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Original Articles

Regional councils of governments at the crossroads: implications for intergovernmental management and networks

Pages 467-501 | Published online: 26 Jun 2007

References

  • Taub , J.S. 1986 . COGS: Failures as Regional Planners; COGS Search for a New Mission . California Journal , November : 551 – 554 .
  • ACIR . August 1966 . Metropolitan Councils of Governments , August , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . The growth of substate regionalism and of federal support for COGS is documented in an extensive literature of this period. The Advisory Commision on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) played an important role, publishing its first report on metropolitan councils in August 1966. The report Report M-32 contains an account of the origins by Hansen,and a selective bibliography for that period. It was followed by reports and papers from many contributors. Notable among these were several publications ofthe Urban Institute, written by Melvin B. Mogulof in the early 1970s. The ACIR then published a five volume series on substate regionalism in 1973-74. These reports and subsequent updates, to which Bruce D.McDowell was an important contributor, document the development of COGS to 1980.
  • ACIR . April 1982 . State and Local Roles in the Federal System , April , 290 – 291 . Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Report A-88.
  • Walker , David B. 1986 . Metropolitan Cooperation and Governance: The Governmental Dimensions . paper presented atthe 92nd Annual Meeting of the National League . November 8 1986 , Kansas City. pp. 7 – 8 . This estimate of the number of surviving councils may have been influenced by changes in definitions used by the National Association of Regional Councils in compiling its data.
  • The drama surrounding the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, which contained the Reagan Administration's first round of budget cuts as well as the new block grants, and the equally dramatic SWAP and Turnback proposals of that time captured the attention of the nation and welded it to the polemic of cutback management in the domestic arena
  • Wright , Deil S. 1983 . “ Managing the Intergovernmental Scene ” . In Handbook of Organization Management , Edited by: Eddy , William B. Vol. 431 , New York : Marcel Dekker . Also, Mandell, Myrna P.“Letters of the Editor: Intergovernmental Management,” Public Administration Times (December 15, 1979): 2, 6.
  • McDowell , Bruce W. 1985 . Federal Development Policies and the Adaptive Regional Council . ACIR Staff Paper, presented at the 1985 Federal Briefing, National Association of Regional Councils . February 5 1985 , Washington, DC. pp. 5 – 5 .
  • Hallman , Howard W. 1974 . Neighborhood Government in a Metropolitan Setting , 52 – 53 . Beverly Hills : Sage Publications . also Hallman, Howard W. Functional Division of Responsibility, in Small and Large Together: Governing the Metropolis, Sage Publications, Inc., Beverly Hills, 1977: 177-194.
  • Gage , Robert W. 1984 . Federal Regional Councils: Networking Organizations for Policy Management in the Intergovernmental System . Public Administration Review , 44 ( 2 ) March/April : 134 – 145 .
  • NARC . 1980 . Regional Councils: Future Models , 44 ( 2 ) November : 7 – 9 . Special Report No. 55
  • ACIR . 1980 . Metropolitan Councils of Government , 44 ( 2 ) November : 1 – 1 . Report No. M-32
  • ACIR . October 1973 . Regional Decision Making: New Strategies for Substate Districts , October , 11 – 14 . Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Report A-43
  • McDowell , Bruce D. Federal Development Policies and the Adaptive Council 18 – 18 .
  • NARC . 1985 . Directory of Regional Councils: 85-86 , 3 – 3 . Washington, DC : NARC . Report A-43
  • Chandler , Alfred Jr . 1962 . Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise , Vol. 13 , Cambridge : The M.I.T. Press .
  • Thompson , James D. 1967 . Organizations in Action , 13 – 56 . New York : Mcgraw Hill .
  • Aldrich , Howard E. 1979 . Organizations and Environments , 63 – 74 . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall . Hall, Richard. Organizations: Structure and Process, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1977: 304-312.
  • Benson , J.Kenneth . 1975 . The Intergovernmental Network as a Political Economy . Administrative Science Quarterly , 20 : 229 – 249 . For a statement of the resource dependency model of networks, see Van de Ven, Andrew H. Assessing Organizations, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980.
  • Siffin , William J. 1972 . “ The Institution Building Perspective ” . In Institution Building: A Model for Applied Social Change , Edited by: Woods , Thomas D. 113 – 118 . Cambridge : Schenkrnan Publishing Company .
  • Heclo , Hugh . 1978 . “ Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment ” . In The New American Political System , Edited by: King , Anthony . 103 – 107 . Washington, DC : American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research .
  • Turk , Herman . 1973 . Comparative Urban Structure From an Interorganizational Perspective . Administrative Science Quarterly , 18 March : 37 – 37 .
  • Mandell , Myrna P. 1987 . Intergovernmental Management in Interorganizational Networks: A Revised Perspecive . paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Public Administration . March 31 1987 , Boston. pp. 8 – 8 .
  • Ibid , 9
  • Bureau of Public Affairs . 1967 . Metropolitan Boston: A .Fresh Approach , 9 – 10 . Boston : The Bureau, Boston College .
  • ACIR . October 1973 . Substate Regionalism and the Federal System , October , 54 – 54 . Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Report A-43
  • ACIR . “ A Regional Council Profile ” . In Substate Regionalism and the Federal System 5 – 54 . Regional planning commissions or associations (RPCs or RPAs) differ from COGs in ways that can be important. Members of COGs are local elected officials: members of RPCs or RPAs are citizens appointed by state government or the localities involved. The difference in membership frequently has meant that COGs can be closer to public issues and controversy than regional planning commissions.
  • Ibid ,
  • Mathewson , Kent . March 1987 . Regional Leadership Yesterday and Tomorrow , March , 2 – 3 . Athens : University of Georgia . speech at the South East Regional Directors Institute, School of Community and Area Development
  • ACIR . April 1982 . State and Local Roles in the Federal System , April , 282 – 295 . Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . ACIR, Substate Regionalism and the Federal System:90. A review of program development to 1979 is given Report A-88
  • 1982 . A good early history of the development of A-95 Review to 1972 is given in ACIR . Substate Regionalism and the Federal System , April : 139 – 165 .
  • AICR . 1982 . State and Local Roles in the Federal System , April : 289 – 289 .
  • 1982 . Ibid , April
  • 1982 . Ibid , April : 286 – 286 .
  • NARC . 1980 . Matrix to the Annual Directory , Washington, DC : NARC .
  • McDowell , Bruce D. 1980 . Substate Regionalism Matures Gradually . Intergovernmental Perspective , 6 ( 4 ) Fall : 21 – 21 .
  • Executive order 12372, issued July 24, 1982, replaced the mandated A-95 review process with a state review process. This made the COG role discretionary with the state government. The new intergovernmental consultation process was made effective no later than April 20, 1983, for federal agencies.
  • Sellers , Richard E. and Sparer , Burton . October 1980 . EvaluatingYour Regional Council , October , Washington, DC : NARC .
  • Committee on Strategic Management . April 1986 . Proposal for Goals, Objectives, and Strategies for the Metroolitan Washington Council of Governments , April , Washington, DC : WASHCOG . 18
  • McDowell , Bruce D. 1985 . Regional Planning Without Federal Aid . paper presented at the Conference of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning . November 1 1985 , Atlanta. pp. 5 – 10 .
  • McDowell , Bruce D. 1986 . In Search of Excellence in Planning . paper presented at the Conference of the American Planning Association . April 6 1986 , Los Angeles. pp. 7 – 7 .
  • McDowell , Bruce D. 1984 . Moving Toward Excellence i n Regional Council . paper presented at the New England Regional Conference . October 26 1984 , Portland, Maine. pp. 4 – 5 .
  • Gage , Robert W. October 1981 . Program Reassessment Survey , Vol. 14 , October , 2 – 8 . Denver : Denver Regional Council of Governments .
  • Gage , Robert W. December 1981 . Joint Programs in Councils of Government , Vol. 3 , December , 4 – 4 . Denver : Denver Regional Council of Governments .
  • WASHCOG . 1987 . COG Celebrates Three Decades of Service to the Region . The Region , 28 ( 1 ) Spring : 10 – 10 . personal interview with Walter A . Scheiber, Executive Director , April 1987.
  • NARC . Formulating Strategies for Economic Development , 45 – 45 . Washington, DC : NARC . Undated Report
  • Ibid , 2 ( 4 )
  • Ibid , 3 ( 8 ) NARC, Marketing Data for Economic Development, 1, NARC, Washington, D.C. (Undated Report) : 4.
  • Farley , Robert D. Executive Director
  • NARC . 1986 . Making the Link: A Regional Approach t o Economic Development and Job Training , 22 – 27 . Washington, DC : NARC . Appendix
  • Taub , J.S. 1986 . COGS: Failures as Regional Planners , : 553 – 553 .
  • NARC . 1986 . Making the Link: A Regional Approach to Economic Development and Job Training , : 16 – 17 .
  • Hartman , Richard C. April 1987 . Executive Director , April , NARC .
  • NARC . 1986 . Washington Report , 23 May : 4 – 6 .
  • NARC . February 1987 . The Clean Water Act Amendments and Section 205 ( j ) planning Funds , Vol. 13 , February , Washington, DC : NARC . Special Report 127
  • NARC . Formulating Strategies for Economic Development , Vol. 30 , Washington, DC : NARC . ACIR, State and Local Roles in the Federal System: 315.
  • NARC . March 1987 . Annual State Appropriations toRegional Councils , Vol. 27 , March , 1 – 1 . Washington, DC : NARC . Special Report 130
  • NARC . March 1987 . News and Notes , Vol. 6 , March , 2 – 2 . Washington, DC : NARC .
  • Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. 1987 . COG Celebrates Three Decades of Service to the Region . The Region , 28 ( 1 ) Spring : 10 – 10 .
  • Walker . 1987 . Metropolitan Cooperation and Governance , 28 ( 1 ) Spring : 9 – 9 .
  • Taub . 1987 . COGS: Failures as Regional Planners , 28 ( 1 ) Spring : 554 – 554 .
  • Patricia Sue , Atkin . 1984 . “ The Nether Regions: A Typological Classification of Regional Councils ” . In Dissertation , 268 – 268 . Ann Arbor : University of Maryland . University of Microfilms International
  • League , Citizens . June 1984 . The Metro Council: Narrowing the Agenda and Raising the Stakes , Vol. 7 , June , 1 – 1 . Minneapolis : Citizens League .
  • NARC . March 1987 . The Future of Regionalism in the United States with Special Attention to Regional Councils and Their Roles Vol. 20 , March , 3 – 4 . Special Report No. 128
  • Bennis , Warren and Nanus , Burt . 1985 . Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge , 89 – 89 . New York : Harper & Row .
  • Scheiber , Walter A. April 1987 . Executive Director , April , WASHCOG .

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