EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN LEAVES AND ROOT OF SUGAR BEET ASSOCIATED WITH AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCCUM

REFERENCES

• Beevers , L. 1976 . Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Beevers , L. and Hageman , R. H. 1969 . Nitrate reduction in higher plants . Annual Review of Plant Physiology , 20 : 495 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergareche , C. and Simon , E. 1988 . Nitrate reductase activity and nitrate content under two forms and three levels of nitrogen nutrition in Lolium perenne L . Journal of Plant Physiology , 32 : 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Bilbao , M. , Martínez , J. J. and Delgado , A. 2004 . Evaluation of soil nitrate as a predictor of nitrogen requirement for sugar beet grown in a Mediterranean climate . Agronomy Journal , 96 : 18 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechlin , P. , Unterhalt , A. , Tischner , R. and Mäck , G. 2000 . Cytosolic and chloroplastic glutamine synthetase of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) responds differently to organ ontogeny and nitrogen source . Physiologia Plantarum , 108 : 263 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breteler , H. 1973 . A comparison between ammonium and nitrate nutrition of young sugar-beet plants grown in nutrient solutions at constant acidity. 1. Production of dry matter, ionic balance and chemical composition . Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science , 109 : 613 – 628 .
   Google Scholar
• Burba , M. and Georgi , B. 1976 . Die fluorometrishe bestimmung der aminosäuren in zuckerrüben und zuckerfabriksprodukten mit fluoreczamin und o-phthalaldehyd [Fluorimetrical determination of amino acids in sugarbeet products with fluorescamine and o-phthaladehyde] . Zuckerindustrie , 26: 322–329
   Google Scholar
• Bungard , R. A. , Wingler , A. , Morton , J. D. , Andrews , M. , Press , M. C. and Scholes , J. D. 1999 . Ammonium can stimulate nitrate and nitrite reductase in the absence of nitrate in Clematis vitalba . Plant, Cell and Environment , 22 : 859 – 866 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cataldo , D. A. , Haroon , M. , Schrader , L. E. and Young , V. L. 1975 . Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid . Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis , 6 : 71 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claussen , W. and Lenz , F. 1999 . Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrition on net photosynthesis, growth, and activity of enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in blueberry, raspberry and strawberry . Plant and Soil , 208 : 95 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs , J. 1982 . “ Isolation of enzymes ” . In Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis , Edited by: Coombs , J. and Hall , D. O. 142 – 152 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cruz , J. L. , Mosquim , P. R. , Pelcani , C. R. , Araújo , W. L. and DaMatta , F. M. 2004 . Effects of nitrate nutrition on nitrogen metabolism in cassava . Biologia Plantarum , 48 : 67 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demer-Derks , H. , Mitchell , R. A. C. , Mitchell , V. J. and Lawlor , D. W. 1998 . Response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and biochemical composition to elevated CO2 and temperature at two nitrogen applications . Plant, Cell and Environment , 21 : 829 – 836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fentem , P. A. , Lea , P. J. and Stewart , G. R. 1983 . Ammonia assimilation in the roots of nitrate- and ammonia- grown Hordeum vulgare (cv. Golden Promise) . Plant Physiology , 71 : 496 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger , M. , Haake , V. , Ludewig , F. , Sonnewald , U. and Stitt , M. 1999 . The nitrate and ammonium nitrate supply have a major influence on the response of photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and growth to elevated carbon dioxide in tobacco . Plant, Cell and Environment , 22 : 1177 – 1199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh , P. K. , Ajay , K. K. Bandyopadhyay , Manna , M. C. , Mandal , K. G. , Misra , A. K. and Hati , K. M. 2004 . Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping systems in Vertisols of semi-arid tropics. II. Dry matter yield, nodulation, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity . Bioresource Technology , 95 : 85 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi , G. , Meir , P. , Cromer , R. , Tompkins , D. and Jarvis , P. G. 2002 . Photosynthetic parameters in seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis as affected by rate of nitrogen supply . Plant, Cell and Environment , 25 : 1677 – 1688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero , G. M. 1982 . “ Isolation of enzymes ” . In Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis , Edited by: Coombs , J. and Hall , D. O. 142 – 152 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , C. M. 2005 . Changes in N composition of sugar beet varieties in response to increasing N supply . Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science , 191 : 138 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , C. M. and Märländer , B. 2005 . Composition of harmful nitrogen in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)—amino acids, betaine, nitrate—as affected by genotype and environment . European Journal of Agronomy , 22 : 255 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holms , G. 1954 . Chlorophyll mutations in barley . Acta Agronomica Scandinavica , 4 : 457 – 471 .
   Google Scholar
• Inokuchi , R. , Motokima , K. , Yagi , Y. , Nakayama , K. and Okada , M. 1999 . Bryopsis maxima (Chlorophyta) glutamate dehydrogenase: multiple genes and isozymes . Journal of Phycology , 35 : 1013 – 1024 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inokuchi , R. and Okada , M. 2001 . Physiological adaptations of glutamate dehydrogenase isozyme activities and other nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in the macroalga Bryopsis maxima . Plant Science , 161 : 35 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang , Z. and Hull , R. J. 1998 . Interrelationships of nitrate uptake, nitrate reductase, and nitrogen use efficiency in selected Kentucky bluegrass cultivars . Crop Science , 38 : 1623 – 1632 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronzucker , H. J. , Siddiqi , M. Y. , Glass , A. D. M. and Kirk , G. J. D. 1999 . Nitrate-ammonium synergism in rice. A subcellular flux analysis . Plant Physiology , 119 : 1041 – 1045 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea , P. J. and Miflin , B. J. 1974 . Alternative route for nitrogen assimilation in higher plants . Nature , 251 : 614 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry , O. H. , Rosenbrough , N. J. , Farr , L. A. and Randall , R. J. 1951 . Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 193 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackown , C. T. , Sutton , T. G. and Bush , L. P. 1990 . Nitrogen compositional changes in xylem exudate and leaves of burley tobacco . Crop Science , 30 : 133 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezei , S. , Popović , M. , Kovačev , L. , Mrkovački , N. , Nagl , N. and Malenčić , D. 1998 . Effects of Azotobacter strains on sugar beet callus proliferation and nitrogen metabolism enzymes . Biologia Plantarum , 40 : 277 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Miflin , B. J. and Habash , D. Z. 2002 . The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation and possibilities for improvement in the nitrogen utilization of crops . Journal of Experimental Botany , 53 : 979 – 987 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrkovački , N. , Mezei , S. , Verešbaranji , I. , Popović , M. , Sarić , Z. and Kovačev , L. 1997 . Associations of sugar beet and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in vitro . Biologia Plantarum , 39 : 419 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , S. and Venkateswerlu , G. 1986 . Glutamine metabolism in Neurospora crassa under conditions of copper toxicity . Journal of Experimental Botany , 37 : 947 – 955 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanova , A. K. , Mudrik , V. A. , Novichkova , N. S. , Demidova , R. N. and Polyakova , V. A. 2002 . Physiological and biochemical characteristics of sugar beet plants grown at an increased carbon dioxide concentration and at various nitrate doses . Russian Journal of Plant Physiology , 49 : 204 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz , J. M. and Romero , L. 1999 . Cucumber yield and nitrogen metabolism in response to nitrogen supply . Scientia Horticulturae , 82 : 309 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez , E. , Rivero , R. M. , Ruiz , J. M. and Romero , L. 2004 . Changes in biomass, enzymatic activity and protein concentration in roots and leaves of green bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Strike) under high NH4NO3 application rates . Scientia Horticulturae , 99 : 237 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , B. 1972 . Nitrogen metabolism of sugar beets: a recurring problem gets a fresh appraisal . Economic Botany , 26 : 182 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Štajner , D. , Kevrešan , S. , Gašić , O. , Mimica-Dukić , N. and Zongli , H. 1997 . Nitrogen and Azotobacter chroococcum enhance oxidative stress tolerance in sugar beet . Biologia Plantarum , 39 : 441 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tercé-Laforgue , T. , Mäck , G. and Hirel , B. 2004 . New insights towards the function of glutamate dehydrogenase revealed during source-sink transition of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants grown under different nitrogen regimes . Physiologia Plantarum , 120 : 220 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uprety , D. C. and Mahalaxmi , V. 2000 . Effect of elevate CO2 and nitrogen nutrition on photosynthesis, growth and carbon-nitrogen balance in Brassica juncea . Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science , 184 : 271 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vamerali , T. , Ganis , A. , Bona , S. and Mosca , G. 2003 . Fibrous root turnover and growth in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) as affected by nitrogen shortage . Plant and Soil , 255 : 169 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Wettstein , D. 1957 . Chlorophyll-letale und der submikroskopishe Formwechsel der Plastiden . Experimental Cell Research , 12 : 427 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Wirén , N. , Gazzarrini , S. and Frommer , W. B. 1997 . Regulation of mineral uptakes in plants . Plant and Soil , 196 : 191 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werker , A. R. , Jaggard , K. W. and Allison , M. F. 1999 . Modelling partitioning between structure and storage in sugar beet: Effects of drought and soil nitrogen . Plant and Soil , 207 : 97 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , S. C. , Cao , Z. H. , Li , Z. G. , Cheung , K. C. and Wong , M. H. 2005 . Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: A greenhouse trial . Geoderma , 125 : 155 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar