys a great majority of people consistently supports public service which is understandable because there is no alternative left if they will be given up. Unfortunately this question is not surveyed so far.
  • Dahl , R. A. and Lindblom , C. E. 1953 . Politics, economics and welfare , 73 New York : Harper & Brothers .
  • 21. Ibid., p. 74.
  • March , J. and Simon , H. 1993 . Organizations , 255 Cambridge, MA : Edward Elgar. Blackwell Business .
  • See especially Lasch, C . 1996 . The revolt of the elites and the betrayal of democracy , New York & London : W. W. Norton & Company .
  • See for instance Friedman, D . 1996 . Hidden hand: The economics of everyday life , 163 233 – 234 . New York : HarperBusiness .
  • See especially Wildawsky, A . 1974 . The politics of the budgetary process , Boston : Little, Brown .
  • Holopainen , A. Jun 16 2006 . Kilpailuttaminen sopii huonosti terveyspalveluihin. Helsingin Sanomat Jun 16 , C5 (Competitive bidding does not fit health care services.)) gives a good example of this thinking by arguing a priori that health services should be kept public because they have strong positive effect on people's health. For this reason they must be protected against profit-seeking behavior in the market.
  • 27. See for instance Friedman, op. cit., pp. 262–265.
  • See for instance Ryynänen, A . 2004 . Kunnat valtion valvonnassa , 2004 Vammala : Kunnallisalan kehittämissäätiö . (Local authorities under the control of the state);
  • See especially Reekie, W. D . 1984 . Markets, entrepreneurs and liberty: An Austrian view of capitalism , 34 New York : St. Martin's Press .
  • Hayek , F. A. 1980 . Individualism and economic order , 17 Chicago & London : The University of Chicago Press .
  • 31. Reekie, op. cit.
  • Harisalo , R. and Miettinen , E. 1995 . Vastuuyhteiskunnan peruslait: Tutkimusmatka ihmisen yhteiskuntaan , 253 Jyväskylä : Tampere University Press . (Basic laws of the responsible society: A journey of expedition to a humane society).
  • von Mises , L. 1985 . Liberalism in the classical tradition , 27 – 28 . Irvington-on-Hudson : The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc .
  • 34. Hayek, op. cit., p. 15.
  • 35. Hayek, op. cit., p. 16.
  • Tala , J. 2001 . Lakien vaikutukset: Lakiuudistuksen tavoitteet ja niiden toteutuminen lainsäädäntöteoreettisessa tarkastelussa , Oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen julkaisuja 177 159 – 169 . Helsinki : Oikeuspoliittinen tutkimuslaitos . (Effects of laws: Goals of renewing legislation).
  • Howard , P. K. 1994 . The death of common sense: How law is suffocating America , 26 New York : Random House .
  • Arolainen , T. Jun 19 2006 . “ Lakien huono valmistelu noussut jo hyvinvoinnin esteeksi ” . In Helsingin Sanomat Jun 19 , A 4 (Deficient preparation of laws is becoming a hinder of welfare).
  • Leach , G. 2000 . “ The devil or the deep blue sea ” . In Regulation without the state … The debate continues , Edited by: Blundell , J. and Robinson , C. 78 London : The Institute of Economic Affairs .
  • 40. Ibid.
  • 41. Ibid.
  • 42. Ibid.
  • Harisalo , R. 1997 . Euroopan Unioni elintarvikealan sääntelijänä: Yritysjohtajien näkökulma sääntelyyn Tampereen yliopisto, Hallintotiede A 12 (Tampere). (The European Union as a regulator of food manufacturing industry).
  • 44. Leach, op. cit. p. 83.
  • 45. Leach, op. cit. p. 84.
  • Leoni , B. 1991 . Freedom and the law , 69 Indianapolis : Liberty Fund .
  • Arolainen , T. Jun 19 2006 . “ Lakien huono valmistelu noussut jo hyvinvoinnin esteeksi ” . In Helsingin Sanomat Jun 19 , A 4 (Deficient preparation of laws is becoming a hinder of welfare).
  • See especially Dye, T. R . 2001 . Top down policymaking , New York : Chatham House Publishers .
  • See for instance Tullock, G . 1993 . Rent seeking , The Shaftesbury Papers 2 Aldershot : Edward Elgar .
  • 50. Howard, op. cit.
  • 51. Howard, op. cit.
  • 52. Howard, op. cit.
  • See especially Konzendorf, G , Wordelmann , P. , Blöck , S. and Veit , S. . Milestones on the way to better regulation at the European Union level . Study for the 44th meeting of the Directors General responsible for Public Administration of the EU member states . Luxembourg.
  • 54. Leoni, op. cit., p. 7.
  • 55. Leoni, op. cit., pp. 62–63.
  • See for instance Conda, C . Sept. 1994 . The regulatory tide: High and rising , Issue Brief, A Publication of the Institute for Policy Innovation Sept. , 6 12 Thompson, F. Toward a regulatory budget. Public Budgeting & Finance 1997, Spring.
  • Harisalo , R. and Miettinen , E. 2004 . “ Hyvinvointivaltio: Houkutteleva lupaus vai karvas pettymys ” . In Welfare state: Tempting promise or bitter disappointment , 118 – 120 . Vammala : Tampere University Press .
  • 58. This problem is extensively documented in Finland by many researchers.
  • Isaksson , A. 1994 . Alltid mer, aldrig nog , Stockholm : T. Fischer & Co .
  • 60. See for instance Harisalo & Miettinen, op. cit., pp. 113–114.
  • Murray , C. 1998 . In pursuit of happiness and good government , 13 New York : Simon & Schuster .
  • 62. Ibid. p. 14.
  • 63. Harisalo & Miettinen, op. cit., pp. 70–72.
  • Stewart , J. 1986 . The new management of local government , Institute of Local Government Studies London : Allen & Unwin .
  • Gidlund , J. 1986 . Fria ämbetswerk eller självständiga kommuner: Strategier for morgondagens offentliga sector , Uppsala : Sekretariat för Framtidsstudier .
  • Ryynänen , A. 2004 . Kunnat valtion valvonnassa , 113 – 114 . Vammala : Kunnallisalan kehittämissäätiö. . (Local authorities under the control of the state);
  • 67. Murray, op. cit., p. 297.
  • Harisalo , R. 2005 . “ Federalismia kunnallishallintoon (Federalism for Local Government) ” . In Kunnallistieteellinen Aikakauskirja 2
  • 69. Harisalo & Miettinen, op. cit., p. 65.

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