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Original Articles

Ethnofederalism and ethnonationalism in the separatist politics of chechnya and tatarstan: sources or resources?

Pages 1387-1428 | Published online: 26 Jun 2007

References

  • The most explicit and comprehensive argument relating the “pacification” of Chechnya to the survival of Russia and success of its market transition was articulated by Boris Fedorov, Russia's former Minister of Finance and one of the most outspoken reformers. See Izvestia (September 13 1994). A bristling and well-argued critique of Moscow's excessive preoccupation with separatism and border redrawing was offered by prominent Russian politologists Dmitry Furman in Nezavisimaia Gazeta (July 3 1992) and Algis Prazauskas in Nezavisimaia Gazeta (May 14 1993). The former qualified the threat of Russia's disintegration as “mutual bluffing” consciously proffered by both Moscow and regional ruling elites. For a sobering assessment of the “Chechen oil factor”, see Kommersant-Daily (July 26 1994). The middle-ground position in the Russian debate was formulated by another prominent analyst, Denis Dragunsky, who advocated “dumping Caucasia like we dumped Central Asia in 1991” on the grounds of impending demographic catastrophe in these zones while compromising with the economically and territorially important Tatarstan in Moskovskie Novosti No. 26 (1994):9A.
  • Perepelkin , L.S. 1992 . Istoki Etnicheskogo Konflikta V Tatarii . Mir Rossii , 1 : 91 – 112 . Bennigsen Broxup, Marie. “The ‘Internal’ Muslim Factor in the Politics of Russia. Tatarstan and the Northern Caucasus” in Mohiaddin Mesbahi (ed.). Central Asia and the Caucasus after the Soviet Union, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, 1994, pp. 75-98
  • Bennigsen , Alexandre and Wimbush , S. Enders . 1985 . Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union , London : C. Hurs . Timofeev, Lev. Russia's Secret Rulers, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1992, and Chernyi Rynok Kak Politicheskaia Sistema, VIMO, Vilnius and Moskva, 1993; Poliakov, Sergei P. Everyday Islam: Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, 1992; Albats, Evgeniia. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold On Russia – Past, Present, and Future, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York, New York, 1994
  • Roeder , Philip G. 1991 . Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization . World Politics , 43 ( 2 ) January : 196 – 232 . Brubaker, Rogers. “Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account. ” Theory and Society 23 (1994):47-78
  • Suny , Ronald Grigor . 1988 . The Making of the Georgian Nation , Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University Press .
  • Laitin , David . 1991 . The Four Nationality Games and Soviet Politics . The Journal of Soviet Nationalities , 2 ( 1 ) Spring : 1 – 37 . The National Uprisings in the Soviet Union. World Politics (44)(1) (October 1991): 139-177
  • Wallerstein , Immanuel . 1991 . “ The Inventions of Time/Space Realities: Toward an Understanding of Our Historical Systems ” . In Unthinking Social Science , 135 – 148 . London : Polity Press . Aglietta, Michel. A Theory of Capitalist Regulation: The U.S. Experience (trans. of Regulation et crises du capitalisme, 1974), NLB, London, 1979
  • Tilly , Charles . 1978 . From Mobilization to Revolution , Reading, Massachusetts : Addison-Wesley Pub .
  • Khudiakov , M.G. 1991 . Ocherki Po Istorii Kazanskogo Khanstva , Moscow : NSAN . reprint of 1923 edition
  • Pipes , Richard . 1974 . Russia Under the Old Regime , New York, New York : Scribner .
  • Muzaev , Tirnur and Todua , Zurab . April 1992 . Novaia Checheno-Zngushetia , April , Moskva : Panorama . Sources: Perepelkin, op. cit.; Mukhametshin, R. M. Tatary Z Tatarstan: Spravochnik, Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatelstvo, Kazan, 1993; Dragunsky , 1994
  • Pipes , Richard . 1954 . The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923 , Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press .
  • Zaslavsky , Victor . 1994 . The Neo-Stalinist State: Class, Ethnicity, and Consensus in Soviet Society , Edited by: Rev . Armonk, New York : M . E. Sharpe .
  • Mukhametshin . 1994 . op. cit , : 79
  • Raviot , Jean-Robert . 1992 . Tipy Natsionalizma, Obshchestva I Politika V Tatarstane . POLIS , 5-6 : 46
  • Perepelkin . 1992 . op. cit , 5-6 Muzaev and Todua, op, cit.; Mukhametshin; Dragunsky
  • The data on Chechnya refer to the period prior to its separation from Ingushetia in 1991.
  • Based on 1980s data; does not include “shadow” economy, which is particularly salient in Chechnya.
  • Raviot . 1992 . 5-6 : 44
  • 1991 . Nezavisimaia Gazeta , 5-6 26 November
  • 1991 . Nezavisimaia Gazeta , 5-6 13 August
  • Tarrow , Sidney . 1994 . Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics , Edited by: Tarrow . Cambridge, Massachusetts : Cambridge University Press . An authoritative theoretical synthesis of the concepts developed in the last three decades in the field of social movement studies is provided Particularly relevant to the present argument is Ch. 9 “Cycles of Protest.” An innovative study of the conditions that determined cycles of protest in the state-socialist countries is currently conducted by the Harvard-based Polish scholar Ekiert, Grzegorz in Ekiert, Rebellious Poles: Cycles of Protest and Popular Mobilization Under State-Socialism, 1945-1 989, The University of Michigan, Advanced Study Center Working Paper No. 5, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1995
  • Crowley , Stephen . 1994 . Barriers to Collective Action: Steelworkers and Mutual Dependence in the Former Soviet Union . World Politics , 46 ( 4 ) July : 589 – 615 .
  • Perepelkin . 1992 . 46 ( 4 ) July : 105
  • 1994 . Utro Rossii , 31 ( 4 ) July
  • 1994 . Segodnia , 31 ( 4 ) 28 April
  • Raviot . 1992 . 31 ( 4 ) 28 April : 41 – 42 .
  • 1992 . Ibid , 31 ( 4 ) 28 April : 42
  • 1992 . Tatarstan , 31 ( 4 ) 21 March
  • 1994 . Kommersant-Daily , 20 ( 4 ) 21 March
  • Gammer , Moshe . 1994 . Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan , London : F. Cass .
  • Muzaev and Todua . 1994 . op. cit , : 31 – 32 .
  • Avtorkhanov , Abdurrahman . The Chechens and the Ingush During the Soviet Period and its Antecedents Edited by: Broxup , Bennigsen . 146 – 194 .
  • Avtorkhanov (Uralov) , Abdurrahman . 1991 . “ Ubiistvo Checheno-ingush-skogo Naroda ” . In Vsia Moskva Moskva
  • Guzhin , G.S. and Chugunova , N.V. 1988 . Selskaia Mestnost Checheno-Zngushetii Z Ee Problemy , 56 Grozny : Checheno-ingushskoe knizhnoe izdatelstvo .
  • Muzaev and Todua . 1992 . April : 36 – 38 .
  • 1992 . Ibid , April : 19 – 22 .
  • Kudriavtsev , A.V. 1994 . Islam I Gosudarstvo V Chechenskoi Respublike . Vostok , 394 May : 64 – 71 . Bennigsen Broxup, 1992 and 1994; June
  • Evgenii , Sarmatin . 1993 . “ Problemy Chechenskoi Revoliutsii ” . In POLIS Vol. 2 , 171 – 175 . Moscow Korotkov, Vadim. “Chechenskaia Model Etnopoliticheskih Prot-Sessov.” Obshchestvennye Nauki I Sovremennost, No. 3 (1994): 104-112.
  • 1994 . Izvestia , 24 Devember

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