Examining Nepalese Forestry Governance from Gender Perspectives

References

• Agarwal, B. (1991). Engendering the environment debate: Lessons from the Indian subcontinent. East Lansing, MI: Center for Advanced Study of International Development, Michigan State University.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal, B. (2009). Gender and forest conservation: The impact of women’s participation in community forest governance. Ecological Economics, 68 (11), 2785–2799. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, B. (2010). The impact of women in Nepal's community forestry management. Sustainable Mountain Development, (57), 26–29.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal, B. (2010a). Does women’s proportional strength affect their participation? Governing local forests in South Asia. World Development, 38 (1), 98–112. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, B. (2010b). Gender and green governance: The political economy of women’s presence within and beyond community forestry. Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, L. (2008). Policy reform and culture change: Contesting gender, caste, and ethnic exclusion in Nepal. INCLUSIVE STATES, 197.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, T. (1994). The rape of mother nature? Women in the language of environmental discourse. Trumpeter, 11 (4), 258.
   Google Scholar
• Besthorn, F. H., & McMillen, D. P. (2002). The oppression of women and nature: Ecofeminism as a framework for an expanded ecological social work. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 83 (3), 221–232. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatta, B., Karna, A. L., Dev, O. P., & Springate-Baginski, O. (Eds.). (2007). Participatory forest management in the Nepalese Tarai: Policy, practice and impacts. Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattarai, B., & Dhungana, S. P. (2005). How can forests better serve the poor? A review of documented knowledge on leasehold and community forestry in Nepal. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
   Google Scholar
• Bhattarai, K., Conway, D., & Shrestha, N. R. (2002). The vacillating evolution of forestry policy in Nepal: Historically manipulated, internally mismanaged. International Development Planning Review, 24 (3), 315–338. doi:10.3828/idpr.24.3.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bista, D. B. (1991). Fatalism and development: Nepal’s struggle for modernization. Kolkata, India: Orient Longman Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie, P., & Springate-Baginski, O. S. (2007a). Understanding the policy process. Forests, people and power. The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia, 61–91.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie, P., & Springate-Baginski, O. (Eds.). (2007b). Understanding the policy process. Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie, P. M., & Muldavin, J. S. S. (2004). Upstream, downstream, China, India: The politics of environment in the Himalayan region. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94 (3), 520–548. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00412.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braidotti, R. (1994). Women, the environment and sustainable development: Towards a theoretical synthesis. London, UK: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brandth, B. (2002). On the relationship between feminism and farm women. Agriculture and Human Values, 19 (2), 107–117. doi:10.1023/A:1016011527245
   Google Scholar
• Brandth, B., Follo, G., & Haugen, M. S. (2004). Women in forestry: Dilemmas of a separate women’s organization. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 19 (5), 466–472. doi:10.1080/02827580410019409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandth, B., & Haugen, M. S. (1998). Breaking into a masculine discourse. Women and Farm Forestry. Sociologia Ruralis, 38 (3), 427–442. doi:10.1111/1467-9523.00087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandth, B., & Haugen, M. S. (2000). From lumberjack to business manager: Masculinity in the Norwegian forestry press. Journal of Rural Studies, 16 (3), 343–355. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(00)00002-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchy, M. (2012). Securing women’s tenure and leadership for forest management: A summary of the Asian experience. Washington, DC: Rights and Resource Initiave.
   Google Scholar
• Buchy, M., & Rai, B. (2008a). Do women-only approaches to natural resource management help women? The case of community forestry in Nepal. In Gender and natural resource management: Livelihoods, mobility and interventions (pp. 127–147). Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Buchy, M., & Rai, B. (Eds.). (2008b). Do women-only approaches to natural resource management help women? The case of community forestry in Nepal. London, UK: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Buchy, M., & Subba, S. (2003). Why is community forestry a social- and gender-blind technology? The case of Nepal. Gender, Technology and Development, 7 (3), 313–332. doi:10.1177/097185240300700301
   Google Scholar
• Carter, J., Pokharel, B., & Parajuli, R. R. (2011). Two decades of community forestry in Nepal: What have we learned? Lalitpur, Nepal: Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project.
   Google Scholar
• Chapagain, A. (2012). [Interview with Apsara Chapagain-Chair Person].
   Google Scholar
• Christie, E. M., & Giri, K. (2011). Challenges and experiences of women in the forestry sector in Nepal. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 3 (5), 139–146.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dev, O. P., & Adhikary, J. (Eds.). (2007). Participatory forest management in the Nepalese Terai: Policy, practice and impacts. Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Dugan, S. (1993). Reflections on helping: Sustainable development, capacity building and participation. International Journal of Public Administration, 16 (11), 1705–1713. doi:10.1080/01900699308524869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckholm, E. (1976). Losing ground. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 18 (3), 6–11. doi:10.1080/00139157.1976.9930747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmhirst, R., & Resurreccion, B. P. (2008). Gender, environment and natural resource management: New dimensions, new debates. In Gender and natural resource management: Livelihoods, mobility and interventions (pp. 3–22). Gateshead, UK: Mapset Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Falch, A. (2010). Women’s political participation and influence in post-conflict Burundi and Nepal. Oslo, Norway: Peace Research Institute Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2006). Time for action: Changing the gender situation in forestry. Report of the team of specialists on gender and forestry. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2007). Gender mainstreaming in forestry in Africa. Forestry Policy and Institution Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Follo, G. (2002). A hero’s journey: Young women among males in forestry education. Journal of Rural Studies, 18 (3), 293–306. doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00006-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForestryNepal. (1989). Forestry sector. Retrieved from http://www.forestrynepal.org
   Google Scholar
• ForestryNepal. (1993). Forestry act. Retrieved from http://www.forestrynepal.org/publications
   Google Scholar
• ForestryNepal. (1995). Forestry regulation. Retrieved from http://www.forestrynepal.org/publications
   Google Scholar
• Gatens, M. (Ed.). (1998). Institutions, embodiment and sexual difference. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gautam, A., Shivakoti, G., & Webb, E. (2004). A review of forest policies, institutions, and changes in the resource condition in Nepal. International Forestry Review, 6 (2), 136–148. doi:10.1505/ifor.2004.6.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherardi, S. (1995). Gender, symbolism and organizational cultures. London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ghimire-Bastakoti, K., & Bastakoti, R. (2006). Social inclusion in community forestry: Why women are frequently excluded from decision-making and leadership in Nepal. Nepal: Resource Identification and Management Society, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmour, D. A., & Fisher, R. J. (1991). Villagers, forests and foresters. Kathmandu, Nepal: Sahayogi Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giri, K., & Darnhofer, I. (2010). Nepali women using community forestry as a platform for social change. Society & Natural Resources, 23 (12), 1216–1229. doi:10.1080/08941921003620533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giri, K., & Faculty, I. (2008a). Profile of Women Graduates of the Institute of Forestry, Nepal Problems of Prospects for Women in Forestry and Natural Resource Management (Vol. MemCoE IoF Discussion Paper # 22). Pokhara, Nepal: IOF.
   Google Scholar
• Giri, K., & Faculty, I. (2008b). Reflecting on experiences: Women in the forestry sector (Vol. MemCoE IoF Discussion Paper # 24). Pokhara, Nepal: Institute of Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• GoN. (1988). The forestry sector master plan. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, HMG/Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• GoN. (2009). Community forestry guidelines. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, The Department of Forests.
   Google Scholar
• Goodin, R. E. (Ed.). (1996). Institutions and their design. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal (GoN). (2003). Guideline for community forestry program. Kathamndu, Nepal: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Department of Forests, Community Forestry Division.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal (GoN). (2007a). Forest sector gender and social inclusion strategy. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal (GoN). (2007b). Interim constitution of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Law Book Management Board.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal (GoN). (2012a). Annual Report. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal (GoN). (2012b). Nepal in Figure 2012. Kathmandu, Nepal: Government of Nepal (GoN), CBS.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal (GoN). (2013a). Annual Report (FY 2012/13). Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of General Administration (MoGA), Government of Nepal
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal (GoN). (2013b). Hamro Ban. Katmandu, Nepal: Department of Forests, Government of Nepal.
   Google Scholar
• Graner, E. (1997). The political ecology of community forestry in Nepal. Heidelberg, Germany: Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik.
   Google Scholar
• Gurung, H. B. (2006). From exclusion to inclusion: Sociopolitical agenda for Nepal. Lalitpur, Nepal: Social Inclusion Research Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Gurung, J., Hytonen, L., & Pathak, B. (2012). Scoping dialogue on inclusion and exclusion of women in forest sector. Co-chair Summary Report, 22–24 September, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Gurung, J. D. (2002a). Getting at the heart of the issue: Challenging male bias in Nepal’s department of forests. Mountain Research and Development, 22 (3), 212–215. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0212:GATHOT]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurung, J. D. (2002b). Getting at the heart of the issue: Challenging male bias in Nepal’s department of forests. Mountain Research and Development, 22 (3), 212–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque, M. S. (2003). Reinventing governance for performance in South Asia: Impacts on citizenship rights. International Journal of Public Administration, 26 (8–9), 941–964. doi:10.1081/PAD-120019354
   Google Scholar
• Hardin, S. (1986). The science question in feminism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, I. (1999). Forest management in Nepal: Economics and ecology. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• His Majesty's Government of Nepal (HMGN). (1991). Master plan for the forestry sector, Nepal. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/forestry
   Google Scholar
• Hombergh, H. V. D. (1993). Gender, environment and development: A guide to the literature. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Jan van Arkel (International Books), for the Institute of Development Research.
   Google Scholar
• Huque, A. S. (2001). Governance and public management: The South Asian context. International Journal of Public Administration, 24 (12), 1289–1297. doi:10.1081/PAD-100105940
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, E. (1989). Beautiful men, fine women and good work people: Gender and skill in Northern Sweden, 1850‐1950. Gender & History, 1 (2), 200–212. doi:10.1111/gend.1989.1.issue-2
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, N. M., & Maharjan, K. L. (2007). Institutional changes in forest resource management and change in forest coverage in Nepal. Journal of International Development and Cooperation, 13 (1), 231.
   Google Scholar
• Khadka, M. (2009). Why does exclusion continue? Aid, knowledge and power in Nepal’s community forestry policy process. The Hague, The Netherlands: Erasmus University Rotterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Lama, A., & Buchy, M. (2002). Gender, class, caste and participation: The case of community forestry in Nepal. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 9 (1), 27–41. doi:10.1177/097152150200900102
   Google Scholar
• Levi, W. (1952). Government and Politics in Nepal: I. Far Eastern Survey, 21 (18), 185–191. doi:10.2307/3023867
   Google Scholar
• Lidestav, G., & Egan Sjölander, A. (2007). Gender and forestry: A critical discourse analysis of forestry professions in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 22 (4), 351–362. doi:10.1080/02827580701504928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littig, B. (2001). Feminist perspectives on environment and society. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Malla, Y. (2001). Changing policies and the persistence of patron-client relations in Nepal: Stakeholders’ responses to changes in forest policies. Environmental History, 6, 287–307. doi:10.2307/3985088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, K. J., & Nicholson-Crotty, J. (2006). Gender, representative bureaucracy, and law enforcement: The case of sexual assault. Public Administration Review, 66 (6), 850–860. doi:10.1111/puar.2006.66.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, M. (1997). Feminism and ecology. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merchant, C. (1996). Earthcare: Women and the environment. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Merchant, C. (2005). Radical ecology: The search for a livable world. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mies, M. (1988). From the individual to the dividual: In the supermarket of “reproductive alternatives”. Reproductive and Genetic Engineering, 1 (3), 225–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mies, M., & Shiva, V. (1993). Ecofeminism. London, UK: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mohai, P. (1992). Men, women, and the environment: An examination of the gender gap in environmental concern and activism. Society & Natural Resources, 5 (1), 1–19. doi:10.1080/08941929209380772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MSFP. (2014). Assessment of implementation status of forestry sector gender equality and social inclusion strategy. Kathmandu, Nepal: Multi Stakeholder Forestry Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Musolf, G. R. (2003). Structure and agency in everyday life: An introduction to social psychology. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale, A. J. (2002). Participating or just sitting in? The dynamics of gender and caste in community forestry. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 2, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale, A. J. (2003). A feminist in the forest: Situated knowledges and mixing methods in natural resource management.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale, A. J. (2006). The nature of gender: Work, gender and environment.
   Google Scholar
• Pokharel, B. K., Branney, P., Nurse, M., & Malla, Y. B. (2007). Community forestry: Conserving forests, sustaining livelihoods and strengthening democracy. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 6 (2), 8–19.
   Google Scholar
• Reed, M. G. (2003). Marginality and gender at work in forestry communities of British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Rural Studies, 19 (3), 373–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regmi, M. C. (1976). Landownership in Nepal. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rocheleau, D., Thomas-Slayter, B., & Wangari, E. (1996). Gender and Environment: A feminist political ecology perspective. In D. Rocheleau, B. Thomas-Slayter, & E. Wangari (Eds.), Feminist political ecology, global issues and local experiences (pp. 3–23). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, K. C., Blomqvist, H. C., & Clark, C. (2008). Can the state and its institutions facilitate gender empowerment? In K. Roy, H. C. Blomqvist, & C. Clark (Eds.), Institutions and gender empowerment in the global economy (pp. 51–66). London, UK : World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, C. (1997). Connecting women and the environment. Women working in the environment. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Sandilands, K. (1991). Ecofeminism and its discontents: Notes towards a politics of diversity. Trumpeter, 8 (2), 90–96.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. A. (1993). Shady practice: Gender and the political ecology of resource stabilization in Gambian garden/orchards. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Sewell, W. H., Jr (1992). A theory of structure: Duality, agency, and transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1–29. doi:10.1086/229967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiva, V. (1989). Staying alive: Women, ecology and development. London, UK: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Shiva, V. (1993a). Masculinization of the Motherland. Ecofeminism, edited by Maria Miles and Vandana Shiva (pp. 108–115). Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex.
   Google Scholar
• Shiva, V. (Ed.). (1993b). The Chipko women’s concept of freedom. London, UK: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Shiva, V. (Ed.). (1993c). Women’s indigenous knowledge and biodiversity conservation. London, UK: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Spretnak, C. (1990). Ecofeminism: Our roots and flowering. Reweaving the world: The emergence of ecofeminism, 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Springate-Baginski, O., & Blaikie, P. M. (2007). Forests, people and power: The political ecology of reform in South Asia. Padstow, UK: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas-Slayter, B., Wangari, E., & Rocheleau, D. (1996). Feminist political ecology: Crosscutting themes, theoretical insights, policy implications. Feminist political ecology: global issues and local experiences, 287–307.
   Google Scholar
• Tomalin, E. (2008). Religion, gender and the environment in Asia: Moving beyond the essentialisms of spiritual ecofeminism? In Gender and Natural Resource Management (pp. 243–255). Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Varghese, J., & Reed, M. G. (2011). Theorizing the implications of gender order for sustainable forest management. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2012, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Venkateswaran, S. (1995). Environment, development and the gender gap. New Delhi, India: Sage Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Wangari, E., Thomas-Slayter, B., & Rocheleau, D. (1996). Gendered visions for survival: Semi-arid regions in Kenya. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. (2005). Ecofeminism and first nations peoples in Canada: Linking culture, gender and nature. Gender, Place & Culture, 12 (3), 333–355. doi:10.1080/09663690500202574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOCAN. (2012). An assessment of gender and women’s exclusion in REDD+ in Nepal. Nepal, Thailand: Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, B. D., Bigsby, H. R., & MacDonald, I. A. (2008). Who are controlling community forestry user groups in Nepal? Scrutiny of elite theory.
   Google Scholar