Political Thuggery and Democratic Dividends in Nigeria

REFERENCES

• Adebanwi , W. 2004 . “ Democracy and violence: The challenge of communal clashes ” . In Nigeria's Struggle for democracy and good governance , Edited by: Agbaje , A. A. B. 327 – 348 . Ibadan, , Nigeria : Ibadan University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Performance and Legitimacy In Nigeria's New Democracy . Afrobarometer Briefing Paper no. 46, July . 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Agbaje , A. 2004 . “ Introduction: Between the past and the future ” . In Nigeria's struggle for democracy and good governance , Edited by: Agbaje , A.A.B. xix – xxi . Ibadan : Ibadan University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ajayi , K. 2007 . Election administration in Nigeria and the challenges of the 2007 elections . The Social Sciences , 2 ( 2 ) : 142 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Ajayi , K. 2006 . Economic reforms and democratic consolidation in Nigeria . The Social Sciences , 1 ( 2 ) : 118 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Akindele , S. T. 2005 . A critical analysis of corruption and its problems in Nigeria . Anthropologist , 7 ( 1 ) : 7 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Aluko , M.A. O. 2002 . The institutionalization of corruption and its impact on political culture and behavior in Nigeria . Nordic Journal of African Studies , 11 ( 2 ) : 393 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Coker , M.A. 2001 . An appraisal of the causes and consequences of unemployment in Nigeria . West African Journal of Research and Development in Education , 8 ( 2 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Ezeani , E. O. 2003 . “ Public accountability: A conceptual analysis ” . In Public accountability in Nigeria: Perspectives and issues , Edited by: E. O. Ezeani , E. O. Enugu, , Nigeria : Academic Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Greatnation. (May, 2009). Nigeria: 10 years of Democracy, Terrific Setback http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=83838022374&topic=9927
   Google Scholar
• Human Right Watch. (2006). Introduction and Summary of Report on Political Violence in Nigeria http://www.hrw.org
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . Election or selection: Human rights abuse and threats to free and fair elections ,
   Google Scholar
• Igbafe , A.A. and Offiong , O.J. 2007 . Political assassinations in Nigeria: An exploratory study 1986–2005 . African Journal of Political Science and International Relations , 1 ( 1 ) : 9 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• JDPC . 2003 . Final report on the observation of the 2003 general elections in Nigeria , Lagos : Catholic Secretariat of Nigeria .
   Google Scholar
• Jimoh , A. 1997 . How population pressure affects HDO reports . The Guardian , July 16
   Google Scholar
• Kaur , S. 2002 . Challenges of Democratic Sustenance in Nigeria . Paper presented at Centre of Democracy and Development, Lagos, July 15, 2002, under the auspices of the South-South Exchange Programme ,
   Google Scholar
• Kushee , J. D. . Political Thuggery in the North East and North West Geopolitical Zones of Nigeria: Implications for Electoral Democracy . Invited paper for SPSP annual conference held at the Sheraton Hotels and Towers . Abuja, Nigeria. June , pp. 15 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Laleye , D. 2009 . 80 million Nigerians still live in darkness . Nigerian Tribune , September : 16
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , P. and Alemika , E. Seeking the Democratic Dividend: Public Attitudes and Attempted Reform in Nigeria . Afrobarometer Working Paper no.52 . 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Mbaku, J.M. (2000). Government, Wealth Creation and Development in Africa: The Challenges and the Prospect http://web/africa.ufl.edu/asqu/v4/v4i2a3.htm
   Google Scholar
• Odumosu , O.F. 1999 . Social costs of poverty: The case of crime in Nigeria . Journal of Social Development in Africa , 14 ( 2 ) : 72 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Odunuga , Y. 2005 . “ Fellow Nigerians, it is no longer a laughing matter ” . In Saturday Punch , Lagos : Punch Nig. Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Ola , R.F. and Agagu , A.A. 2004 . Development agenda of the Nigerian state , Ibadan, , Nigeria : Fiag Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Oladesu , E. 2007 . “ Voters’ apathy worries opposition parties ” . In The Nation , Lagos : Vintage Press Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Olagunju , T. 1993 . Transition to democracy in Nigeria (1985–1993) , Ibadan, , Nigeria : Safari Books Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Omotor , D.G. 2009 . “Socio-Economic determinants of crime in Nigeria . Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences , 6 ( 2 ) : 54 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Osaghae , E. E. 1998 . Nigeria since independence: Crippled giant , London : C. Hurst and Co. Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Polygreen , L. 2006 . Money and violence hobble democracy in Nigeria . The New York Times , November : 24
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , F.O N. and Obioha , E. E. 2005 . “ Electoral violence and the role of the police in Nigeria ” . In Elections and democratic consolidation in Nigeria , Edited by: Onu , G. and Momoh , A. Lagos : Nigerian Political Science Association .
   Google Scholar
• Shah, A. (2008). Poverty Facts and Stats http://www.globalissues.org
   Google Scholar
• The Nation . 2007 . “ Voter's card compulsory in Lagos ” . In The Nation , Lagos : Vintage Press Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Tinubu , B. A. . Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: Issues, Challenges and Prospects . Lecture delivered at a national symposium on 10 Years of Democracy (1999–2009), organized by the Aminu Kano Centre for Democratic Research and Training . Kano, Kano State. May 29 ,
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2004). Human development report www.hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004
   Google Scholar
• Yinusa , M.A. and Basil , A.O. 2008 . Democracy under the shadow of corruption in Nigeria: A reflection on some issues and way forward . The Social Sciences , 3 ( 4 ) : 297 – 302 .
   Google Scholar