Testing the antecedents to e-democracy towards citizens’ happiness: a structural equation modelling approach to ‘MyGov’ initiative, India

References

• Adler, A. (2009). Gross national happiness in Bhutan: a living example of an alternative approach to progress. Social Impact Research Experience (SIRE) 1. Wharton: University of Pennsylvania
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended twostep approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auger, G. A. (2014). Trust me, trust me not: An experimental analysis of the effect of transparency on organizations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(4), 325–343. doi:10.1080/1062726X.2014.908722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastick, Z. (2017). Digital limits of government: The failure of e-democracy. In A. A. Paulin, L. G. Anthopoulos & C. G. Reddick (Eds.), Beyond bureaucracy: Towards sustainable governance informatisation (pp. 3–14). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bjørnskov, C., Dreher, A., & Fischer, J. A. V. (2010). Formal institutions and subjective well-being: Revisiting the cross-country evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 26(4), 419–430. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouckaert, G., & Peters, B. G. (2002). Performance measurement and management: The Achilles’ heel in administrative modernization. Public Performance & Management Review, 25(4), 359–362. doi:10.1080/15309576.2002.11643672
   Google Scholar
• Box, R. C. (1997). Citizen governance: Leading American communities into the 21st century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Brabham, D. C. (2008). Crowdsourcing as a model for problem solving: An introduction and cases. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 14(1), 75–90. doi:10.1177/1354856507084420
   Google Scholar
• Brabham, D. C. (2009). Crowdsourcing the public participation process for planning projects. Planning Theory, 8(3), 242–262. doi:10.1177/1473095209104824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright, J., Bermudez, S., Pilet, J. B., & Soubiran, T. (2019). Power users in online democracy: Their origins and impact. Information, Communication and Society. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2019.1621920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruns, A. (2012). Towards distributed citizen participation: Lessons from wikileaks and the Queensland floods. eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 4(2), 142–159. doi:10.29379/jedem.v4i2.135
   Google Scholar
• Caldow, J. (2004). e-Democracy: Putting Down Global Roots. Washington, DC: Institute for Electronic Government. IBM.
   Google Scholar
• Carrizales, T. (2008). Critical factors in an electronic democracy: A study of municipal managers. The Electronic Journal of e-Government, 6(1), 23–30.
   Google Scholar
• Chanley, V. A., Rudolph, T. J., & Rahn, W. M. (2000). The origins and consequences of public trust in government: A time series analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(3), 239–256. doi:10.1086/317987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clift, S. (2003). E-democracy, e-governance and public net-work. Retrieved from http://www.opensourcejahrbuch.de/download/jb2004/chapter_04/IV-5-Clift.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cornford, T., & Smithson, S. (1996). Project research in information systems. London, UK: Macmillan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe (CoE). (2009). Electronic democracy. Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen, R. (2006). E-Government and the digital divide. In P. Hernon, R. Cullen & H. C. Relyea (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on E-Government: Serving today and building for tomorrow (pp. 289–313). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Daskalakis, S., & Mantas, J. (2008). Evaluating the impact of a service-oriented framework for healthcare interoperability. In S. Anderson, O. Gunnar Klein, S. Schulz, J. Aarts & M. Cristina Mazzoleni (Eds.), eHealth beyond the horizon - get IT there: Proceedings of MIE2008 (studies in health technology and informatics) (pp. 285–290). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Detlor, B., & Finn, K. (2002). Towards a framework for government portal design: The government, citizen, and portal perspectives. In A. Grönlund (Ed.), Electronic government: Design, applications, and management (pp. 99–119). Pennsylvania, USA: Idea Group.
   Google Scholar
• Feather, N. T. (1982). Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Fountain, J. E. (2001). Building the virtual state: Information technology and institutional change. Washington DC, USA: Brookings Institutional Press.
   Google Scholar
• Franzen, A. (2003). Social capital and the internet: Evidence from Swiss panel data. Kyklos, 56(3), 341–360. doi:10.1046/j.0023-5962.2003.00224.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, J. (2013). Local e-government and citizen participation: Case studies from Australia and Italy. In J. R. Gil-Garcia (Ed.), E-Government success around the world: Cases, empirical studies, and practical recommendations (pp. 235–258). Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, J., & Quirke, S. (2013). Understanding e-democracy: Government led initiatives for democratic reform. eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 5(2), 141–154. doi:10.29379/jedem.v5i2.221
   Google Scholar
• Gamson, W. A. (1968). Power and discontent (Vol. 124). Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial least squares: Regression and structural equation models. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. doi:10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gui, B., & Stanca, L. (2010). Happiness and relational goods: Wellbeing and interpersonal relations in the economic sphere. International Review of Economics, 57(2), 105–118. doi:10.1007/s12232-010-0099-0
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1992). Multivariate data analysis with readings (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Hult, T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. A. (2014). Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, I.M., Mahdi, A.A., & Al-Khafaji, N.J. (2014). Theoretical research to highlight the smart government components in 21st century. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 312(12), 333–347.
   Google Scholar
• Held, D. (1996). Models of democracy. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Helliwell, J. F., & Huang, H. (2008). How’s your government? International evidence linking good government and well-being. British Journal of Political Science, 38(4), 595–619. doi:10.1017/S0007123408000306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2012). Using partial least squares path modeling in international advertising research: Basic concepts and recent issues. In S. Okzaki (Ed.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications in marketing and related fields (pp. 252–276). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höck, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2010). Local strategic networks in the software industry: An empirical analysis of the value continuum. International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies, 4(2), 132–151. doi:10.1504/IJKMS.2010.030789
   Google Scholar
• Homburg, V. (2008). Understanding E-Government: Information systems in public administration. New York, USA: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, J. (2006). Institutional trust and subjective well-being across the EU. KYKLOS, 59(1), 43–62. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00319.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, M. J. (2009). Electronic democracy and citizen influence in government. In C. G. Reddick (Ed.), Handbook of research on strategies for local E-Government adoption and implementation: Comparative studies (pp. 288–305). Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2003). A boost or bust for democracy? How the web influenced political attitudes and behaviors in the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 8(3), 9–34. doi:10.1177/1081180X03008003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keele, L. (2007). Social capital and the dynamics of trust in government. American Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 241–254. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00248.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2012). E-participation, transparency, and trust in local government. Public Administration Review, 72(6), 819–828. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02593.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, USA: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kneuer, M. (2016). E-democracy: A new challenge for measuring democracy. International Political Science Review, 37(5), 666–678. doi:10.1177/0192512116657677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kweit, M. G., & Kweit, R. W. (2007). Participation, perception of participation, and citizen support. American Politics Research, 35(3), 407–425. doi:10.1177/1532673X06296206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., & Kim, S. (2014) Active citizen e-participation in local governance: Do individual social capital and e-participation management matter? Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-47) (pp.2044-2053). Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society. 
   Google Scholar
• Levi, M. (1998). A state of trust. In V. Braithwaite & M. Levi (Eds.), Trust and governance (pp. 77–101). New York, USA: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lidén, G. (2012). Is e-democracy more than democratic? - An examination of the implementation of socially sustainable values in e-democratic processes. Electronic Journal of e-Government,10(1), 84–94.
   Google Scholar
• Loubser, R., & Steenekamp, C. (2016). Democracy, well-being and happiness: A 10-nation study. Journal of Public Affairs, Special Issue, 17, 1–2. doi:10.1002/pa.1646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannarini, T., Fedi, A., & Trippetti, S. (2010). Public involvement: How to encourage citizen participation. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 20(4), 262–274. doi:10.1002/casp.1030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurseth, P. B. (2017). ICT, growth and happiness. (NUPI Working Paper 876). Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, S. S. (2008). Conceptualizing e-democracy. In S. S. Mishra (Ed.), E-democracy: Concepts and practices (pp. 3–23). Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moser, C. (2001). How open is ‘open as possible’? Three different approaches to transparency and openness in regulating access to EU documents. IHS Political Science Series: 2001, 80, 1-25.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, M. (2007). Defining and measuring e-democracy: A case study on Latin American local governments. In M. Gascó-Hernández (Ed.), Latin America online: Cases, successes and pitfalls (pp. 247–276). Heshey, Pennsylvania: Global.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, D. F. (2010). E-government … not e-governance … not e-democracy: Not now! Not ever? In J. Davies & T. Janowski (Eds.). Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (ICEGOV’10) (pp. 339–346). New York, ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2013). Government at a glance 2013. Paris, France: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Orviska, M., Caplanova, A., & Hudson, J. (2014). The impact of democracy on well-being. Social Indicators Research, 115(1), 493–508. doi:10.1007/s11205-012-9997-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, J. C. (2011). Government and happiness in 130 nations: Good governance fosters higher level and more equality of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 3–22. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9719-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Päivärinta, T., & Sæbø, Ø. (2006). Models of E-Democracy. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 17(37), 818–840. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.01737
   Google Scholar
• Pénard, T., & Poussing, N. (2010). Internet use and social capital: The strength of virtual ties. Journal of Economic Issues, 44(3), 569–595. doi:10.2753/JEI0021-3624440301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pénard, T., Poussing, N., & Suire, R. (2013). Does the internet make people happier? The Journal of Socio-economics, 46, 105–116. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2013.08.004
   Google Scholar
• Pina, V., Torres, L., & Royo, S. (2007). Are ICTs improving transparency and accountability in the EU regional and local governments? An empirical study. Public Administration, 85(2), 449–472. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00654.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porumbescu, G. A. (2017). Does transparency improve citizens’ perceptions of government performance? Evidence from Seoul, South Korea. Administration and Society, 49(3), 443–468. doi:10.1177/0095399715593314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlins, B. L. (2008). Measuring the relationship between organizational transparency and employee trust. Public Relations Journal, 2(2), 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Ringle, C. M., de Souza Bido, D., & Da Silva, D. (2014). Structural equation modelling with the smartpls. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2), 56–73.
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B., & Uslaner, E. M. (2005). All for all: Equality, corruption, and social trust. World Politics, 58(1), 41–72. doi:10.1353/wp.2006.0022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samanni, M., & Holmberg, S. (2010). Quality of government makes people happy (QoG Working Paper Series 2010:1). Goteborg: The Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg.
   Google Scholar
• Shat, F., & Pimenidis, E. (2017). E-voting vs. e-trust: A test bed for e-democracy in a world in crisis? International Journal of Electronic Governance, 9(3/4), 229–245. doi:10.1504/IJEG.2017.10006254
   Google Scholar
• Shiraji, F. (2009). Measuring e-democracy opportunities: A global perspective. In A. A. Ozok & P. Zaphiris (Eds.), Online communities, LNCS 5621 (pp. 700–709). Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sternstein, A. (2010). Study links online transparency efforts, trust in government. Retrieved from https://www.nextgov.com/cio-briefing/2010/02/study-links-online-transparency-efforts-trust-in-government/45965/
   Google Scholar
• Teo, T. S. H., Srivastava, S. C., & Jiang, L. (2008). Trust and electronic government success: An empirical study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25(3), 99–132. doi:10.2753/MIS0742-1222250303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, W. K. (2000). A multidisciplinary analysis of the nature, meaning, and measurement of trust. Review of Educational Research, 70(4), 547–593. doi:10.3102/00346543070004547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Gothenburg (2010). Measuring the quality of government and subnational variation. Sweden: University of Gothenburg. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/2010_government_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Van der Meer, T. G. L. A., Gelders, D., & Rotthier, S. (2014). E-democracy: Exploring the current stage of e-government. Journal of Information Policy, 4, 489–506. doi:10.5325/jinfopoli.4.2014.0489
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, J. (2000). Models of democracy and concepts of communication. In K. L. Hacker & J. Van Dijk (Eds.), Digital democracy, issues of theory and practice (pp. 30–53). London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Veit, D., Parasie, N., & Schoppé, F. (2010). Bürgernahes regieren: Lässt sich politische beteiligung durch e-participation anwendungen verbessern? In M. Schumann, L. M. Kolbe, M. H. Breitner & A. Frerichs (Eds.), Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 1343–1355). Gottingen, Germany: Universitätsverlag Göttingen.
   Google Scholar
• Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2007). Citizens’ perceptions of politics and ethics in public administration: A five-year national study of their relationship to satisfaction with services, trust in governance, and voice orientations. Journal of Public Administration and Research, 17(2), 285–305. doi:10.1093/jopart/muj018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weare, C., Musso, J. A., & Hale, M. L. (1999). Electronic democracy and the diffusion of municipal web pages in California. Administration & Society, 31(1), 3–27. doi:10.1177/009539999400935475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, A. (2002). Leadership. In P. S. Nel, P. D. Gerber, P. S. Van Dyk, G. D. Haasbroek, H. B. Schultz, T. Sono & A. Werner (Eds.), Human resources management and leadership. London: Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J., & Rösch, M. (2017). Open government and citizen participation: An empirical analysis of citizen expectancy towards open government data. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 86, 1. doi:10.1177/0020852317719996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, -K. K.-K. (2013). Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) techniques using smartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), 1–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar