PREEXPOSURE TO REPEATED LOW DOSES OF ZYMOSAN INCREASES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PULMONARY INFECTION IN RATS

REFERENCES

• Sahakian N M, Park J H, Cox-Ganser J M. Dampness and mold in the indoor environment: implications for asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28: 485–505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung F, Hughson W G. The fundamentals of mold-related illness: when to suspect the environment is making a patient sick. Postgrad Med 2008; 120: 80–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt M, et al. Mold prevention strategies and possible health effects in the aftermath of hurricanes and major floods. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55(RR-8)1–27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber S, et al. Organic dust exposures from compost handling: case presentation and respiratory exposure assessment. Am J Ind Med 1993; 24: 365–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allermann L, Poulsen O M. Inflammatory potential of dust from waste handling facilities measured as IL-8 secretion from lung epithelial cells in vitro. Ann Occup Hyg 2000; 44: 259–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmberg L, et al. Induction of IL-8 production in human alveolar macrophages and human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro by swine dust. Thorax 1998; 53: 260–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson B M, et al. Effect of exposure to swine dust on levels of IL-8 in airway lavage fluid. Thorax 1997; 52: 638–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann M, Myers J E. Grain dust and respiratory health in South African milling workers. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 656–662
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Von Essen S G, et al. Mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment to the lung by grain dust exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 921–927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander R. Airborne (1 → 3)-beta-d-glucan and airway disease in a day-care center before and after renovation. Arch Environ Health 1997; 52: 281–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorn J, Rylander R. Airways inflammation and glucan in a rowhouse area. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1798–1803, (6 Pt 1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorn J, Beijer L, Rylander R. Airways inflammation and glucan exposure among household waste collectors. Am J Ind Med 1998; 33: 463–470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander R, Thorn J, Attefors R. Airways inflammation among workers in a paper industry. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 1151–1157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander R. Health effects among workers in sewage treatment plants. Occup Environ Med 1999; 56: 354–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander R, Thorn T, Attefors R. Airways inflammation among workers in a paper industry. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 1151–1157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander R. Organic dusts and lung reactions—exposure characteristic and mechanisms for disease. Scand J Work Environ Health 1985; 11: 199–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander R, Jacobs R R. Organic Dust Exposure, Effects, and Prevention. CRC, Boca Raton, FL 1994; 299
   Google Scholar
• Young S-H, et al. Acute inflammation and recovery in rats after intratracheal instillation of a 1 → 3-beta-glucan (zymosan A). J Toxicol Environ Health A 2001; 64: 311–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young S-H, et al. A comparison of the pulmonary inflammatory potential of different components of yeast cell wall. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2007; 70: 1116–1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dales R, et al. Influence of residential fungal contamination on peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in children. Arch Environ Health 1998; 53: 190–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young S-H, Roberts J R, Antonini J M. Pulmonary exposure to 1 → 3-beta-glucan alters adaptive immune responses in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2006; 18: 865–874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirvonen M R, et al. Nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines in nasal lavage fluid associated with symptoms and exposure to moldy building microbes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1943–1946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korpi A, et al. Slight respiratory irritation but not inflammation in mice exposed to (1 → 3)-beta-d-glucan aerosols. Mediators Inflamm 2003; 12: 139–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young S-H, et al. Exposure to particulate 1 → 3-beta-glucans induces greater pulmonary toxicity than soluble 1 → 3-beta-glucans in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2003; 66: 25–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn J A, BeMiller J N. (1 → 3)-beta-D-Glucans as biological response modifiers: a review of structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohydrate Polymers 1995; 28: 3–14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogelmark B, Sjostrand M, Rylander R. Pulmonary inflammation induced by repeated inhalations of beta-(1,3)-D-glucan and endotoxin. Int J Exp Pathol 1994; 75: 85–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada T, Harada A. Curdlan and succinoglycan. Polysaccharides in Medical Applications, S Dumitriu. Marcel Dekker, New York 1996; 21–58
   Google Scholar
• Manners D J, Masson A J, Patterson J C. The structure of a beta-(1–3)-D-glucan from yeast cell walls. Biochem J 1973; 135: 19–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young S-H, Antonini J, Roberts J R. Single pre-exposure to a high dose of zymosan enhances lung defense mechanisms and accelerates the pulmonary clearance of a bacterial pathogen in rats. Exp Lung Res 2008; 34: 559–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini J M, Roberts J R, Clarke R W. Strain-related differences of nonspecific respiratory defense mechanisms in rats using a pulmonary infectivity model. Inhal Toxicol 2001; 13: 85–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castranova V, et al. Pulmonary response of guinea pigs to consecutive exposures to cotton dust. Proceedings of the 14th Cotton Dust Research Conferences. National Cotton Council, Las Vegas, NV 1990
   Google Scholar
• Southwick F S, Purich D L. Intracellular pathogenesis of listeriosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 770–776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Tato C M, Fan X. Listeria monocytogenes as a probe to study cell-mediated immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1998; 10: 450–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portnoy D A, Auerbuch V, Glomski I J. The cell biology of Listeria monocytogenes infection: the intersection of bacterial pathogenesis and cell-mediated immunity. J Cell Biol 2002; 158: 409–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pamer E G. Immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 812–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadish J K, Choi C C, Czop J K. Phagocytosis of unopsonized zymosan particles by trypsin-sensitive and beta-glucan-inhibitable receptors on bone marrow-derived murine macrophages. Immunol Res 1986; 5: 129–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daum T, Rohrbach M S. Zymosan induces selective release of arachidonic acid from rabbit alveolar macrophage via stimulation of a beta-glucan receptor. FEBS Lett 1992; 309: 119–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, et al. Serum components induce beta-D-glucan-inhitable uptake of zymosan particles by murine peritoneal macrophages. Biol Pharmaceut Bull 1993; 16: 223–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn P L, North R J. Early gamma interferon production by natural killer cells is important in defense against murine listeriosis. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 2892–2900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers H W, Unanue E R. Neutrophils are involved in acute, nonspecific resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in mice. Infect Immun 1993; 61: 5090–5096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borish L, et al. Activation of neutrophils by recombinant interleukin 6. Cell Immunol 1989; 121: 280–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch D H, Pamer E G. T lymphocyte dynamics during Listeria monocytogenes infection. Immunol Lett 1999; 65: 93–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosmann T R. T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and effector functions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 664: 89–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12: a cytokine at the interface of inflammation and immunity. Adv Immunol 1998; 70: 83–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 1995; 13: 251–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park A Y, Scott P. Il-12: keeping cell-mediated immunity alive. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53: 529–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg R E, Cordes C J, Forman J. Contribution of CD8+ T cells to innate immunity: IFN-gamma secretion induced by IL-12 and IL-18. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32: 2807–2816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neighbors M, et al. A critical role for interleukin 18 in primary and memory effector responses to Listeria monocytogenes that extends beyond its effects on Interferon gamma production. J Exp Med 2001; 194: 343–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar