The impacts of the revolution of 1978-1979 on the iranian bureaucracy and civil service

References

• References concerning the causes of the Iranian Revolution are many. For a small sample, see: Cottam, Richard, "Goodby to America's Shah," Foreign Policy 34 (Spring 1979).Bill, James, "Iran and the Crises of '78," Foreign Affairs 57 (Winter 1978-79). Keddie, Nikki, "Oil, Economic Policy and Social Conflict in Iran," Race and Class 21 (1979). FARAZMAND Helmut, Richard, "The America's Shah, The Shahanshah of Iran," MERIP Reports 40 New York: Middle East Research and Information Project, 1975-Hoogland, Eric, "Rural Participation in the Revol~tion,M~E RIP Reports 87 (1980). Halliday, Fred, Iran: Dictatorship and Development, Penguin Books, New York, 1979. Graham, Robert, Iran: The Illusion of Power, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1979.
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• See, for example: Bill, James, The Politics of Iran: Groups Classes, and Modernization, Charles ~errilf, Columbus, Ohio, 1972. Bill, James and Leiden, Carl, The Middle East: Politics and Power, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1979. Zonis, Marvin, The Political Elite of Iran, Princeton University press, Princeton, 1971. Farazmand, All, Bureaucratic Politics Under the Shah: Development or system-Maintenance?, Ph.D. Dissertation in Public Administration, The Maxwell School, Syracuse University, i982.
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• This expectation was expressed by the majority of politicians and citizens interviewed by the author in the spring of 1983
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• Premier Bazargan repeated this statement several times in radio broadcasts during the early months of 1979. This was further verified through interviews held in Tehran in April 1983 with Parliament members.
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• April 1983 interviews held with several administrators and/or Committee members in the civil service. These changes undermined the hierarchical control of the Provisional Administration. As one administrator put it, everyone wanted changes in the administrative system, some called for abolition of the bureaucracy, and others called for its reform. But all wanted their monthly paychecks
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• Interviews with some members of these organizations including the Reconstruction Crusade (Jehad-e-Sazandegi), April 1983
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• Interviews with three office holders in the State Organization for Employment and Administrative Affairs (SOEAA), April 1983. These opinions were confirmed by conversations held with others formerly with the civil service
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• Interviews with civil service officials at SOEAA and the National Radio and Television (NIRT), Tehran, April 1983
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• Ibid
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• Ibid
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• Interviews held with three administrators at the Ministry of Communication and Postal Services, Tehran, April 1983
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• Personal interview with a professor of the University of Tehran, Tehran, May 1983
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• Interviews with several deputes of the Parliament and with administrators in the Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, April 1983. Also, information gathered from the National State Radio broadcasts during the same period
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• Interview with a professor of the University of Tehran, May 1983
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• Interviews with several administrators at the Ministry of Agriculture and the NIRT, Tehran, April 1983
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• Interviews with two members of the Parliament and three civil servants at the Ministry of Education and the NIRT, April 1983; also, Interview with a professor of Tehran University Tehran, April 1983
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• Ibid
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• Interviews with several administrators at the NIRT, Ministry of Agriculture, including its then Vice-Minister, and with a Professor of Tehran University, April-May 1983. Also personal obervations of the author, same period.
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• May 1983 . Ibid May , Tehran Also, interview held with a higher civil servant at the SOEAA
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• Sharan , P. 1983 . The Government and politics of persia , New Delhi : Metropolitan Publisher .
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• Ibid (Statement was made by a civil servant)
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• Interviews with civil servants at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Tehran, April 1983. Also conversations held with farmers in the provine of Gilan during the same period.
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• April . Interviewa with several civil servants, administrators and political appointees at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), the Ministry of Economics, and the SOEAA April , Tehran
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• Ibid
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• Interviews with three members of the Parliament and five high civil servants at the Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, April 1983. Further interviews with four officials of the Organization of Jehad-e-Sazandegi (Reconstruction Crusade) in the province of Gilan
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• Public speeches of the revolutionary leaders -- Imami Kashani, Hashemi rafsanjani, Moghaddass-e-e Ardebill and Mahdavi Kani--at the Friday prayers at Tehran University during March, April and May 1983. Interviews with three high level administrators at the NIRT, SOEAA, and the Ministry of Education, Tehran, March 1983. Also, presentation of the new five-year plan made by a member of the plan and Budget organization at the annual meeting of the Association Of Iranian Economists held in Tehran, May 1983.
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• Interview with a high offical (planner and organizational strategist) of the Ministry of SAgriculture and rural Development(MARD) April 1983. Also, additional interviews with a number of urban and rural citizens of Tehran and Northern Iran.
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• Radio broadcasts of the Parliamentary debates during April and May 1983. Also, intervies with members of the Parliament and two personnel officers at the SOEAA during the same period.
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• Ibid Also, interviews with an official of the Office of the Prime Minsiter (OPM), and with a parliament deputy, May 1983
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• Interviews with two Parliament deputies in Tehran, May 1983; also an interview held with a professor of Tehran University, May 1983
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• In the same meeting, a high level administrative assistant to the Minister in "Organization and Strategy" outlined to the author the main features of the recently redesigned organization structure, which was submitted to the Parliament for approval. The reorganization plan called for decentralization of the MARD with policy power for the center and greater adminis-trative decision powers for both the provinces and local government departments
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• Interviews with three higher civil servants of the Ministry of Agriculture in Tehran, April 1983. Also, five interviews held with the farmers, who brought their complaints to the MARD in Tehran and Rasht during April 1983. Moreover, personal observations at the MARD1s Office of the Minister, April 1983.
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• Ibid. Also, interview with a member of the Parliament in Tehran in April 1983
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• Interview with an administrator of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Tehran, March 1983
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• See:
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• Farazmand , A. “ Public administration in iran ” . In Public administration in the third world , Edited by: Subramaniam , V. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press . Sharan, P:, Government and Politics of Persia, Also, personal observations of the author at the NIRT and in severalrural areas of the Gilan province, where the author gained insights from conversations with the rural people. Moreover, interviews with three middle-level administrators of the Personnel Department of the NIRT and two top administrators at the Ministry of Economics, held in Tehran, May 1983
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• Conversations with three administrators at the NIRT, Tehran, May 1983
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• Conversations with an administrator in charge of legal affairs at the NIRT, Tehran, arch-~ay
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• For a sample of evidence on the aspects of the Pahlavi bureaucracy, see references 1 and 2. Interview held in Tehran with a professor of Tehran University in April 1983
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• The author was a participant at the meeting, where he was a member of the Curriculum Planning and Development Committee for the Public Administration and Business Management programs of the universities of the country
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• Conversations with a high level administrator of the NIRT, Tehran, May 1983
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• Observations and interviews at the NIRT, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Finance and Economics. The quoted statement was made by a financial manager at the NIRT during the interview in April 1983
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• 1985 . The new york times , October 28
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• The "Economic Terrorists" referred to here are some of the Bazar merchants and other war profiteers who have taken advantage of a wartime economy. It is believed that these merchants created artificial shortages, resulting in a black market economy. Public outrage about this situation caused the resignation of the Minister of Commerce and Trade in 1983
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• Interviews and observations in Tehran and Rasht, spring 1983
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• 1983 . Keyhan, air edition , April See, 13
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• Ministry of Agriculture, April 1983. Interviews and conversations with several farmers, and with officials at different levels. Also, conversations with several professionals at the Ministry of Higher Education, May 1983. This author's personal experience was also supportive evidence of this problem. The experience dealt with several agencies, including the NIRT, in which, despite the strong reception of the Agency Head, no cooperation was received from the administrative director regarding the use of this author's professional service in the organization
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• See Ettlaat, January 8 and 12, 1983 (in Farsi)
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• See Ettlaat, January 8 and 12, 1983 (in Farsi)
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• Interviews with a high level administrator at the Ministry of Economics, Tehran, May 1983
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• Conversations with a student at the University of Tehran, School of Public and Business Administration, Tehran, May 1983
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• Blau , Peter and Meyer , Marshall . 1986 . “ Why study bureaucracy? ” . In Current issues in public administration , Edited by: Frederick , Lane . 6 New York : St. Martin's Press .
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