Effects of Nitrogen Levels and Nitrate/Ammonium Ratios on Oxalate Concentrations of Different Forms in Edible Parts of Spinach

REFERENCES

• Ahmed , A. K. and Johnson , K. A. 2000 . The effect of the ammonium: Nitrate ration, total nitrogen, salinity (NaCl) and calcium on the oxalate levels of Tetragonia tetragonioides Pallas. Kunz . Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology , 75 ( 5 ) : 533 – 538 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albihn , P. B. E. and Savage , G. P. 2001 . The effect of cooking on the location and concentration of oxalate in three cultivars of New Zealand-grown oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol) . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 81 : 1027 – 1033 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aloni , B. , Karni , L. , Rylski , I. and Zaidman , Z. 1994 . The effect of nitrogen fertilization and shading on the incidence of “colour spots” in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit . Journal of Horticultural Science , 69 ( 4 ) : 767 – 773 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , C. J. L. 1954 . The determination of oxalates in fresh plant materials . Analyst , 77 : 340 – 344 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandari , M. R. and Kawbata , J. K. 2004 . Assessment of antinutritional factors and bioavailability of calcium and zinc in wild yam (Dioscorea spp.) tubers of Nepal . Food Chemistry , 85 : 281 – 287 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn , T. , Davidsson , L. , Walczyk , T. and Hurrell , R. F. 2004 . Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content . British Journal of Nutrition , 91 : 601 – 606 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britto , D. T. and Kronzucker , H. J. 2002 . NH4 + toxicity in higher plants: a critical review . Journal of Plant Physiology , 159 : 567 – 584 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J. G. , Cheng , S. H. , Cao , W. X. and Zhou , X. 1998 . Involvement of endogenous plant hormones in the effect of mixed nitrogen source on growth and tillering of wheat . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 21 : 87 – 97 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elia , A. , Santamaria , P. and Serio , F. 1998 . Nitrogen nutrition, yield and quality of spinach . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 76 : 341 – 346 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi , V. R. and Horner , H. T. Jr. 1980 . Calcium oxalate crystals in plants . Botany Reviews , 46 : 361 – 427 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi , V. R. and Loewus , F. A. 1995 . “ Oxalate biosynthesis and function in plants and fungi ” . In Calcium oxalate in biological systems , Edited by: Khan , S. R. 113 – 130 . Boca Ration, Florida : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heuer , B. 1991 . Growth, photosynthesis and protein content in cucumber plants as affected by supplied nitrogen form . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 14 : 363 – 373 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaworska , G. 2005 . Content of nitrates, nitrites, and oxalate in New Zealand spinach . Food Chemistry , 89 : 235 – 242 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaworska , G. and Kmiecik , W. W. 1999 . Content of selected mineral compounds, nitrates III and V, and oxalate in spinach (spinacia oleracea L.) and New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia expansa Murr.) from spring and autumn growing seasons . Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, Food Science and Technology , 2 ( 2 ) Available from internet: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/series/volume2/issue2/food/art.-03.htm1 [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Joy , K. W. 1964 . Accumulation of oxalate in tissues of sugar-beet, and the effect of nitrogen supply . Annals of Botany , 28 ( 112 ) : 689 – 701 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawazu , Y. , Okimura , M. , Ishii , Y. and Yui , S. 2003 . Varietal and seasonal differences in oxalate content of spinach . Scientia Horticulturae , 97 : 203 – 210 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkby , E. A. and Mengel , K. 1967 . Ionic balance in different tissues of the tomato plant in relation to nitrate, urea, or ammonium nutrition . Plant Physiology , 42 : 6 – 14 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski , S. and Rodgers , A. L. 2004 . Idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis: risk factors and conservative treatment . Clinica Chimica Acta , 345 : 17 – 34 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libert , B and Franceschi , V. R. 1987 . Oxalate in crop plants . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 35 : 926 – 938 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey , L. K. , Palmer , R. G. and Horner , H. T. 2001 . Oxalate content of soybean seeds (Glycine max: Leguminosae), soyfoods, and other edible legumes . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 49 : 4262 – 4266 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakata , P. A. 2003 . Advances in our understanding of calcium oxalate crystal formation and function in plants . Plant Science , 164 : 901 – 909 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan , S. C. and Savage , G. P. 1999 . Oxalate content of foods and its effect on humans . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 8 ( 1 ) : 64 – 74 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogawa , Y. , Miyazato , T. and Hatano , T. 2000 . Oxalate and urinary stones . World Journal of Surgery , 24 : 1154 – 1159 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osorio , N. W. , Shuai , X. , Miyasaka , S. , Wang , B. , Shirey , R. L. and Wigmore , W. J. 2003 . Nitrogen level and form affect taro growth and nutrition . HortScience , 38 ( 1 ) : 36 – 40 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak , C. Y. C. 1998 . Kidney stones . The Lancet , 351 : 1797 – 1801 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palaniswamy , U. R. , Bible , B. B. and McAvoy , R. J. 2004 . Oxalic acid concentrations in purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) is altered by the stage of harvest and the nitrate to ammonium ratios in hydroponics . Scientia Horticulturae , 102 ( 2 ) : 267 – 275 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proietti , S. , Moscatello , S. , Leccese , A. , Golla , G. and Battistelli , A. 2004 . The effect of growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) at two light intensities on the amount of oxalate, ascorbate and nitrate in their leaves . Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology , 79 ( 4 ) : 606 – 609 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , J. A. 1986 . Biochemical disposal of excess H+ in growing plants . New Phytologist , 104 : 175 – 206 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , R. J. and Smith , F. A. 2001 . “ The cytoplasmic pH stat ” . In Handbook of plant growth , Edited by: Rengel , Z. 49 – 71 . New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Rinallo , C. and Modi , G. 2002 . Content of oxalate in Actinidia deliciosa plants grown in nutrient solutions with different nitrogen forms . Biologia Plantarum , 45 ( 1 ) : 137 – 139 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roughan , P. G. and Warrington , I. J. 1976 . Effect of nitrogen on oxalate accumulation in Setaria sphacelata (cv. Kazungula) . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 27 : 281 – 286 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez , E. , Ruiz , J. M. and Romero , L. 2002 . Proline metabolism in response to nitrogen toxicity in fruit of French Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Strike) . Scientia Horticulturae , 93 : 225 – 233 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage , G. P. , Vanhanen , L. , Mason , S. L. and Ross , A. B. 2000 . Effect of cooking on the soluble and insoluble oxalate content of some New Zealand foods . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 13 : 201 – 206 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Smiciklas , K. D. and Below , F. E. 1992 . Role of cytokinin in enhanced productivity of maize supplied with NH4 + and NO3 − . Plant and Soil , 142 : 307 – 313 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takebe , M. and Yoneyama , T. 1997 . “ Effect of ammonium-nitrogen supply on oxalic acid content in spinach grown in hydroponics and fields ” . In Plant nutrition for sustainable food production and environment , Edited by: Ando , T. , Fujita , K. , Mae , T. , Matsumoto , H. , Mori , S. and Sekiya , J. 957 – 958 . Tokyo, , Japan : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Tang , Q. Y. and Feng , M. G. 2002 . DPS© Data processing system for practical statistics , Beijing, China : Science Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tischner , R. 2000 . Nitrate uptake and reduction in higher and lower plants . Plant, Cell and Environment , 23 : 1005 – 1024 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traore , A. and Maranville , J. W. 1999 . Effect of nitrate/ammonium ratio on biomass production, nitrogen accumulation, and use efficiency in sorghums of different origin . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 22 ( 4–5 ) : 813 – 825 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vityakon , P. and Standal , B. R. 1989 . Oxalate in vegetable amaranth. Forms, Contents and their possible implications for human health . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 48 : 469 – 474 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb , M. A. 1999 . Cell-mediated crystallization of calcium oxalate in plants . Plant Cell , 11 : 751 – 761 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. P. , Xu , X. J. , Lin , X. Y. , Zhang , Y. S. , Zhang , L. S. and Chen , T. T. 2004 . Influence of different nitrogen levels on biomass, nitrate and oxalate accumulation in spinach (in Chinese with English abstract) . Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science , 5 : 494 – 498 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , Y. G. , Smith , S. E. and Smith , F. A. 2001 . Plant growth and cation composition of two cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in P uptake efficiency . Journal of Experimental Botany , 52 ( 359 ) : 1277 – 1282 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar